Tugas Mata Kuliah Eksplorasi Geothermal

Tugas Ini Dipergunakan Untuk Memenuhi Syarat Mata Kuliah Eksplorasi Geothermal

Hasil dan Target Survey Lapangan Geothermal

Disusun oleh:
R. B. Fauzan Irshadibima

3712100010

Fuad Aulia Bahri

3713100007

Rizal Taufiqurrohman

3713100010

Nur Rochman Muhammad

3713100012

Adib Banuboro

3713100024

Fuaddur Zaki Kurniawan

3713100030

Nizar Dwi Riyantiyo

3713100031

Diptya Mas Nugraha

3713100042

Nur Muhammad Zain

3713100043

Dosen Pengampu:
Dr. Widya Utama, DEA

Jurusan Teknik Geofisika

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
2016
0

Outline

Target

Cap Rock
Aquifers
Recharge Area

Processing
Flowchart

Result

Parameter Table
Expected Result

Target
Cap Rock

(a)

(b)
Figure.1. (a) Illustrasion of geothermal system. (b). The Thickness of Cap Rock based on the Map

Resistivity value is resulted from 2D magnetotellurics model and density value is resulted
from 3D gravity model. From these results, impermeable (caprock) area have a resistivity
value about 10 Ohm.m with curve pattern in which side is thicker and density values is
between 1,49 gr/cm3 and 2,4 gr/cm3 with distribution patterns from west to east and the depth
of top layer from caprock is about 500 to 1000 m, and the thickness of caprock in this area is
estimated about 500 meter to 1000 meter,type of material is secondary clay mineral and
controlled by Puncung Fault

The target of exploration is depth of caprock. The depth can be determine using
geological logic in geological map. By using dip and strike, the continuous layer from
geothermal system for the example is cap rock. The Cap rock is formed by impermeable
rock such shale or silt (Eric Schuster,1973).

Figure.2. Geothermal System

The impermeable rock had value range at 2-20 103 ohm meter (Telford,1991). Take
the example case study that located in Arjuno-Welirang Volcanoes system. The cap rock is
below 3000 meters go down and the thickness in this case is about 1000 2500 meters.

Figure.3. Geothermal System of Arjuna Welirang Volcanoes

This result is from geophysical survey (ESDM, 2010). After known the prediction of caprock
depth from geological mapping and past survey we can estimate the spreading of current
electrode for resistivity measurement. From the spreading of electrode relation with the depth
penetration about 1/3 of total electrode distance to find the target(depth) if we use 2D
Resistivity methods (Wenner Configuration).

Aquifers
Reservoir of geothermal system is rock formation in subsurface which can store and drain
the hydrothermal. Usually, reservoir have characteristic with high porosity and permeability.
Porosity can be used to save the hydrothermal and permeability to drain the hydorthermal, we can
use geoelectrical methods because if the response subsurface is low resistivity indicated layer with
high porous and high permeability. Then after we try to get information about depth of reservoir
rocks, its about 3 km from surface. For the example reservoir geothermal ussually in sand formation.

Reservoir
Cap rock

Figure 4. The Typical Electrical Resistivities of Earth Materials

Caprock is impermeable layer to trap the vapor from reservoir rock. Usually caprock have
higher density than reservoir rock and have low porosity. So cap rock have high ressitivity because
any fluid cant flow in that layer (impermeable) and usually formation of this layer is shale stone.

Recharge Area
And the last component is recharge area. For recharge area we must looking for area with
very high permeability, because its will be easy for fluid throught into subsurface. Recharge area
serves to maintain the sustainability of the geothermal reservoir.

Processing

Data Result
(Resistivity)

Processing
using
Res2dinv

Exterminate
bad datum
point

Using robust
constrain,
smoothness,
finest mesh, ...

Data acquisition using Geoelectrical Survey

Data saved as Resistivity (ohm.meter)

This software designed to interpolate and interpret

field data of electrical geophysical prospecting (2D
Sounding) of electrical resistivity and induced
polarization

This is the first step in the processing data using Res2dinv

In this step, we exterminate bad datum point by looking the
overview of data and datum which has so much different
behaviour
Straighter line, it means that the acquisition data is valid

This step is done in order to minimize the error

Constrain, smoothness, finest mest, and the others will affect the forward
modelling
Lesser the error, it means that the forward modelling is near the original

In the forward modelling step, this step is done

Iterazion meand that the process will be repeated until
Iterate until the forward modelling meets the lower error
error < 5 % Usually, 5 iterazion is enough

Final Result
(Data)

In this step, we got the forward modelling data

From this data, we could :
Determine the depth of the reservoar and caprock
Distinguish geothermal elements
Approximate the thick of cap rock
After we make the interpretation, we will get the conclution
Figure.5. Flowchart Processing

Table Parameters
Table.1. Electrical resistivity in geothermal survey
Geophysical
Method
Electrical
resistivity

Measured
Parameter
Potential
differences in
response to
induced
current

Physical
Property
or Properties
Electrical
resistivity

Physical
Property
Model
Resistivity
depth
model often
with
interpreted
layer
boundaries

Typical Site
Model

Potential
target

Geologic
hydrologic
profile

Hot brines,
fluid-induced
alteration
zones, faults

Fig.6. A schematic plot showing the relationship between resistivity and temperature gradients. Such plots are useful in
roughly estimating the nature of the subsurface rocks in terms of their geothermal energy potential.

Fig.7. A schematic representation of resistivity-depth graphs for areas where temperature increases moderately with depth
(b), and for areas where temperature increases rapidly with depth (a) where a gas or dry steam layer may exist (from Meidav
and Tonani, 1976).

Table.2. Resistivity range of some rock and material depend their condition
Formation
Recent lava flow
Dense intrusives
Basalt
Palagonite
Basalt (T>50oC)
Palagonite (T>50oC)
Rock with brine
High temperature areas, fresh water

Resistivity (Om)
5.000-50.000
10.000-15.000
100-300
20-100
30-100
10-15
5-15
1-5

Table.3. Geoelectrical work on geothermal survey

Part

Reservoir
(High Permeable)

Depth

Parameter
Physic
Chemichal

Orde

Range

Method

Measurement
Parameter

Temperature

100-400 oC

Geothermometer

Temperature

Permeability

10-1 - 104
milidarcy

Geoelectrical

Potential differences
in response to induced
current

EM,MT,Seismic

TEM-FEM,The
magnetic fields were
measured using induc
tion coils,time travel
and amplitude

Lower resistivity than

surounding rock,Use
correlation between core
sample porosity and AI
to determine high
porosity zone

Magnetic

Remanent Magnetism

Relatively low magnetic

sucept in alteration zone

Gravity

Gravity force

Low density at steam

filled zone

Geoelectrical

Potential differences
in response to induced
current

hight resistivity zone

indicate that the area has
low permeability or low
porosity

Geoelectrical

Potential differences
in response to induced
current

Low resistivity zone

indicate that the area has
high permeability, or
hight fluid content

3 km
Porosity

0.3 -70 %

Magnetic
Suceptibility

Caprock

3 km

Density

2260kg/m3

Permeability

-7

< 10-7 cm/sec

impermeable

density(clay)

1200-2200
kg/m3

3-4

miliDarcy ,High
Permeable

Simple description
Chemical equilibrium
and surface temperature
relationship
Low resistivity zone,
indicate that the area has
high permeability, and
hight fluid content

Porosity

Recharge area

3 km or
depend
reservoir
depth

Permeability

Expected Result
In geothermal exploration the choice of a particular method depends on the objective
and the cost of the survey. It should be noted that there is no single method or combination
of different methods that can be called optimum in all cases. The most suitable method may
vary for different geothermal fields. In this study topic we will use geothermal cases with
resistivity method.
After data processing is done with several step that have been arranged, the result or
output from this processing must have some criteria, so that the information given can tell us
indicate the parameter of targeted geothermal system. In general, the result that we wanted
from geothermal system can be represented by picture below,

Figure 8 geothermal System

As we can see, in the figure 8 geothermal system consists of heat source, reservoir,
cap rock and recharge area. The interdependence of these component make a good
geothermal system and can be functioned well , therefore we can use it effectively for energy
cause.
Not only the resistivity value that being a target of geothermal system, but also the
temperature has a part for looking which or what element of geothermal system could be (ex :
cap rock, reservoir, etc). This picture below show us temperature of geothermal system in
general,

Figure 9 Temperature of Geothermal System

As we can see in figure 2 in geothermal system, temperature is increasing along with

depth. This means that in every change of temperatures we can find different geothermal
system element. And in every geothermal system in the world the temperatures is variated,
depends on its heat source characteristics.
For data processing, we use resistivity data. Following in this pictures below, show us :
Example 1

Figure 10. Resistivity Processing Result 1

As we can see at figure 10 above, the indication of potential geothermal reservoir is

having a high resistivity, and we can see that the reservoir is backed by some layer that
having a lower resistivity (10-50 ohm m), this can be indicate as the presence of cap rock in
this geothermal system. And the increasing of temperature along with the depth, is confirm
that there are geothermal system in this study area.

10

Example 2

Figure 11. Resistivity Processing Result 2

In general, the geothermal reservoir rocks are characterized by low-resistivity

anomalies. The observed resistivity structure was found to correlate with hydrothermal
alteration minerals. In the present study, such an anomalous zone is also delineated and
mapped as can be seen in Figures 4. The high surface resistivity observed most likely
represents fresh basaltic rocks of postglacial volcanism where the surface resistivity is in the
range of 10-50.
The low resistivity anomaly in figure 4 indicates that the low-temperature alteration
minerals, smectite and zeolite come into play. It appears as a vertical low-resistivity structure
that extends from a few tens of metres from the surface to a greater depth at this location.
This figure show a typical resistivity structure of a high-temperature geothermal system with
a low-resistivity cap underlain by a more resistive core that marks the zone of hightemperature alteration minerals, the chlorite zone.

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clay

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