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case study
P.Rama Mohan Rao
Assistant Professor(SG)
CDMM, VIT University, Vellore
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Introduction
Concrete as material has high adaptability to satisfy many aspects
functionally needs, economy, maintenance, protection against corrosive
environment and protection against fire, resistance to cyclic loading,
explosive resistance and better control over deflection.
service life from 60 to 120 years
The distress in the concrete structures due
faulty designs and detailing,
use of inferior and substandard materials,
defects in construction ,
extreme loading conditions
severe earthquakes or cyclonic storms,
lack of maintenance of the structure etc,.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Introduction
Concrete structures that are deficient in quality will reflection its durability
Reinforcement corrosion will be faster and resistance to accidental fire will
be reduced to a very great extent.
There are number of in situ test systems which are available now.
To assess the damage due to corrosion of reinforcement, or to access the
damage to concrete and steel due to accidental fires.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
NDT Objectives
To establish homogeneity of concrete
Comparison of concrete quality w.r.to a standard
Detection of cracks, voids/other imperfections
Monitoring changes in concrete with passage of time
To establish quality of one element w.r.to. Another
Assessment of existing structure for rehabilitation planning
As an alternative testing method if cube results raise doubts about concrete
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
the formwork.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Visual inspection
Sketches of Typical Defects
Sketch of surface appearance when concrete has
been mixed for too long or the time of transport
has been too long.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Cracks
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Cracks ..
Differential settlement of central column
insufficient reinforcement
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Cracks..
Earthquake
Sinking of concrete
High temperature
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
deflections
Take atleast 15 Rebound readings in any one test and calculate the
mean
Compare deviation of readings from the mean
Test is considered reliable if the deviation of ten readings is not
more than the following
Rebound Value
15
30
45
Deviation
2.5
3
3.5
Determine the Compressive strength by referring to Rebound
Number Vs Strength charts against the Mean value
Best accuracy achievable is within + 20%
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
APPLICATIONS
CHECKING THE UNIFORMITY OF CONCRETE
COMPARING THYE GIVEN CONCRETE WITH A SPECIFIED
REQUIREMENT
ABRAION RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATION
APPROXIMATE ESTIMATION OF STRENGTH
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
REBOUND HAMMER
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
R
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
SURFACE TRANSMISSION
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
PULSE VELOCITY
km/sec
Excellent
> 4.6
Good
3.7 to 4.6
Fair
3.0 to 3.7
Poor
2.1 to 3.0
Very poor
< 2.1
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
DETREMINATION OF UNIFORMITY
OF CONCRETE IN AND BETWEEN
MEMBERS
TO ESTABLISH AREAS OF
DETERIORATED CONCRETE
DETECTION OF CRACKS
CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC
YOUNGS MODULUS
CORRELATION OF PULSE VELOCITY
AND STRENGTH AS A MEASURE OF
CONCRETE QUALITY
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Windsor probe
The Windsor probe, like the rebound hammer, is a hardness
tester
penetration of the probe reflects the precise compressive
strength in a localized area is not strictly true.
The Windsor probe consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver,
hardened alloy steel probes, loaded cartridges, a depth gauge for
measuring the penetration of probes, and other related
equipment.
The probes have a tip diameter of 6.3 mm, a length of 79.5 mm,
and a conical point.
The rear of the probe is threaded and screws into a
probe driving head
The probe is driven into the concrete by the firing of a precision
powder charge that develops energy of 79.5 m kg.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Procedure
The area to be tested must have a brush finish or a smooth surface
Briefly, the powder-actuated driver is used to drive a probe into
the concrete.
For flat surfaces a suitable locating template to provide 178 mm
equilateral triangular pattern is used, and three probes are driven
into the concrete, one at each corner.
A depth gauge measures the exposed lengths of the individual
probes
The mechanical averaging device consists of two triangular plates.
The reference plate with three legs slips over the three probes and
rests on the surface of the concrete.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Procedure
The other triangular plate rests
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Windsor probe
Applications
used to estimate the early age strength of concrete in order to
Advantages
The probe is simple to operate, requires little maintenance
The test is relatively quick
The correlation with concrete strength is affected by a relatively
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Limitations
The minimum thickness of the member, which can be tested, is about 3
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
LOK-test(Cast in method)
In 1962 Peter Kierkegaard-Hansen of Denmark develop the
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
LOK-test.
Load is released as soon as peak is reached leaving a fine circular
crack.
Calibration charts and tables are used to estimate the compressive
strength of the concrete
This test is more sensitive to Rebound and UPV tests.
The calibration is independent of W/c ratio, curing, cement type,
and aggregate properties
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
LOK-test (cracks)
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Purpose of CAPO-test
Quality control of the finished structure
Concrete members rejected by laboratory specimen testing
Residual strength of existing structures
Fire damaged structures and Integrity of structures
Precision and variation
On a 95% confidence level, and for an average of 4 tests, the precision
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
CAPO- Test
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Potential measurements
Probability of corrosion
The test procedure consists of measuring the potential variation between
the concrete surface and the reinforcement using reference electrodes and
high impedance volt meter
Quantitative assessment based on two guide lines
1. steel not corroding has a potential more positive than 250 mV
2. steel corroding has a potential more negative than 350 mV
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Resistivity of concrete
The current flows in corrosion process is largely controlled by
resistivity of concrete.
The resistance of concrete can be measured by 4-probe technique
using AC and resistance meter
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Resistivity (Ohmcm)
Rate of corrosion
Greater than
20,000
Negligible
10,000-20,000
Low
5,000-10,000
High
Very High
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Resistivity Meter
Accurately
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Galva pulse
This is a rapid non-destructive device for
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Permeability tester
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Permeability tester
To estimate the permeability of concrete
A cup with minimum surface area of 5000 mm2 is sealed to
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
LIMITATIONS OF N D T
ALL NDT METHODS ARE INDIRECT
CORELATION BETWEEN MEASURED PARAMETER AND
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Conclusions
The concrete material is so complicated in nature that the
efficiency
and quality of the material cannot be established just by one single
test.
The in-situ, non destructive tests should be used only when
comprehensive laboratory correlations are established on the
parameters to be predicted.
Interpretation of results should be done with abundant caution
and a
great deal of training and experience is required before one can
test
a structure.
There is an urgent need to develop standards for NDT testing and
interpretation in relation to Structures.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
References
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
CASE STUDY
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE COLUMNS, BEAMS AND ROOF SLABS OF
RCC BUILDING
The investigations were carried out on the first floor of a part of first
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
: C1, C4, C7, D1, D7, F1, F7, H1, H7, J1, J7, K1, K7, L1, L7, M1, M3, M7, a1.
Main Beams: (M25) : C1 - C7, D1 - D7, F1 - F7, H1 - H7, J1 - J7, K1 - K7, L1 - L7, M1 - M7.
Side Beams: (M25) : C1 -D1, C7- D7, D1- F1, D7-F7, H1-F1, F7-H7, J1-H1, H7-J7, K1-J1, J7-K7, M1-L1, L7-M7,
L1-K1, L7-K7.
Roof Slab: (M25) : D1C1 C7D7, F1D1 D7F7, H1F1 - F7H7, J1H1 - H7J7, K1J1 - J7K7, L1K1 - K7L7,
M1L1 - L7M7.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Table1. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Roof Slabs (m/s)
Sl. No.
M7L7M1L1
L7K7L1K
1
2810
2900
2660
K7J7K1J1
J7H7J1H1
H7F7H1F1
F7D7F1D1
D7C7D1C1
2800
2900
2510
2840
4060
3400
4050
2800
2780
2990
3490
2710
3400
2560
2840
3200
4280
3360
3130
2520
2820
2840
3360
2580
2750
2630
3600
2780
3000
3810
3270
3400
2820
3360
3410
2800
2760
3290
2760
2730
3540
3370
3300
3370
2670
3300
2590
3400
3720
2950
4300
3300
3370
2750
3630
3000
2970
2710
2800
2500
10
2860
3400
2880
2650
2840
2600
2560
11
2710
2760
4160
2900
3360
3360
2750
12
2610
3860
3640
2580
2690
3780
2690
13
2800
2880
3510
2730
3460
2830
2740
14
2720
3520
2970
3410
3130
3410
2640
15
2710
3060
4090
3400
2950
3410
2860
16
2550
4000
4150
3300
2720
3000
3010
17
2800
3580
3870
3520
2840
2740
3440
18
2750
3330
3390
2670
2750
3270
3930
19
2710
2710
3290
2670
2710
2770
3400
20
2640
3440
2890
3490
2770
2770
3270
21
2770
3400
3520
3190
2780
2650
3330
22
2900
4470
3450
3540
2750
2750
2710
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
M3
L7
L1
K1
J1
H1
F1
M7
4210
4240
3800
4070
4270
4490
4160
3360
4120
4190
3890
4430
4260
4510
4570
3600
4220
3930
3810
4110
4220
4510
4120
4030
4280
4070
3680
4430
4160
4440
4380
3550
4280
3890
3670
4070
4050
4550
2750
3700
4160
3980
3970
4070
4020
4500
4340
3460
4110
3900
2430
3990
3890
4120
4270
3080
4070
3100
3880
4370
4260
4400
4270
3510
4170
3910
2570
4030
4020
4340
4110
4270
10
3890
3130
3910
4020
4130
4250
4120
4240
11
3930
4070
3570
4010
3920
3990
4190
3980
12
3800
3800
3850
3890
3800
4040
4280
3910
13
4070
4030
3890
4020
4270
2550
4160
4200
14
4020
4060
3800
4090
4170
4030
4220
4220
15
4020
4160
2570
3980
2690
2700
3970
4240
16
3880
4160
2570
3750
2980
2240
4070
4260
17
3990
3170
3570
4010
4100
2560
2900
4110
18
3130
3370
3880
3880
3900
4200
3900
4220
19
3450
3160
3650
4050
4020
4500
4100
4070
20
2610
4070
3750
3900
4000
4100
4120
4110
21
3370
2600
2430
4300
3890
3800
4190
4320
22
3320
2740
3560
4200
2690
3700
4340
4210
23
2500
4170
2580
3500
4160
2900
4120
4110
mean
3772
3742
3462
4045
3920
3884
4060
3932
max
4280
4240
3970
4430
4270
4550
4570
4320
min
2500
2600
2430
3500
2690
2240
2750
3080
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Table 3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Main Beams (m/s)
Sl. No.
1
M7- M1
4490
L7-L1
K7-K1
J7-J1
H7-H1
F7-F1
D7-D1
C7-C1
4490
3240
2910
4170
4260
4200
2280
3180
4460
4340
3760
4220
4310
4170
2890
4040
4380
4380
3720
4270
4270
4030
2590
4320
4140
4390
3770
4040
4240
3970
3500
4340
4210
4380
3740
4010
4260
4050
3430
4160
4260
4440
3950
4010
4320
4070
3430
4240
4230
4260
3850
4320
4080
4000
3160
4270
4260
4080
3820
4190
4160
4290
3200
4220
4230
4210
3820
3980
4200
4200
3130
10
4440
4260
4240
3980
4450
4160
4220
2680
11
4230
4180
4260
4080
4560
4010
4200
2210
12
4720
4120
4350
4630
4110
4130
4290
2310
13
3440
4220
4260
4110
4480
4140
4090
2810
14
4520
4160
4240
4110
3970
4010
4180
2910
15
4410
4320
4230
4310
4240
4180
4210
3100
16
4290
4210
4260
4190
4000
3980
4060
3120
17
4280
4270
4360
4320
4330
4070
4070
3450
18
4300
4080
3470
4310
4130
4160
3840
3500
19
4280
3210
4160
4190
4230
4170
4210
3220
20
4490
3180
3330
4090
3890
4130
4190
3100
21
4450
3260
3240
4310
4210
4160
4140
2900
22
4240
3240
2160
4320
4180
3920
4240
2940
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Table 3. Contd.,
Sl. No.
M7- M1
L7-L1
K7-K1
J7-J1
H7-H1
F7-F1
D7-D1
C7-C1
23
4340
3780
3380
4070
4360
4160
4110
3200
24
4370
4390
3500
4180
3920
4090
4070
3320
25
4100
4610
4380
4220
4070
4160
4380
3420
26
4250
4440
4160
4170
3680
4280
4170
2800
27
4300
4260
4290
4160
3910
3760
4200
3340
28
4400
4140
4320
4260
3950
4230
3970
3200
29
4500
3150
4390
4030
4330
4190
4220
3460
30
4550
3040
4370
3930
4110
4060
2810
3380
31
4100
3240
4490
4120
4340
4080
4370
3200
mean
4253
4014
4050
4046
4150
4140
4104
3070
max
4720
4610
4490
4630
4560
4320
4380
3500
min
3180
3040
2160
2910
3680
3760
2810
2210
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Rebound Numbers
35
35
37
32
37
Ave.
Remark
31
33.9
30
35
31
37
33
34
32
33
39
31
38
34
35.5
38
36
39
35
36
35
39
42
45
38
35
36
38.7
39
32
38
42
35
43
29
37
35
35
36
47
Satisfactory
37.0
46
37
33
32
41
36
37
41
45
45
27
28
35.7
36
30
41
37
31
30
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Recommendations
The visual inspection pointed out the delaminating of concrete cover /
plastering and honey combing of concrete in columns, beams and roof slabs.
The results of UPV show the values well below 3500 m/s require
strengthening the components by epoxy grouting.
Initially cement slurry grouting should be done in all the columns, beams
and slab portion of first floor of RCC building Block . After 24 hours, epoxy
grouting should be done for all the members.
Since NDT tests have been done only on selected areas and only in accessible
regions, the recommended conclusions are applicable wherever test was
conducted.
It is suggested that periodical monitoring and assessment has to be done on
the condition of these structural elements of RCC building.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Honey comb/voids
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
per bag of cement and apply the same followed by a neat finish.
Cure the same as per the standard practice or apply the curing
compound.
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
M1
L1
K1
J1
H1
F1
D1
C1
4210
4240
4200
4280
4270
4490
4220
3590
4120
4190
3890
4430
4260
4510
4570
3370
4220
4320
3970
4220
4220
4510
4280
3400
4280
4170
4060
4430
4160
4440
4260
3280
4280
4090
4110
4310
4050
4550
4260
3490
4160
4070
4100
3980
4120
4500
4340
3300
4110
4110
4060
4160
3860
4120
4270
3200
4070
4090
3990
4370
4260
4400
4270
3400
4170
4330
4170
3930
4020
4340
4280
3570
10
3890
4110
4200
4020
4130
4250
4070
3490
11
3930
4070
4020
4200
3920
3990
4190
3560
12
3800
4070
4170
4040
3800
4040
4280
3250
13
4070
3930
4060
4020
4270
2550
4160
3470
14
4020
4060
4110
3770
4170
4030
4170
3390
15
4020
4030
4430
4410
3890
2700
4270
3300
Mean
4090
4125
4079
4171
4093
4194
4259
3411
Max
4280
4330
4430
4430
4270
4550
4570
3590
min
3800
3930
3890
3770
3800
2550
4070
3200
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Table 2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Main Beams (m/s)
22
4240
4450
4220
4190
4180
4090
4020
4340
4450
4320
4120
3780
3950
4080
4270
4500
3370
4180
3920
4000
4070
4300
4480
4260
4000
4070
4160
3040
4350
4270
4160
4170
4220
4280
4080
4190
4260
4020
4160
3910
3720
4200
4290
4140
4200
3970
3950
4160
3970
4510
4510
4380
3740
4510
4000
3900
4100
4200
4220
3860
4110
4240
4200
Mean
4315
4293
4149
4063
4142
4057
3994
3400
Max
4720
4510
4380
4310
4510
4280
4260
3900
Min
4040
4080
3370
3720
3780
3720
3040
2990
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Table 3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Values for Side Beams (m/s)
Sl.
No.
M7-L7
M1-L1
L7K7
L1-K1
K7J7
K1-J1
J7-H7
4350
2680
4360
3324
4290
3890
3530
4190
2750
4270
3611
4210
3020
4110
4290
2500
4170
3270
4160
3151
3860
4480
3105
4000
3335
4000
4566
3610
4050
2990
4200
4160
4160
4508
3800
4300
3105
3890
3110
4110
3186
4000
4310
2703
3850
3220
4200
3410
4100
4060
3100
4200
3980
4050
3220
4080
Mean
4253.
2866
4117
3501
4147
3618
3886
Max
4480
3105
4360
4160
4290
4566
4110
Min
4050
2500
3850
3110
4000
3020
3530
Grouting port
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Grouting of beams
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University
Email:
rao_pannem@vit.ac.in
Call on : 0975 1354 789
An Overview of Non- Destructive Testing Methods . Prof. Rama Mohan Rao, CDMM, VIT University