PROJECT CODE: 000009

EFFECT OF RUBBER MILL DUMPSITE SOIL AMENDED

WITH POULTRY MANURE ON THE GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis
stenocarpa Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Harms

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
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Certification '
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Dedication
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Declaration '
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Acknowledgement
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Table of Contents '
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List of Tables '
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Abstract '
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction '
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1.1 African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis Stenocarpa)
1.2 Biology of Sphenostylis Stanocarpa '
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1.3 Uses of African Yam Bean '
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1.4 Justification '
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1.5 Objective of Study
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Rubber Effluent '
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2.2 Classification of African Yam Bean' '
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2.3 Limitation of African Yam Bean '
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2.4 The Way Forward '
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CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Site '
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3.2 Experimental Materials
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3.3 Source of Soil Samples '
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3.4 Germination Tests (Viability Test)
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3.5 Experimental Procedure
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3.6 Determination of Growth Parameters'
3.7 Determination of Fresh and Dry Weight'
3.8 Statistical Analysis
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CHAPTER FOUR
Results '
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
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5.2 Conclusion
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5.3 Recommendation '
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References
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PROJECT CODE: 000009

ABSTRACT
The effect of rubber mill effluent on germination and seedling
growth of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were
evaluated in this study. Five rates of the effluents namely 0.00,
25, 50, 75 and 100% per 3kg soil were used in a completely
randomized design with six replicates for each treatment. The
results show that 100% dumpsite soil gave the mean higher
germination than other treatment levels. (25, 50, 75 and 100%
respectively). The rate of reduction in the plant growth
parameters was observed to be dose dependent. There was
significant difference (P<.005) between control and the different
contaminated soils on the plant height, number of leaves and
leaf area of the plant.

PROJECT CODE: 000009

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Effluents are wastes produced from industries and they
vary depending on the human activities that produce them.
Production of these wastes is an integral part of industrial
activities but unfortunately our inability to anticipate or predict
the types and magnitude of undesired consequences of unbridled
release of effluents in our environment, coupled with the growth
of industrialization have resulted in massive and destructive
operations in our ecosystem. Although industrial processes are
desirable at the same time, the serious and irreversible damage
due to the environment through their apparently innocuous
discharges of effluents are unquantifiable.
Until now, effluents are discharge into rivers, estuaries,
lagoons, or the sea without any form of treatment. However,
despite the treatment being employed by some industries, it is
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still impossible to remove all undesirable properties from
effluents.
Since commercial exploration of petroleum started in
Nigeria in 1958 (Okoh, 2003), petroleum has continuously grown
to be ministry of the Nigerian economy. The exploration of
petroleum has led to the pollution of land and weather ways. The
agricultural lands have become less productive and the creeks
and the fishing water have become more or less dead. Several
civil unrests due to environmental degradation due to oil
exploration have also been witnessed in the Niger Delta Region
of Nigeria (Inoni et al, 2006).
Studies have revealed that the occurrence of large amount
of hydrocarbons in the soil leads to a nitrogen deficiency and
hence upsets the carbon=nitrogen ratio of the spill site thereby
threatening the survival of soil biota (Johnson et al, 1974).
Moreover, the infiltration of the containment into soil pores leads
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to the expulsion of air thus depleting oxygen reserves in the soil
and impeding its diffusion into the deeper layers (Ayotamuno et
al., 2006a). Thereafter as microbial activities, increase available
oxygen diminishes in the soil environment (Ayotamuno et al,
2006). Thus limits the survival of plants as they then lack
essential elements for their growth.
Furthermore, research on the remediation of crude oil
contaminated soils using plant (phytoremediation) has shown
that certain plants could contain, translocate and/or volatilize
petroleum=hydrocarbons, as they grow on crude contaminated
soil, although not without constraints like leaf burn, witting and
stunted growth (Ayotammunno et al., 2006C). However, the
exact level(s) of contaminant concentration which they can
tolerate and give beneficial yield remains not well understood.
Moreover, oil interference with structure or functions of the
various organs of plants and animals and may directly kill them.
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Oil contaminated soils

generally

cause

delayed

in

seed

emergence. This is due to poor wet ability and aeration of the

soil and loss of seed viability. Change in soil condition. Causes
progressive depression in height, numbers of leaves and other
parameters which implies stressful conditions.
These stress condition interferes water uptake and gaseous
exchange. This may create a condition of physiological. This may
create a condition of physiological drought (Mc Cown et al,
1992).
1.1 African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis Stenocarpa)
African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) (Hochst. EXA
Rich) Harms, belong to the legume family. It is cultivated in
Nigeria mainly for seeds and also grown for tubers in Cote
dIvoire, Ghana Ethiopia part of East Africa, Malawi, and
Zimbabwe (Utter, 2007). It is vigorous vine twines and climbs to
the height of about sun and requires staking. It flowers profusely
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in 100=150 days producing brightly coloured flowers which may
be pink, purple or greenish writer. The slightly woody pods
contain 20=30 seeds, they are up to 30cm long and mature
within 120 days. The plant produces underground tubers that
are used as food in some parts of Africa and that serves as
organs of perenation of the wild. African yam Tuber (AYB) seeds
are highly rich in Vitamin C, dietary fibre, vitamin B6, potassium
and magnesium. While being low in saturated fat, sodium and
cholesterol.
The AYB tubers are regarded as an important source of
starch and protein in tropical African and the plant is potentially
important as a pulse legume (Busson, 2001). The amino acid
content of the seeds per long dry matter is 1,640kg. AYB
products generally have a lower glycine index than other legume
products, which means that they will provide a more sustained
form of energy. Most rural communities cannot afford animal
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proteins and over three million children lack sufficient proteins
within the last decade and therefore suffer grossly retarded
physical growth and development. The African Yam bean is one
of the tuber known as legumes (NAS, 1979) and they are
cheaper than animal products such as fish, meat and egg.
Therefore, they consumed worldwide as major source of cheap
and

especially

in

developing

or

poor

countries

where

consumption of annual protein may be limited as a result of

economic, social cultural or religious factor (Olayide, 1982).
Global food security however is becoming shaky with increasing
dependence on a few major staple crops. Thus has resulted in
an alarming reduction not only in crop diversity but also in the
variability within crops.
1.2 Biology of Sphenostylis Stanocarpa
Afrcian yam bean (AYB) sphenostylis stenocarpa is a
vigorous, herbaceous, climbing vine reaching 1.5=2m in height,
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with trifoliate leaves, the leaflets being up to 14cm in length and
5cm broad. The flowers are mauvish=pink, purple or greenish=
white in colour, about 2.5cm in length and borne on stout
auxiliary peducles. It is glabrous seed pods which are linear, flat,
with margins raised, 25=30cm long and 1=1.5cm broad,
containing 20=30. Seeds which may be ellipsoid, rounded or
truncated, and show considerable variation in size and colour,
the largest are usually about 1cm long and 0.7cm wide. Seed
colour may vary from creamy=white or brownish=yellow to dark
brown, sometimes with black marbling, and there appear to be
a number of types according to seed colour. The plant produces
small spindle=shaped tubers, about 5=7.5cm long.
There is some evidence that yields of seeds and tubers are
in versely related.

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Plate 1: Typical African yam Bean seeds

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Plate2: A Typical Yam Bean tuber

1.3 Uses of African Yam Bean

The seeds and tubers are the two organs of economic
important providing food for both humans and livestock.
However, there is a cultural and regional preference for each,
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West African prefer the seeds to the tubers, while tubers are
highly relished by the East and Central Africans.
Thus, exceptional nutritional pulse has a very significant
link with African socio=cultural life for instance, there are times
in Ghana when they prepare a special mean from African yam
bean sees during the celebration of puberty rites in adolescent
girls (Potter, 1992).
The seeds of African yam bean are cooked and eaten as
food, however, it is sometimes neglected in most Nigerian
homes because of long hours cooking (4=6hours) after removal
of skin coat and soaking in water.
The tubers are cooked and eaten in the same manner as
potatoes which it resembles in flavour. Extract of African yam
bean also have medical values such as its ability to inhibit
haemoglobin polymerization and improve the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of
sickle cell blood (Nwaoguikpe and Uwakwe, 2005).
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1.4 Justification
The crop has not received adequate research attention up
till now, it is classified as a neglected under=utilization species
(Bioversity, 2009). At present African yam bean has been
relegated

to

an

unimportant

position

as

it

is

grown

predominantly by the older generation of farmers. The bulk of

genetic resources to this crop are in the hands of these farmers
which threatens its survival. There is therefore a need for
germplasm collection, characterization and conservation to
prevent it from being extinct.
1.5 Objective of Study
The main aim of this study is to determine the growth
performance of African yam bean (AYB) Sphenostylis stenocarpa
on rubber dump sties soil.

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