Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 75

An Overview of NDT Techniques with

case study
P.Rama Mohan Rao
Assistant Professor(SG)
CDMM, VIT University, Vellore

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Introduction
Concrete as material has high adaptability to satisfy many aspects
functionally needs, economy, maintenance, protection against corrosive
environment and protection against fire, resistance to cyclic loading,
explosive resistance and better control over deflection.
service life from 60 to 120 years
The distress in the concrete structures due
faulty designs and detailing,
use of inferior and substandard materials,
defects in construction ,
extreme loading conditions
severe earthquakes or cyclonic storms,
lack of maintenance of the structure etc,.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Introduction

Concrete structures that are deficient in quality will reflection its durability
Reinforcement corrosion will be faster and resistance to accidental fire will
be reduced to a very great extent.
There are number of in situ test systems which are available now.
To assess the damage due to corrosion of reinforcement, or to access the
damage to concrete and steel due to accidental fires.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

NDT Objectives
 To establish homogeneity of concrete
 Comparison of concrete quality w.r.to a standard
 Detection of cracks, voids/other imperfections
 Monitoring changes in concrete with passage of time
 To establish quality of one element w.r.to. Another
 Assessment of existing structure for rehabilitation planning
 As an alternative testing method if cube results raise doubts about concrete

quality (post mortem)


An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Situations where NDT is an option












to investigate the homogeneity of concrete mixing


lack of grout in post tensioning ducts
to determine the density and strength of concrete in a structure
to determine the location of reinforcing bars and the cover over
the bars
to determine the number and size/diameter of steel bars
to determine the extent of defects such as corrosion
to determine whether internal defects such as voids, cracks,
delaminations,
honeycombing, lack of bonding with reinforcing bars, etc. exist
in concrete
to determine if there is a bond between epoxy bonded steel
plates and concrete members.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Defects in concrete structures


Cracking of concrete
a)Before concrete hardens
 plastic shrinkage cracks
 plastic settlement cracks
 cracks caused by movement of

the formwork.

b) After Concrete hardens


Spalling
Honeycombing
Dusting
Crazing
Rain damage
Efflorescence
Blistering
Corrosion of reinforcing bars

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Visual inspection
Sketches of Typical Defects
Sketch of surface appearance when concrete has
been mixed for too long or the time of transport
has been too long.

Sketch of exposed aggregate

Sketch of crack due to concrete


settling

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Cracks

Sketch of crack due to concrete settling

severe rusting of RC bars due to chemical action

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Cracks ..
Differential settlement of central column

Rusting of reinforcing bars

Rusting of reinforcing bars

insufficient reinforcement

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Cracks..
Earthquake

Abnormal set of concrete

Sinking of concrete

High temperature

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

The in-situ test systems


 Non destructive testing
 Partially destructive testing

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Rebound Hammer Guidelines


(Non Destructive)
 Conduct on smooth and Uniform surface
 Avoid rough spots, honey combes, trowelled surfaces
 Thin sections (< 100 mm) should be backed upto avoid







deflections
Take atleast 15 Rebound readings in any one test and calculate the
mean
Compare deviation of readings from the mean
Test is considered reliable if the deviation of ten readings is not
more than the following
Rebound Value
15
30
45
Deviation
2.5
3
3.5
Determine the Compressive strength by referring to Rebound
Number Vs Strength charts against the Mean value
Best accuracy achievable is within + 20%

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

FACTORS AFFECTING REBOUND VALUE


 TYPE OF AGGREGATES
 DEGREE OF COMPACTION
 AGE OF CONCRETE
 DRYNESS/WETNESS OF THE SURFACE
 RIGIDITY OF THE MEMBER
 SURFACE FINISH OF CONCRETE- MOULDED/ TROWELED
 MAINTENANCE OF REBOUND HAMMER
 INCLINATION OF THE REBOUND HAMMER
 TYPE OF CEMENT
 CARBONATION
 COVER

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

APPLICATIONS
 CHECKING THE UNIFORMITY OF CONCRETE
 COMPARING THYE GIVEN CONCRETE WITH A SPECIFIED

REQUIREMENT
 ABRAION RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATION
 APPROXIMATE ESTIMATION OF STRENGTH

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

A cutaway schematic view of the Schmidt rebound hammer

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

REBOUND HAMMER

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

ULTRA SONIC PULSE TRANSMISSION TEST


 Developed in 1940
 Based upon propagation of Ultrasonic waves in Elastic medium
 Measures Velocity of propagation of Ultrasonic waves
 Velocity related to the density of the medium V=(E/p) 1/2
 Frequency of waves used 20 - 150 kHz






Types of Testing Method


Direct Transmission
Semi Direct Transmission
Surface Transmission
Direct transmission method is the best but it requires access to two
opposite sides of concrete member

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

SEMI DIRECT TRANSMISSION

R
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

SURFACE TRANSMISSION

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

UPV measurements (RCC column)

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

UPV measurements (RCC Bldg)

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

PULSE VELOCITY RATINGS


CONCRETE QUALITY

PULSE VELOCITY
km/sec

Excellent

> 4.6

Good

3.7 to 4.6

Fair

3.0 to 3.7

Poor

2.1 to 3.0

Very poor

< 2.1

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Factors affecting Pulse Velocity


Size and age of concrete
Presence of Reinforcement
Concrete Temperature
Moisture Content
Mix Proportion
Surface Texture
Stress level in Concrete
Carbonated in Concrete

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

APPLICATIONS OF PULSE VELOCITY METHOD

DETREMINATION OF UNIFORMITY
OF CONCRETE IN AND BETWEEN
MEMBERS
TO ESTABLISH AREAS OF
DETERIORATED CONCRETE
DETECTION OF CRACKS
CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC
YOUNGS MODULUS
CORRELATION OF PULSE VELOCITY
AND STRENGTH AS A MEASURE OF
CONCRETE QUALITY

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

PARTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE TESTS


 In this , a powder activated driver is used to fire a

hardened alloy probe into the concrete.


 The exposed length of the probe is a measure of
penetration resistance
 Commericially known as Windsor probe

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Windsor probe
 The Windsor probe, like the rebound hammer, is a hardness







tester
penetration of the probe reflects the precise compressive
strength in a localized area is not strictly true.
The Windsor probe consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver,
hardened alloy steel probes, loaded cartridges, a depth gauge for
measuring the penetration of probes, and other related
equipment.
The probes have a tip diameter of 6.3 mm, a length of 79.5 mm,
and a conical point.
The rear of the probe is threaded and screws into a
probe driving head
The probe is driven into the concrete by the firing of a precision
powder charge that develops energy of 79.5 m kg.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Procedure
 The area to be tested must have a brush finish or a smooth surface
 Briefly, the powder-actuated driver is used to drive a probe into

the concrete.
 For flat surfaces a suitable locating template to provide 178 mm
equilateral triangular pattern is used, and three probes are driven
into the concrete, one at each corner.
 A depth gauge measures the exposed lengths of the individual
probes
 The mechanical averaging device consists of two triangular plates.
The reference plate with three legs slips over the three probes and
rests on the surface of the concrete.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Procedure
 The other triangular plate rests

against the tops of the three


probes.

 The distance between the two

plates, giving the mechanical


average of exposed lengths of
the three probes is measured by
a depth gauge inserted through a
hole in the centre of the top
plate.

 Tables available for exposed

length of the probe with the


compressive strength of the
concrete

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Windsor probe
Applications
 used to estimate the early age strength of concrete in order to

determine when formwork can be removed.


 As a substitute for core testing

Advantages
 The probe is simple to operate, requires little maintenance
 The test is relatively quick
 The correlation with concrete strength is affected by a relatively

small number of variables.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Limitations
 The minimum thickness of the member, which can be tested, is about 3

times the expected depth of probe penetration


 The minimum acceptable distance from a test location to any edges of
the concrete member or between two test locations is of the order of
150 mm to 200 mm.
 The distance from reinforcement can also have an effect on the depth of
probe penetration especially when the distance is less than about 100
mm
 The test is limited to <40 Mpa

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Pull- out tests


 Measuring the force needed to pull a bolt or some similar device

from concrete surface


Two categories
 LOK test- Lok measuring Punch
 CAPO test- Cut and pull Out

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

LOK-test(Cast in method)
 In 1962 Peter Kierkegaard-Hansen of Denmark develop the





design of the Lok-Test.


to estimate the effects of the workmanship in addition to the
potential strength as measured
the depth of the test 25 mm, to make sure no reinforcement was
present in the failure zone.
use a counter pressure to pull the embedded disc out against, and
to measure the pullout force.
Range 8-69 N/ Sq mm

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

LOK-test.
 Load is released as soon as peak is reached leaving a fine circular

crack.
 Calibration charts and tables are used to estimate the compressive
strength of the concrete
 This test is more sensitive to Rebound and UPV tests.
 The calibration is independent of W/c ratio, curing, cement type,
and aggregate properties

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

A) LOK-TEST being performed on a wall "H" on the display


indicates the Highest pull force obtained.
B) Testing for in-place concrete quality control on a slab
A

LOK-test (cracks)

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

CAPO- Test (cut and pullout test)


 A hole of 18.3 mm is drilled into the hardened concrete.
 In this drilled and recessed hole , exactly 25 mm below the

surface, an expandable ring of 25 mm dia inserted.


 At the time of testing 55 mm inner dia placed on the surface
 The pull out force F is a measure of compressive strength of
concrete.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Purpose of CAPO-test
 Quality control of the finished structure
 Concrete members rejected by laboratory specimen testing
 Residual strength of existing structures
 Fire damaged structures and Integrity of structures
 Precision and variation
 On a 95% confidence level, and for an average of 4 tests, the precision

on the strength estimate on normal concrete is within 6% compared


to standard specimen tests (cylinders, cubes or cores) for a maximum
aggregate size of 38 mm by using the general correlations

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

CAPO- Test

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

A)Fire effected wall


B) tunnel wall
A

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

DYNA Pull off Tester


 Purpose : check the quality of

adhesion and adhesive strength of


different materials like concrete,
coatings, plaster works
 Principle of test
A pull out test measures with a
special ram , the force required to
pull form the concrete a specially
shaped steel rod whose enlarged
end has been cast into the concrete
to a depth of 7.6 cm.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Tests for Corrosion detection and monitoring


Introduction
 Threatening the life of the structure
 Corrosion of steel in RC is an electrochemical
phenomenon
factors which influence corrosion
 Quality of concrete
 Depth of cover
 pH value of concrete
 Level of moisture
 Permeability of concrete
 Environmental conditions
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Test for concrete cover(Profometer)

 The cover thickness in concrete





members imp in corrosion


process
Cover thickness less initiates
corrosion at early age
Cover meter is used for measuring
the cover thickness
Profometer works on the principle
based on the damping of parallelresonant circuit
If the dia of rod is known , the
cover thickness can be read from
the instrument

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Potential measurements
 Probability of corrosion
 The test procedure consists of measuring the potential variation between

the concrete surface and the reinforcement using reference electrodes and
high impedance volt meter
 Quantitative assessment based on two guide lines
1. steel not corroding has a potential more positive than 250 mV
2. steel corroding has a potential more negative than 350 mV

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Resistivity of concrete
 The current flows in corrosion process is largely controlled by

resistivity of concrete.
 The resistance of concrete can be measured by 4-probe technique
using AC and resistance meter

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

The assessment can be made on the following guide lines

Resistivity (Ohmcm)

Rate of corrosion

Greater than
20,000

Negligible

10,000-20,000

Low

5,000-10,000

High

Less than 5000

Very High

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

CANIN Corrosion Analysing Instrument


 It is used for non-destructive

detection of corrosion of the


reinforcement bars in concrete
building elements
 Measuring the potentials and the
magnitude of corrosion currents
 Provide general guide to corrosion
condition

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Resistivity Meter
 Accurately

measure the electrical


resistance of concrete.
 The equipment consists of four
electrodes (two current probes and
two inner voltage probes ) which are
placed just below the concrete surface
at equal spacings.
 A low frequency alternate electrical
current is passed between two outer
electrodes whilst the voltage drop
between the inner electrodes is
measured.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Galvanostatic Pulse method


 Principle : The reinforcement corrosion is evaluated by the

corrosion rate stating how much steel is being dissolved in micro


meter per year
 A short time anodic pulse (typically 8 s) is applied galvano
staticially on the reinforcement and the resulted change in
potential is monitored.
 Potentials are measured with a reference electrode and the high
impedance voltmeter.
 The Galvanostatic pulse method allows rapid measurements of
polarisation resistance, ohmic resistance and open circuit
potential.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Galva pulse
 This is a rapid non-destructive device for

determining the corrosion rate of


reinforcement in concrete.
 The device is equipped with software, which
enables displaying the corrosion rate,
electrical resistance and half-cell potential,
together with the graphs of the galvanostatic
pulse
Corrosion rate = 11.6 x Icorr/ A
Icorr is the corrosion current in micro Ampears

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Permeability tester

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Permeability tester
 To estimate the permeability of concrete
 A cup with minimum surface area of 5000 mm2 is sealed to

the concrete surface and filled with water.


 The rate at which the water is absorbed into the concrete
under a pressure head of 200mm is measured by movement
along a capillary tube attached to the cup.
 When water comes into contact with dry concrete it is
absorbed by capillary action initially at high rate but at a
decreasing rate as the water filled length of the capillary
increases. This is basis of initial surface absorption..

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

LIMITATIONS OF N D T
 ALL NDT METHODS ARE INDIRECT
 CORELATION BETWEEN MEASURED PARAMETER AND





CONCRETE STRENGTH IS NEVER EXACT.


EFFECTIVENESS OF NDT REDUCES WITH HETEROGENEITY OF THE
MATERIAL
RESULTS ARE DEPENDENT ON TOO MANY PARAMETERS
NORMALLY ACHIEVEABLE LEVEL OF ACCURACY IS + 25%
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS REQUIRE INTUITIVE JUDGEMENT

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Conclusions
 The concrete material is so complicated in nature that the











efficiency
and quality of the material cannot be established just by one single
test.
The in-situ, non destructive tests should be used only when
comprehensive laboratory correlations are established on the
parameters to be predicted.
Interpretation of results should be done with abundant caution
and a
great deal of training and experience is required before one can
test
a structure.
There is an urgent need to develop standards for NDT testing and
interpretation in relation to Structures.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

References
















A book titled Conditional Assessment of Buildings in Disaster prone areas


published by Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, VIT University,
Vellore.
Proceeding of Advanced course on Structural health monitoring, Repair and
Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures Feb 4-6, 2004, SERC, Chennai.
Operating Instructions, DIGI-SCHMIDT 2000 modell ND/LD, Proceq SA,
Switzerland.
D.M. McCann and M.C. Forde, Review of NDT methods in the assessment of
concrete and masonry structures, NDT& E International, 2001 Vol. 34 pp 7184
Guide book on Non- destructive testing of concrete structures, International
Atomic
Energy , Vienna, 2002.
V-meter Instruction Manual MARK II, Non Destructive Testing Systems, James
Instruments, Chicago, USA.
CAPO-Test, Catalog NDT-2003, German Instruments A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
Operating Instructions, Profometer 5 Modell S/SCANLOG (2001) , Proceq SA,
Switzerland

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

CASE STUDY
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE COLUMNS, BEAMS AND ROOF SLABS OF
RCC BUILDING

INVESTIGATION OF THE RCC BUILDING

 The investigations were carried out on the first floor of a part of first

floor of a part of RCC building Block II to assess the quality of


concrete
 The units of the building tested were columns, beams and slabs of first
floor of a part of RCC building Block II
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
 Schmidt Rebound Hammer test

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Part of First floor


Columns (M30)

RCC Building Block

: C1, C4, C7, D1, D7, F1, F7, H1, H7, J1, J7, K1, K7, L1, L7, M1, M3, M7, a1.

Main Beams: (M25) : C1 - C7, D1 - D7, F1 - F7, H1 - H7, J1 - J7, K1 - K7, L1 - L7, M1 - M7.
Side Beams: (M25) : C1 -D1, C7- D7, D1- F1, D7-F7, H1-F1, F7-H7, J1-H1, H7-J7, K1-J1, J7-K7, M1-L1, L7-M7,
L1-K1, L7-K7.
Roof Slab: (M25) : D1C1 C7D7, F1D1 D7F7, H1F1 - F7H7, J1H1 - H7J7, K1J1 - J7K7, L1K1 - K7L7,
M1L1 - L7M7.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table1. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Roof Slabs (m/s)
Sl. No.

M7L7M1L1

L7K7L1K
1

2810

2900

2660

K7J7K1J1

J7H7J1H1

H7F7H1F1

F7D7F1D1

D7C7D1C1

2800

2900

2510

2840

4060

3400

4050

2800

2780

2990

3490

2710

3400

2560

2840

3200

4280

3360

3130

2520

2820

2840

3360

2580

2750

2630

3600

2780

3000

3810

3270

3400

2820

3360

3410

2800

2760

3290

2760

2730

3540

3370

3300

3370

2670

3300

2590

3400

3720

2950

4300

3300

3370

2750

3630

3000

2970

2710

2800

2500

10

2860

3400

2880

2650

2840

2600

2560

11

2710

2760

4160

2900

3360

3360

2750

12

2610

3860

3640

2580

2690

3780

2690

13

2800

2880

3510

2730

3460

2830

2740

14

2720

3520

2970

3410

3130

3410

2640

15

2710

3060

4090

3400

2950

3410

2860

16

2550

4000

4150

3300

2720

3000

3010

17

2800

3580

3870

3520

2840

2740

3440

18

2750

3330

3390

2670

2750

3270

3930

19

2710

2710

3290

2670

2710

2770

3400

20

2640

3440

2890

3490

2770

2770

3270

21

2770

3400

3520

3190

2780

2650

3330

22

2900

4470

3450

3540

2750

2750

2710

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table 2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Columns (m/s)


Sl. No.

M3

L7

L1

K1

J1

H1

F1

M7

4210

4240

3800

4070

4270

4490

4160

3360

4120

4190

3890

4430

4260

4510

4570

3600

4220

3930

3810

4110

4220

4510

4120

4030

4280

4070

3680

4430

4160

4440

4380

3550

4280

3890

3670

4070

4050

4550

2750

3700

4160

3980

3970

4070

4020

4500

4340

3460

4110

3900

2430

3990

3890

4120

4270

3080

4070

3100

3880

4370

4260

4400

4270

3510

4170

3910

2570

4030

4020

4340

4110

4270

10

3890

3130

3910

4020

4130

4250

4120

4240

11

3930

4070

3570

4010

3920

3990

4190

3980

12

3800

3800

3850

3890

3800

4040

4280

3910

13

4070

4030

3890

4020

4270

2550

4160

4200

14

4020

4060

3800

4090

4170

4030

4220

4220

15

4020

4160

2570

3980

2690

2700

3970

4240

16

3880

4160

2570

3750

2980

2240

4070

4260

17

3990

3170

3570

4010

4100

2560

2900

4110

18

3130

3370

3880

3880

3900

4200

3900

4220

19

3450

3160

3650

4050

4020

4500

4100

4070

20

2610

4070

3750

3900

4000

4100

4120

4110

21

3370

2600

2430

4300

3890

3800

4190

4320

22

3320

2740

3560

4200

2690

3700

4340

4210

23

2500

4170

2580

3500

4160

2900

4120

4110

mean

3772

3742

3462

4045

3920

3884

4060

3932

max

4280

4240

3970

4430

4270

4550

4570

4320

min

2500

2600

2430

3500

2690

2240

2750

3080

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table 3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Main Beams (m/s)
Sl. No.
1

M7- M1
4490

L7-L1

K7-K1

J7-J1

H7-H1

F7-F1

D7-D1

C7-C1

4490

3240

2910

4170

4260

4200

2280

3180

4460

4340

3760

4220

4310

4170

2890

4040

4380

4380

3720

4270

4270

4030

2590

4320

4140

4390

3770

4040

4240

3970

3500

4340

4210

4380

3740

4010

4260

4050

3430

4160

4260

4440

3950

4010

4320

4070

3430

4240

4230

4260

3850

4320

4080

4000

3160

4270

4260

4080

3820

4190

4160

4290

3200

4220

4230

4210

3820

3980

4200

4200

3130

10

4440

4260

4240

3980

4450

4160

4220

2680

11

4230

4180

4260

4080

4560

4010

4200

2210

12

4720

4120

4350

4630

4110

4130

4290

2310

13

3440

4220

4260

4110

4480

4140

4090

2810

14

4520

4160

4240

4110

3970

4010

4180

2910

15

4410

4320

4230

4310

4240

4180

4210

3100

16

4290

4210

4260

4190

4000

3980

4060

3120

17

4280

4270

4360

4320

4330

4070

4070

3450

18

4300

4080

3470

4310

4130

4160

3840

3500

19

4280

3210

4160

4190

4230

4170

4210

3220

20

4490

3180

3330

4090

3890

4130

4190

3100

21

4450

3260

3240

4310

4210

4160

4140

2900

22

4240

3240

2160

4320

4180

3920

4240

2940

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table 3. Contd.,

Sl. No.

M7- M1

L7-L1

K7-K1

J7-J1

H7-H1

F7-F1

D7-D1

C7-C1

23

4340

3780

3380

4070

4360

4160

4110

3200

24

4370

4390

3500

4180

3920

4090

4070

3320

25

4100

4610

4380

4220

4070

4160

4380

3420

26

4250

4440

4160

4170

3680

4280

4170

2800

27

4300

4260

4290

4160

3910

3760

4200

3340

28

4400

4140

4320

4260

3950

4230

3970

3200

29

4500

3150

4390

4030

4330

4190

4220

3460

30

4550

3040

4370

3930

4110

4060

2810

3380

31

4100

3240

4490

4120

4340

4080

4370

3200

mean

4253

4014

4050

4046

4150

4140

4104

3070

max

4720

4610

4490

4630

4560

4320

4380

3500

min

3180

3040

2160

2910

3680

3760

2810

2210

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

RCC Beams Grid marking

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Analysis of UPV test results


It is found from the test results that almost in all the
tested locations the average UPV values are well below
3000 m/s and indicating that the condition of the
concrete with its integrity is non-uniform.
 The building elements showing the UPV values lesser
than 3500m/s (mentioned in RED colour) should be
strengthened by the repair technique.


An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Schmidt Rebound Hammer Testing


 The testing of Reinforced Cement Concrete members by rebound (Schmidt)






hammer method (also known as surface hardness test) is generally considered as


a complimentary test.
Rebound hammer test requires smooth and non-oily surface.
measuring range of 10 to 70 MPa.
The rebound hammer test was carried out on columns, beams and slab portion
of the building.
The grid sizes of 0.20 m x 0.20 m and 0.30 m x 0.30 m were marked and all
the locations were prepared and cleaned to ensure complete removal laitance
and loose particles.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Rebound hammer -results


Name of the Structural Element : Main Beam H1 H7
Sl.
N
o

Rebound Numbers

35

35

37

32

37

Ave.

Remark

31

33.9
30

35

31

37

33

34

32

33

39

31

38

34

35.5
38

36

39

35

36

35

39

42

45

38

35

36

38.7
39

32

38

42

35

43

29

37

35

35

36

47

Satisfactory

37.0
46

37

33

32

41

36

37

41

45

45

27

28

35.7
36

30

41

37

31

30

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Recommendations
The visual inspection pointed out the delaminating of concrete cover /
plastering and honey combing of concrete in columns, beams and roof slabs.
The results of UPV show the values well below 3500 m/s require
strengthening the components by epoxy grouting.
Initially cement slurry grouting should be done in all the columns, beams
and slab portion of first floor of RCC building Block . After 24 hours, epoxy
grouting should be done for all the members.
Since NDT tests have been done only on selected areas and only in accessible
regions, the recommended conclusions are applicable wherever test was
conducted.
It is suggested that periodical monitoring and assessment has to be done on
the condition of these structural elements of RCC building.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Honey comb/voids

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING METHODOLOGY


 Plug the ports with Rendroc Plug and allow it to set complete
 Cut the PVC ports little deeper and clean the surrounding areas.
 Prepare cement sand mortar 1:3 added with Nitobond SBR at 3 Lits

per bag of cement and apply the same followed by a neat finish.
 Cure the same as per the standard practice or apply the curing

compound.

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

After Grouting technique


To check the integrity of concrete by employing
PUNDIT equipment and to obtain UPV (Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity) values after grouting technique applied
for concrete elements

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table 1. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Columns (m/s)


Sl.
No.

M1

L1

K1

J1

H1

F1

D1

C1

4210

4240

4200

4280

4270

4490

4220

3590

4120

4190

3890

4430

4260

4510

4570

3370

4220

4320

3970

4220

4220

4510

4280

3400

4280

4170

4060

4430

4160

4440

4260

3280

4280

4090

4110

4310

4050

4550

4260

3490

4160

4070

4100

3980

4120

4500

4340

3300

4110

4110

4060

4160

3860

4120

4270

3200

4070

4090

3990

4370

4260

4400

4270

3400

4170

4330

4170

3930

4020

4340

4280

3570

10

3890

4110

4200

4020

4130

4250

4070

3490

11

3930

4070

4020

4200

3920

3990

4190

3560

12

3800

4070

4170

4040

3800

4040

4280

3250

13

4070

3930

4060

4020

4270

2550

4160

3470

14

4020

4060

4110

3770

4170

4030

4170

3390

15

4020

4030

4430

4410

3890

2700

4270

3300

Mean

4090

4125

4079

4171

4093

4194

4259

3411

Max

4280

4330

4430

4430

4270

4550

4570

3590

min

3800

3930

3890

3770

3800

2550

4070

3200

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table 2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Main Beams (m/s)
22
4240

4450

4220

4190

4180

4090

4020

4340

4450

4320

4120

3780

3950

4080

4270

4500

3370

4180

3920

4000

4070

4300

4480

4260

4000

4070

4160

3040

4350

4270

4160

4170

4220

4280

4080

4190

4260

4020

4160

3910

3720

4200

4290

4140

4200

3970

3950

4160

3970

4510

4510

4380

3740

4510

4000

3900

4100

4200

4220

3860

4110

4240

4200

Mean

4315

4293

4149

4063

4142

4057

3994

3400

Max

4720

4510

4380

4310

4510

4280

4260

3900

Min

4040

4080

3370

3720

3780

3720

3040

2990

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Table 3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Side Beams (m/s)

Sl.
No.

M7-L7

M1-L1

L7K7

L1-K1

K7J7

K1-J1

J7-H7

4350

2680

4360

3324

4290

3890

3530

4190

2750

4270

3611

4210

3020

4110

4290

2500

4170

3270

4160

3151

3860

4480

3105

4000

3335

4000

4566

3610

4050

2990

4200

4160

4160

4508

3800

4300

3105

3890

3110

4110

3186

4000

4310

2703

3850

3220

4200

3410

4100

4060

3100

4200

3980

4050

3220

4080

Mean

4253.

2866

4117

3501

4147

3618

3886

Max

4480

3105

4360

4160

4290

4566

4110

Min

4050

2500

3850

3110

4000

3020

3530

Grouting port

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Grouting of beams

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

For your kind attention

Email:
rao_pannem@vit.ac.in
Call on : 0975 1354 789
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi