Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
map
f the world
S oil
FAO - Unesco
Volume IV
South America
FAO - Unesco
CvS
FAO - Unesco
Soil map
of the world
1: 5 000 000
Volume IV
South America
FAO/Unesco 1971
Printed in Italy
PREFACE
The project has been carried out under the scientific authority of an international advisory panel,
within the framework of FAO and Unesco programmes. The different stages of the work included com-
project.
undertook publication of its results. For the preparation of the Soil Map of South America, additional
financial support was received from the Rockefeller
legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area or concerning the delimitation of
frontiers.
CONTENTS
Preface
Summaries
English
French
Russian
Spanish
1. Introduction
vn
107
A. Acrisols
B. Cambisols
F. Ferralsols
G. Gleysols
H. Phaeozems
109
110
T. Andosols
V. Vertisols
W. Planosols
110
113
114
115
115
115
116
117
117
118
118
119
119
119
120
121
X. Xerosols
121
Yermosols
Solonchaks
Conclusions
122
XI
mu
2. Acknowledgements
3. The map
Topographic base
Map units
Cartographic representation
Sources of information
4. Environmental conditions
13
CLIMATE
13
Climatic factors
Climatic regions
13
20
VEGETATION
21
21
GEOMORPHOLOGY
35
LITHOLOGY
42
42
Geotectonic regions.
I. Lithosols
Fluvisols
Kastanozems
L. Luvisols
Nitosols
Histosols
Podzols
Arenosols
R. Regosols
S. Solonetz
Appendix
Morphological, chemical and physical properties of South American soils: data from selected profiles
55
55
89
94
ranges
102
124
Figures
Sources of information
2. Climatic map of South America
3. Broad vegetation regions of South America
4. Geomorphological map of South America
5. Geotectonic regions of South America...
6. Lithological map of South America
7. Broad soil regions of South America
8. Population distribution, South America..
1.
122
123
9
17
23
37
45
46
91
108
SUMMARIES
(Fig. 2).
initiated in 1961.
The maps
A small inset map shows three grades of reliability of soil information from which the map was
compiled.
Detailed definitions of the soil units and full descriptions of all the terms used may be found in
Volume I of the set.
The text
tinent, contain an extensive table of soil associations, an account of the distribution of the main
soils, and a discussion of land use and soil suitabilities for agriculture.
The table of soil associations lists all the map units
in alphabetical order of symbols. Other columns
show;
Associated soils
Inclusions
Phases
viii
uplands and mountains, and outlined on a smallscale map (Fig. 7). The main soils of each region
are discussed in relation to factors of the environment, and their important characteristics are noted.
Present land use and suitabilities for agriculture
are discussed at first in general, with a small-scale
map of population distribution (Fig. 8) and an account of traditional and modem farming systems.
Then the main soils are considered separately. Their
Andean valleys and on some foothills. These include Kastanozems, Phaeozems, Chromic Luvisols
and Eutric Cambisols.
Soil regions which consist mainly of soils not having these limitations are rare in South America and
CONCLUSIONS
The appendix
Les chapitres 5 et 6, qui dcrivent les sols du continent, contiennent un tableau dtaill des associations
de sols, un compte rendu de la rpartition des prin-
agricole sont examines, d'abord d'une manire gnrale, l'aide d'une carte de rpartition dmographique A. petite chale (fig. 8), et les secteurs agricoles
du Sud a un climat aride ou semi-aride o l'agriculture est difficile ou impossible sans irrigation. Les
principaux sols sont des yermosols, des xrosois,
des rgosols, des lithosols, des sols salins comme
les solonchaks et solonetz, des luvisols ferriques et
des luvisols chromiques.
11 existe ga1ement de vastes tendues mal draines
Les vastes rgions a forte pente des Andes reprsentent environ 10 pour cent de la surface du continent. En dehors des lithosols qui prdominent, les
cambisols dystriques, les andosols et les acrisols
orthiques sont assez rpandus, leur frquence tant
nettement lie l'altitude et aux matriaux originels.
II s'agit de sols acides, mais on trouve galement des
zones relativement tendues de sols eutrophes dans
Conclusions
Annexe
my B 1961 T.
KapTm
poKuxK2114mayinecKlixnonpa3enein14ii. 11OCKOJILKy
,aBa npicTa KapT, COCTaB/I51 10 11111X nonifieHnypo 'capTy 10)1(11011 AmeppiKpi, COCTa13.71eHM Ha ocHoHe TO-
Hoe onHcaipHe Hcex picnonbayemmx TepmplHozi moxHO HatiTH B Tome I HacToHinero 143AaH142.
illOT BaXHOCTB H 13 Honpoce, Kacaloulemcsp HmpallnuaaHnsf KyabTyp, TO KninviaTppiecKaH KapTa cny)KHT nononHeHHem K nonneHHoil KapTe B nepenage
11H41opmani4M OTHOCHTeTIBHO Kyar,Typ 113 0140V1na-
ero nonpanopioa.
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upacloTa
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reHn.
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5 nponewroB 3eMJI4, 06pa6aTbIBaeTCH. E0J11311IHHCTBO 3T1IX aemens HaXOJAHTCH ILO KpaEm K0HTI4HeH"
pexmo BeTpetialoTeE B 10)KHOrl Ameppme a oxnaTmBaloT meHee 10 npon. Beef!' Teppwropm. BaxcHmmv.
1104B3M14 B 3T11X pailoHax HBJIHIOTCH (Deoaemm, KacTaHoaemm, o)KeneaHeHHme JIyBHCOTIM, po,LtHeBbie
(Peppaconm c coAepxaHHem ocHoBaHmil OT cpeAHero xpa BmcoKoro, aarpw-teeKHe HI4TOCOJIM a xpoMPICTme JIYBHCOJIM.
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IIPOH3BOACTBa.
4aCTeiI.
El texto
La vegetacin se estudia sobre la base de diez amplias regiones de vegetacin distinguidas con arre-
La litologa se examina tambin dentro de los epgrafes generales de plataformas, Andes y cuencas.
Se incluyen dos mapas a pequea escala (figuras
xiv
Suelos asociados
Inclusiones
Fases
Vegetacin
general, con un mapa a escala pequea de distribucin de la poblacin (Figura 8) y una relacin de
los sistemas de laboreo tradicionales y modernos.
A continuacin se examinan por separado los principales suelos. Se ducribe su uso actual y se seala
la adecuacin de la tierra para el laboreo tanto tradicional como moderno.
Apndice
Una caracterstica sealada de los suelos sudamericanos es su baja fertilidad natural. Un 50 por ciento,
aproximadamente, del continente est formado prin-
suelos.
1. INTRODUCTION
ried out in different countries throughout the continent. However, for large areas knowledge of the
soils was still very limited. In the following years
an active programme of soil correlation work was
pursued in South America with a view to preparing
a third draft of the soil map. For the purposes of
filling in some of the most important gaps in the
knowledge of the soils of the continent, a number
of exploratory studies were carried out in Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay,
Peru, and Uruguay. These field tours were organized,
in cooperation with government pedologists, by
members of the Soil Correlation Committee for
South America and FAO staff.
A partial third draft of the soil map was presented
was
chaudhuri (India), Dr. G. D. Smith (U.S.A.), Dr. C. G. Stephens (Australia), Prof. R. Tavernier (Belgium), Mr. Norman
H. Taylor (New Zealand), Academician I. V. Tiurin (U.S.S.R.),
FAO Secretariat
sion of the soil definitions proposed for the preparation of a uniform legend for the Soil Map of the
World. Prior to this meeting, field soil correlation
Objectives
ditions needs to be assessed before they can be recommended for adoption. In order to do so, reliable information on the nature and distribution of
the major soils of the world is of fundamental importance. However, the preparation of regional and
continental soil maps requires a uniform legend and
INTRODUCTION
raphy which accompany the symbols of the mapping units is also explained on the soil map, as is
the explanation of the overprints which indicate
phases. These are further described in Chapter 3.
The definitions of the soil units involved can be
found in Volume L The profile descriptions and
analytical data in the Appendix illustrate and further
clarify the soil definitions.
The geographical distribution of the soils is indicated in Chapter 5. For this purpose the continent
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Peru
Surinam
Uruguay
pressed here to all those whom it has not been possible to single out.
Contributors
OFFICIAL AGENCIES
Bolivia
Brazil
Argentina
INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS
Chile
to de Conservacin de Suelos y
Aguas (DEcsA), Santiago
Bolivia
L. Arce
Colombia
Brazil
Ecuador
Quito
Guyana
Georgetown
Paraguay
1 FAO staff.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
C.
Marius,
M.
1967-68
factors were dealt with by J.J. Scholten. An appendix containing profile data was prepared by R.B.
Robinson"
Paraguay
Soil emulation
Sulsona
Surinam
Uruguay
Eyk
A.D.
Peru
Venezuela
C.A. Fynn,
B.A.
Duran,
World.
preparation of the international legend and definition of soil units was entrusted to R. Dudal, FAO.
Financial support
A.
THE MAP
Soil units
Topographic base
used.
Slope classes
The slope classes, level to gently undulating, rolling to hilly, and strongly dissected to mountainous,
Af Ferric Acrisols
Map units
The map unit consists of a soil unit or of an association of soil units. The textural class is indicated
for the dominant soil unit while a slope class reflects
the topography in which the soil association occurs.
Furthermore, the associations may be phased accord-
Ag Gleyic Acrisols
Ah Humic Acrisols
Ao Orthic Acrisols
Ap Plinthic Acrisols
Bd
Be
Bf
Hh Haplic Phaeozems
Hl
Luvic Phaeozems
LITHOSOLS
CAMBISOIS
FLUVISOLS
Dystric Cambisols
Eutric Cambisols
Ferralic Cambisols
Jc
Jd
Je
Calcaric Fluvisols
Dystric Fluvisols
Eutric Fluvisols
Thionic Fluvisols
Bh Humic Cambisols
Bk Calcic Cambisols
Jt
KASTANOZEMS
RENDZINAS
PHAEOZEMS
ACRISOLS
FERRALSOLS
Kh Haplic Kastanozems
Kk Calcic Kastanozems
Kl
Acre Fermisls
Fh Humic Ferralsols
Luvic Kastanozems
Fa
Fo Orthic Ferralsols
Fp Plinthic Fermisls
Fr Rhodic Ferralsols
Fx Xanthic Ferralsols
LUVISOLS
Le
Lf
Lo
Lp
Chromic Luvisols
Ferric Luvisols
Orthic Luvisols
Plinthic Luvisols
GLEYSOLS
Gc Calcaric G/eysols
Gd Dystric Gleysols
Ge Eutric Gleysols
Gh Humic Gleysols
Gm Mollie Gleysols
Gp Plinthic Gleysols
NITOSOLS
Nd Dystric Nitosols
Ne Eutric Nitosols
HISTOSOLS
THE MAP
Pg
PODZOLS
VERTISOLS
Gleyic Podzols
Vc
Vp
Chromic Vertisols
Pellic Vertisols
Ph Humic Podzols
Po
Orthic Podzols
ARENOSOLS
Qa Albic ArenosoIs
Qf Ferralic Arenosols
W PLANOSOLS
Wd Dystric PIanosols
We Eutric Pianosls
Wh Humic PIanosols
Wm Mollie PlanosoIs
Ws So/odic PianosIs
REGOSOLS
Rd Dystric Regosols
Re
Eutric Regosols
SOLONETZ
XI
Sm Mollie Solonetz
So
Orthic Solonetz
ANDOSOLS
XEROSOLS
Xh Haplic Xerosols
Xk Calcic Xerosols
Y
Luvic Xerosols
YERMOSOLS
Yh Haplic Yermosols
Yk Calcic Yermosols
Th Humic Andosols
Tm Mollie Andosols
Y/
Luvic Yermosols
To Ochric Andosols
Tv Vitric Andosols
SOLONCHAKS
zg
Gleyic Solonchaks
Orthic Solonchaks
RANKERS
Zo
Cartographic representation
MAP COLOURS
SYMBOLS
is outlined.
Example: Lc5
Fo2
Vertisols
Orthic Ferralsols and Ferralic
Arenosols
patterns in the preparation of the soil maps of certain areas where there was insufficient coverage by
soil surveys.
be undertaken. Aerial photographs are seldom available. However, since these regions are mostly thinly
Sources of information
areas discussed.
ARGENTINA
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SOIL RECONNAISSANCE
GENERAL INFORMATION WITH
SOIL OBSERVATIONS
.64
40.
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LOCAL
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30
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Espirito Santo was prepared by the Centro de Pesquisas do Cacan, Setor de Levantamento de Solos,
CEPLAC and the Division for Soil Survey and Soil
BOLIVIA
have also been explored. The results of a reconaissance survey by a British mission (at a scale of
Fertility.
BRAZIL
CHILE
THE MAP
11
mation. A survey of the southeast ("Pln Tringulo," 1967) provided interesting detailed information on the capabilities of the soils of this portion
of the country.
studies.
PERU
ECUADOR
has been included in reliability class I, with the remaining part of the country in class H except for the
Amazon region which is virtually unknown and has
been placed in class III. Information on the Galapagos Islands has been taken from J. Laruelle (1965).
FRENCH GUIANA
A large amount of detailed and semidetailed information has been published by the Office de la
Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre Mer
(ORSTOM). In 1967 J.M. Brugire prepared a soil
map at the scale of 1:3 000 000 with a correlated
legend for inclusion in the final draft of the soil map.
Reliability is assessed at class I for the coastal areas
to class III.
SURINAM
GUYANA
URUGUAY
12
FAo.
FAO.
I966a Argentina,
FAO.
VENEZUELA
References
Publicacin LS-2.
214 p.
Levantamiento
1960b general de los suelos de la regin del Rio Mira, Departamento de Nario. Bogot. Publicacin LG-1. 80 p.
Levantamiento
1960e general de los suelos de la regin de Uraba, Departamentos
de Antioquia y Choco. Bogot. Publicacin LG-2. 61 p.
INSTITUTO GEOGRFICO "AGUSTN CODAZZI." Levantamiento
1962
FAO.
1965
4 v.
LARUELLE J.
Galapagos. Natuurwet.
1965
58 p.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
fact, South America has the earth's greatest continental extent of humid tropical climates, a feature
which makes for special physical and cultural landscape conditions. South of the Tropic of Capricorn this continent narrows rapidly so that the middle
and high latitude areas are compressed into a wedge
CLIMATE
Climatic factors
The climatology, or average long-term meteorological condition, of a place depends both on what
Kppen has referred to as a broad group of external
factors, i.e., astronomical location, general circulation, surface features, altitude and exposure, and on
a group of climatic elements which characterize each
of the broad factors and are closely interrelated with
them. These elements include temperature and rainfall averages and extremes, atmospheric pressures,
Among the various external factors, the astronomical location of a place is the most important in
determining major climatic characteristics. In this
regard South America extends through approxi1 This general introduction on climate is extracted from
"The climatology of South America" by Robert C. Eidt in
Biogeography and ecology in South America, and reproduced
here with the kind permission of the author and the editors,
Junk, the Hague.
nated by winds from the edges of the great semipermanent anticyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans. These winds blow generally from the north-
east in the northern hemisphere, and with an easterly component in the southern hemisphere.
The northeast trades may reach as far as 5S in
Brazil during January and blow strongly night and
14
between Porto Alegre and Baia. In fact, the escarpment collects so much orographic rainfall that this
extensive coastal strip is humid throughout the year
except between Rio de Janeiro and Victoria. The
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
15
"gara" in Peru.
The larger part of the east coast of South America
moisture condenses during strong convectional heating typical at these latitudes and collects in the Ama-
water.
240C.
16
Climate
Humidity
Temperature
regimes
HU Hu MO
1.1a
Eq
1.1b
Eq
1.2
Tr
HU Hu MO
Eq Tr
EQ TR
EQ TR
HI 0.44-1
EQ Eq TR
2a
Semiarid tropical
Humid tierra templada
Humid tierra templada
Dry tierra templada
Coo/ winter semihot tropical
Low-high tierra fria
2b
An an
3.1
TR
SU
do
tr
tr
da
tf An
PA TE
Pa pa
do
Su
HU Hu
Mo mo (dry spring)
1.3
1.4a
1.4b
1.5
1.7a
1.7b
1.8
1.92
3.2
3.34
3.36
3.5
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.3a
4.3b
4.4
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.2
6.6
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.8
Main
locations
regimes
Amazonia
Ln 1000mm
HU Hu MO
Ln 1000mm
Tt tt
Tt tt
Tt tt
tR
TF Tf tf
SU
Ts
Ts
MO Mo
MO Mo (inundated
in humid season)
mo
MO
Hu
MO Mo
Mo
HU Hu MO Mo mo
HU Hu MO Mo mo
da do
da
da de di do
de
mo
Mo MO
Ts
Semihot semitropical
Hu
PA
Typical pampean
St
SU Su
Subtropical pampean
St
PA
Monsoon pampean
Mo mo
PA
Semiarid pampean
si
pa ma
Patagonian grassland
St
Semiarid Patagonian
Pa pa Ma TE me si
Marine Mediterranean 1
MA
ME
pa
Cold temperate Mediterranean 1
ME Me
Subtropical semiarid Mediterranean 1 MA
me
Cold semiarid Mediterranean 1
te
me
Warm marine
HU Hu
MA Mm
Cool marine
Ma
HU
Cold marine
ma
HU
Humid Patagonian
pa
HU Hu
Coastal Peru
N Chile coast
Peru, Bolivia, Chile
Argentina
Argentina
S Brazil, Uruguay
N Argentina
Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina
Paraguay, N Argentina
S Brazil, Paraguay
E Argentina
NE Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
S Argentina, S Chile
S Argentina
Central Chile
S Chile, S Argentina
Central Chile
Central Chile, Argentina
Chile coast
S Chile
S Chile
S Chile
1"Mediterranean" refers to Mediterranean sea, not to parts of South America locally known by this term.
17
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400
600
600
1(700 ..
40Nb....
80
illl''t;.1.111.,
-1
Nit
'
AA
T-IAT...7.
TO
60
PO
'2
DE JANEIRO
4 4 '/
3e5
IlleitS(L
I.7o
30
40
,
30
11111130.
ZO.
18
TABLE 2. - CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACES REPRESENTING THE CLIMATIC REGIONS OF THE MAP
Map
Cli-
symbol mate i
1 . 1a
1,1b
1.2
1.3
1,4a
1.46
1,5
1.7a
1.76
1.8
1.92
2.a
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.34
3.36
3.5
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.3a
4.3b
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.2
6.6
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.8
Place
Winter
type
Sao Gabriel, Br
Calabozo,Vm
Pao de Janeiro, Br.
Campina Grande, Br.
1.482 ConmkdO do Araguaia, Br.
CoxipdaPonte, Br
1.42
Iguatu,Hrl
1.5
Piquete, Brl
1.77
Mrida, Wal.
1.72
Monte Santo, Br.
1.83
1.924 Tras Lagoas, Br.
2.34 Cuenca, Ecuador
Puno, Peru
2.51
3.14 Piura, Pena.
3.26
La Rioja, Arg.
3.34 La Mohna,Peru
Antofagasta, Chile
3.36
IIyurd, EkA.
3.56
Mendoza, Arg.
3.82
Col.Sarmiento,Aug.
3.92
4.14 Montevideo, Lhaig.
4.22 Sgo del Estero, Arg.
Rivadavia, Arg.
4.31
Asuncin, Para.
4.35
5.121 Nueve de Julio, Arg.
Paran, Arg.
5.33
Ec
5.61
5.71
Cordoba, Aug.
Victoria, Aug.
FINTto Bories, Chile
San Julin, Aug.
Talca, Chile
El Teniente, Chile
La Serena, Chile
Puente del RIM, Arg.
7.31
7.82
Leach- Drought
Ann A
Dry
HUMId
pot. r qungli ing
Humid
rainfall stress I4 season' season'
regime cyan.'
(mm) 7mm'\ (mm)8 fmin'
%
1.11
1.131
1.221
1.31
5.8
5.952
6,22
6.66
6.885
6.95
7.14
7.21
Summer
type
Valdivia, Chile
Puerto Aisn, Chile
San Pedro, Chile
Longuimay, Chile
Tp
Tp
Tp
Tp
IEJ
g
g
g
MO
Hu
Ci
MO
N4o
51
566
9-5
3-7
530
781
11-4
241
825
12-3
827
165
1 291
1 094 1 753
820 1 950
645 1 502
1 475 1 340
871
212
140
2-4
9-4
Alo
1 953
tP
Tp
Tp
tP
mo
MO
Hu
mo
Mo
820
870
CI
tp
tp
MO
MO
do
do
da
da
Tv
do
Av
A4
do
Tv
de
CI
1 630
2 160
CI
Av
Tp
A
G
1 970
1 740
705
607
118
331
18
1 160
1 320
190
195
890
750
143
747
960
538
540
300
90
10
CI
Ci
CI
Ct
Ci
N4o
1 520 1 320
Av
N4
St
CI
Av
Av
av
St
Mo
N4
si
1 130
1 090
1 340
1 420
av
CI
St
me
av
(N
Tv
CI
T
T
Ifu
av
av
av
P
P
ERJ
ME
ME
me
me
EnJ
Hu
990
0
857
375
240
225
110
463
200
0 1 852
0 1 409
0
902
580
0
970
0
0 1 125
920
590
Hu
mo
mo
5-11
727 1 164
1 717 1 966
1 973 1 389
g
M
11-10
805 1 049
Ec
390
398
700
1 056
846
915
684
526
304
182
1 092
0 1 620
70
270
294
10
40
215
0
656
0
894
0
6-9
5-0
7-12
7-8
0
8-3
11-3
7-8
3-5;10
12-3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-10
0
0
10-7
9-10,5
6-11
3-2
4-3
9-8
2-1
2-1
4-3
8-5
0
4-1
4-3
0
1
3-5
0
0
5-9
11-9
36
130
5-7
11-1
518
9-4
5-9
5-9
12-4
1-3
420
713
751
671 1 073
535
118
419
830
266
40
604
735
3-12
0
1-3
0
10-1
311
0
0
146
6
9-4
6-8 10-4
0
2-12
1-12
1-12
3-11
0
0
0
The meteorological definition of the numbers and their agricultural potentialities are given in Papadakis (1966).
'Annual potential evapotranspiration is computed month by month on the basis of midday saturation deficit (Papadakis. 1961).
Leaching rainfall is rainfall minus potential evapotranspiration during the humid season.
Drought stress is the potential evapotranspiration minus rainfall during the nondry season.
A month is humid when rainfall exceeds potential evapotranspiration; it is dry when rainfall plus the water stores in the soil from
previous rains covers less than half of potential evapotranspiration; and intermediate between these.
11-10 means that the season begins with November (11), terminates with October (10), both November and October are included, so
that it covers all the year; 0 means that there is not such a season; 3-5, 10 means that the season begins with March (3) and terminates
with May (5), both March and May are included; moreover. October (10) belongs to the season, so that the season lasts 3 + 1
4
months; months that are not mentioned in the humid or in the dry season are intermediate.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
19
tP
tp
Ct
Ci
Av
av
Tv
Ever-humid
Humid
Moist Mediterranean
Me
Dry Mediterranean
Semiarid Mediterranean
me
MO Moist monsoon
Mo
mo
St
Si
da
de
di
do
Dry monsoon
Semiarid
Steppe
Semiarid isohygrous
Absolute desert
Mediterranean desert
Isohygrous desert
Monsoon desert
The meteorological definitions of winter and summer types and humidity regimes appear in Papadakis (1966).
Deserts occupy large areas of Peru, Chile and Argentina, extending a little into Bolivia. Small areas
with desertic climate are also encountered in Colombia and Venezuela.
SUBTROPICAL
Climatic regions a
TIERRA FRIA
The influence of
the key gives also the usual name under which the
region is known. Table 2 gives the climatic characteristics of representative points of the various regions.
3 This section has been prepared by J. Papadakis.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
4.
21
Tropical savannas
Savannas on the freely drained uplands
MARINE
Roraima-Rupununi savarmas
islands.
References
PAPADAKIS, J.
1961
5.
Temperate forests
Sclerophyllous evergreen woodland of central Chile
Araucaria forests
Arauatria angustifolia forest of south Brazil
Araucaria araucana forest of the Andes
Nothofagus forests
Valdivian rain forest
Evergreen Patagonian and Magellanic forests
Deciduous Roble-Rauli forest in central Chile
Deciduous Patagonian and Magellanic forests
7.
8.
Semiarid formations
Agreste dry deciduous forest
Dry deciduous forest of west Ecuador
Caatinga (northeast Brazil)
Caribbean thorn woodland and cactus scrubland
Parque chaqueno (Gran Chaco)
Peripampean thorn woodland (bosque pampeano)
Peripatagonian thorn woodland
Puna formation of the Andean altiplano
9.
Arid formations
Pacific coastal desert
VEGETATION'
The broad vegetation regions
Paramo
Mountain meadows of the Serra Mantiqueira (Brazil)
seasonal forests
Seasonal forests of East and South Brazil, East Paraguay, and Misiones (Argentina)
4 By J.J. Scholten.
1.
22
Among the numerous woody species in the Amazon forest many have economic value. The economy of the Brazilian Amazon region was for a long
time based on the extraction of rubber from virgin
areas where Hevea braziliensis or Hevea bentharniana
occur more or less frequently. However, after the
transfer of Hevea braziliensis to southeast Asia, where
the cultivation takes place in plantations, the impor-
reached.
(Sombroek, 1966).
tance of the extraction of rubber in Amazonia declined. Nowadays it is concentrated in Acre and
Rondnia.
The latex of Manilkara huberi (magaranduba) and
some other trees like Couma species (sorva) is intensively exploited by the chewing gum industry. Al-
considerable. A serious obstacle in the exploitation is the inability of most timber species to float.
From the forest inventories undertaken during the
period 1953-61 (Heinsdijk and de Miranda Bastos,
1965) it appeared that only about 10 percent of the
400 species identified were floatable. The principal
ones are:
Valuable wood
Aniba roseodora (pau rose)
Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany)
Cedrela odorata (cedro)
Cordia goeldiana (freij6)
23
ORGFrOWN
0060,
CAVE NAM'
TROPICAL SAVANNAS
ONDEAN MOUNTAIN FORESTS OF THE TROPICS
TEMPERATE FORESTS
TEMPERATE NATURAL GRASSLANDS
SEMI-ARID FORMATIONS
ARID FORMATIONS.
Scale
C.
200
400
600
800
10008,
Figure 3.
24
The valuable wood of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla, Leliaceae) is in particularly strong demand
2.
closely
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
25
epiphytes.
The tree line in the mountains stands at an extremely low level. In this part of Brazil, between
3.
cording to the quality of the water one can distinguish fresh water swamps and brackish water
swamps. To the first type belong the fresh water
swamp forests and savanna woodland of the Atlantic
Mangrove forest is made up by the RhizophoraAvicennia-Laguncularia association. The forest flourishes on flat tropical coasts and_river estuaries under
the direct influence of brackish water. The exten-
26
4.
TROPICAL SAVANNAS
4a.
suggests an interrelationship between the distribution of the campo cerrado and the soil conditions.
The soils of the level surfaces have unfavourable
chemical properties. They are old and exhausted
Brazil.
Further, the typical campo cerrado vegetation is an important element in many other tropical savanna areas such as the Roraima region and
the llanos of the Orinoco.
The climate is characterized by a tropical seasonal
regime of rainy summers and dry winters. Strong
sandstones.
ENVIRONMENT A L CONDITIONS
97
across folded Precambrian to Palaeozoic sedimentaries and ancient crystalline rocks. Wherever these
pediplains become dissected by the activities of
younger erosion cycles, the forest invades the sloping ground. In the northeast of Brazil the growth
rocks or overlying Cretaceous sandstones at elevations over 2000 metres. Large parts of the savannas
frequently have been influenced by the degradational
effects of burning.
SAVANNAS ON POORLY DRA I NED LOWLANDS
The vegetation is made up of several types of savanna vegetation. The chaparrales called after the
In Colom-
Brazil.
28
Tripsacum.
subtropical montane forest is replaced by a temperate montane rain forest. On mountain slopes with
persistent fogs the forests show a luxuriant development of epiphytic mosses. The transition frorn the
montane to the subalpine belt is characterized by
a reduction in the size of the trees, and the growth
becomes irregular (elfin woodland, ceja woodland,
chirivital shrubland).
Within the region dry longitudinal valleys occur
between the humid mountain slopes. The precipitation in these valleys is generally low because of
The savannas are composed of tall grasses and Cyperaceae with scattered clumps of the palm Mauritia
reflexa (aguaje). (A.C.S. Wright, 1964; K. Hueck,
In the surroundings of Santa Cruz there are extensive palm savannas characterized by totai palms
(Acrocomia total) and motacu palms (Attalea princips). South of Santa Cruz the savannas are mainly
shrub-clad.
In Peru the marshy savannas are enclosed by trop-
1966.)
4g.
the climatic conditions would actually permit. Normally it consists of xerophytic thorny woodland
and cactus scrubland.
Equatorial Andean mountain forests
TEMPERATE FORESTS
5.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
their thick leathery leaves have been termed sclerophyllous. Thorns which are common in other xerophytic plants are almost unknown.
Two associations may be distinguished: A xerophytic "Lithraeon association" with stands of Lithraea
caustica, Peumus boldo, Kageneckia oblonga, Quillaya
ARAUCARIA FORESTS
29
6b.
somewhat lower level than the canopy of the Araucaria trees at about 25 metres. Closely associated
with these coniferous stands almost everywhere are
some species of the Lauraceae (especially Phoebe
species of the rain forest are replaced by the coniferous alerce forest (Fitzroya patagonica) whose
stands can attain a height of 50 to 60 metres. This
alerce forest is not confined to this lowland environment, for it grows as well just below the treeline in
30
climate from dry to wet takes place over a short distance. Thus, the extent of the forest is rather limited. Summers are still warm with mean temperatures
above 14C and annual rainfall between 1000 and
2000 mm. The upperstory of the forest is composed
of Nothofagus obliqua (roble pellin) and N. procera
(rauli).
Luxury
1500 mm.
Fuego. Rire is the smallest tree of the genus Nothofagus. Its height seldom exceeds 3 to 6 metres,
7.
7a.
a variable altitude Nothofagus pumulio (lenga) substitutes for other Nothofagus species. The treeline
falls from 1200 to 1400 metres in the north to 600
metres at Ushuaia. Here tree growth is restricted
to sheltered places. The wood of the Nothofagus
species is used in woodwork and construction.
Deciduous Roble-Rauli forest in central Chile
The Roble-Rauli forest has an intermediate position between the sclerophyllous vegetation of central
Chile and the Valdivian rain forest. The change in
Uruguay
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
families Leguminoseae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae. The ground cover of the forest is very scanty.
Here and there palms like Cocos cornosa, Copernicia
cerifera (carnaUba) and Acrocomia species and cacti
are intermingled.
(prairie).
31
Parque Mesopotamico
wet palm savannas and swamps. It contains elements of bordering regions (Hueck, 1966).
Patagonian prairie
SEMIARID FORMATIONS
Pithecolobitan. Only a few trees, like Zizyphus joazeiro, are evergreen. Along the periodically dry
1966).
32
tions.
Aphyl-
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
The predominant type of vegetation of the altiplano is the sluub-clad steppe of isolated bushes
of tola shrub (Lepidophyllum species, Baccharis tola)
ARID FORMATIONS
33
metres in central Peru (e.g. at Lachay, Casma, Atocongo and Lurin). At this altitude the fogs persist
in winter a/most the whole day, so that the trees
can condense a maximum of air moisture. Although
10a.
Paramo
34
References
Vegetado. In Geografa de
Brasil. Captulo 4. Grande regido sul, p. 170-191. Rio
No. 6.
CHAMPION, H.G. A preliminary survey of the forest types of
1936 India and Burma. Indian Forest Records Vol. 1 (N. S.).
286 p.
COLE, M.M. Cerrado, Caatinga and Pantanal: the distribution
1960 and origin of the Savanna vegetation of Brazil. Geogr. J.,
126: 168-179.
10b.
Aires.
DIAS ALMEIDE, A.L., MiLLAN, J.H. & VIEIRA, M.C. Tipos de
1962
FAO.
1957
FAO.
1965
Tropical silviculture.
Rome.
11 COL. Vols.
1, 3.
Rome.
HEINSDLIK, D. & DE MIRANDA BASTOS, A. Report to the Gov1965 ernment of Brazil on forest inventories in the Amazon.
Forstwissenschaftliche
Forschungen, Heft 14.
K. Die Wilder Siidamerikas. Stuttgart, Fischer.
HLTECK,
1961
1966 422 p.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFA E ESTATiSTICA.
Atlas
de Geografa.
Der Gran Chaco und seine Randgebiete. 11amde Gruyter. Hansische Universitiit, Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, Bd. 43.
KUHLMANN, E. Os tipos de vegetado. In Geografa de Brasil.
KANTER, H.
1936 burg,
10e.
Subantarctic tundra
1960.
In the mountains of south Chile above the treeline and on the exposed windswept southernnaost
offshore islands, a Magellanic tundra vegetation
with moor and heathland has developed.
1955 de bostypen in het noordelijk deel van Suriname. Paramaribo, Dienst's Lands Bosbeheer. 54 p.
35
ENVIRNMNTA., 05NbITION8
1965 Grande regido leste, p. 141-176. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografa e Estatistica.
FAPADAKIS, J. Agricultural geography of the world. Buenos
1952 Aires, J. Papadakis. 131 p.
RICHARDS, P.W. The tropical rain forest: an ecological study.
1952 Cambridge, University Press. 450 p.
SCHIMPER, A.F.W. Plant-geography upon a physiological basis.
1903 Oxford, Clarendon Press.
SOMBROEK, W.G. Amazon soils: reconnaissance of the soils
1966 of the Brazilian Amazon region. Wageningen. (Thesis)
WRIGHT, A.C.S.
Chile, FAo.
WRIGHT, A.C.S. Report on the soils of Bolivia. Rome, FAO.
in Soils.
No. 18.
GEOMORPHOLOGY 5
The three main groups of morphostructural regions as distinguished in the description of the lithology of South America also represent definite
regions (Fig. 4) characterized by a distinct landscape
development. From remote geological times the
particularly the humid parts, was affected by glacial erosion and accumulation.
The Andean system and the shields are separated
grfico Militar.
ash, tuff and lava were deposited. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene, the Andean landscape,
LANDSCAPE
DEVELOPMENT ON THE
PRECAMBRIAN
SHIELDS
C. King (1962) has satisfactorily explained the formation of such landscape forms by the process of
pediplanation. This process includes, in order of
36
Tertiary.
existing landscape of the Brazilian shield has subsequently been carved. Into it the Velhas cycle excavated broad valley floors and initial erosion surfaces during the late Tertiary. They can be found
in all the main drainage basins.
areas of residual relief that have a youthful dissected character (often associated with resistant rocks)
and (3) the valley bottoms and the young sedimentary areas.
These landscape categories have important differences in the thickness, stage of weathering and
the composition of the waste mantle upon the bedrock, which are of importance to soils. The waste
differential character and particularly deformed eastern Brazil by producing a huge arch, rising steadily
cycle.
ated before the dismemberment of "Gondwanaland" at the end of the Jurassic period.
(Gondwana-
land is the supposed supercontinent of pre-Cretaceous age that united South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent.) Next
in age is the Sul-Americana surface, which is the re-
Atlantic.
60
7o
40 40
',ACAS'
10
-,..
1...
Of
ij;,
'
ID.0 GOTA
v",.
1
.--
'
v
GEORGETOWN RARAN1R80
..:
e\
-f- it,
..--
1.
..
v
I
'
,.
r,
/ / /0
o.
..
I/
1I
./
It
-........
I./
',...
.L
--
CAYE N
*I*
'*'7.4,".
411
i 1111,141111.......414
__Pi
.irf
v vV
\\ \.\\..\
\ \\
dig/
t
\
.
\\
400
50
fi,
41.0
...",
....,
..
...."'
s-1
"..\.__
I.
's s '
----......
LA\
''.
,
,
___,
BRASILIA
--' (
\.
\\
*.
'o
I
11
"'RIO 0
JA
IRO
el i
!! /
.,
i.
0"
r"
.1
,-ff..
..;.-
7
so
SANTIAC:10,..\
'
',./
.1/
i1)9'
ESCARPME1NT
Ps
1
N
TERTIARY AGE
711111
(.0111.
FAULT, FLEXURE
if
so
..,
14,4 I
SIoNreIVoEo
.10001
""141
SVEN
CONSTRUCTIVE
!
14;5:5'1
ACCUMULATIVE
RELIEF ELEMENTS
nr
1'4
I
IC'
Ai Oe
I:: :.I
iv V,./
1'7" I
SAND DUNES
...._
05,
Scale
0
200
400
600
800
.100060.
,- 6.4
1.
c..
.;...
70
80P
Figure 4.
FCAT
LAND ICE
DO
.'..D
TO LAKE
60
40
30
PO
38
GUIANA SHIELD
is
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
bottoms.
Along the coasts of southwestern Ecuador, northwestern Peru and Chile northward of latitude 390S,
39
According to Briiggen, quoted by Wright and Espinoza (1962), such events have modified the landscape
in Chile on no fewer than 20 occasions during the
past 400 years.
Volcanism has accompanied the orogenic movements
area also extends into northern Chile and northwestern Argentina, and there are a few volcanoes in
the Bolivian altiplano. The third area of young
volcanism is located in central Chile, where the
uplifts with intervening periods of standstill or negative movement that occurred during the Pleis-
tocene.
the terraces pertain to three distinct levels of tablazos. They show no constant elevation but decline southward due to the differential character
of the uplift (Lemon and Churcher, 1961). South
of latitude 390S the youngest vertical movements
were negative and resulted in land disappearing
below the sea. The lower courses of the rivers show
40
ably these periods of increased activity can be correlated with the glaciations.
In the humid parts of the Andes, erosion and dissection proceeded continuously and intensively through-
LANDSCAPE FORMS
tend across the continent toward the Atlantic bisecting the Brazilian and Guiana shields. The lowland
area is made up of great parts of the drainage basins
ENVLRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
41
beaches.
BEAUJEU-GARNIER, J. Problmes
1957 Bahia. Bull. Ass. Gogr.
1962
morphologiques de l'Etat de
DRESCH, J.
1965b
279: 39-48.
KING, L.C. The morphology of the earth: a study and synthesis
Patagonia.
Geogr. Rev., 55: 390-413.
POSER, H. & HAGEDORN, J. Geomorphologische Karte Siidamerikas. Maszstab 1:25 000 000. Kartographisches
Institut Meyer. Meyers Grosser Physischer Weltatlas.
SOMBROEK, W.G. Amazon soils: a reconnaissance of the soils
1966 of the Brazilian Amazon region. Wageningen. (Thesis)
1965
42
1.
1965
Brazilian shield
Precambrian basement
Paran basin
C.
1.
2.
Guiana shield
Precambrian basement
Rupununi graben
Coastal formations of Guiana
3.
Extra-andean Patagonia
LITHOLOGY
Geotectonic regions
massifs
main morphostructural regions which can be distinguished according to their specific internal constitution and external relief. These main groups
are subdivided into thirty-eight geotectonic regions
Pampean ranges
5.
Andean system
Caribbean coastal ranges
Venezuelan Andes
Falcon-Lara area
Maracaibo basin
(Fig. 5.).
formations
Pacific coastal formations
k.
1.
rocks of the system vary widely in age and composition. Besides sedimentary and igneous rocks and
6.
7.
(7) made up by
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
43
la.
Along
The Mantiqueira series is succeeded by the preMinas series, a group of metasedimentary rocks.
In Minas Gerais the Barbacena and Lafaiete series
seem to correspond to the pre-Minas group. From
Barbacena to Lafaiete the rocks form a sequence of
North of Lafaiete,
in the Quadriltero Ferrifero, a wider range of rock
quartz mica schists and gneisses.
le.
basins
Id.
Baia-Sergipe basin
44
Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments extend along the coastal border of the Brazilian shield
1 i.
faulted and tilted mountain blocks with an eastsoutheast trend extending from central Buenos Aires
to near Mar del Plata. The basement consists of
Sul.
THE GUIANA SHIELD
2.
45
SANTA
mo
A t"
atr2
m
5g
CA ACAS
(41101k
.....11011111.ahs, _...Allri.
prigr a
5f
GEODGETO
51
20
5e
aosons
CAT
/\
',... _______
PARANARID0
s.
7a
//
SHI
S U 1 4-01)A
1
-,
QuITO
OP
50
60
70
8O
s.
1114r0-
4.05f
Nike,
la
likr
51
lc
5k
.
AI
le
le
:1141164111til
IC
.1
la
le
la
RRASICIA
lb
'"-1,'".
la
lc
SHAZILIA
I0
/
'
g.,
'
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Figure 5.
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Figure 6.
30.
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30.
to.
47
Mg
Metamorphic Precambrian rocks of the shields and the pampean ranges, mainly consisting of various gneisses and
intrusive granites.
Metamorphic Precambrian rocks of the shields, mainly consisting of various schists, quartzites, phyllites, slates, and
carbonate rocks.
la
Intrusive acid rocks of the Andean system, mainly consisting of granites, granodiorites, diorites.
Metamorphic rocks of the Andean system, mainly consisting of gneisses, schists, quartzites, phyllites, with subordinate
intrusives.
Pe
Pyroclastic rocks with interbedded outflows of the Andean system and Patagonia.
Eb
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sc
Clastic consolidated sediments (sandstones, siltstones, shales, conglomerates) with subordinate carbonate sediments.
Ca
Se
Sy
Young clastic wealdy consolidated and unconsolidated sediments (sands, sandstones, clays, clay-shales, gravels,
conglomerates).
Salt flats.
r_
Land ice.
&a Lakes.
48
2b.
the Takutu, Ireng and Rupununi rivers the Cretaceous Takutu formation is exposed with reddish
massifs
The Berbice formation includes the oldest nonconsolidated sediments, which however are not older
or lacustrine with volcanic ash admixtures. Pleistocene glacial deposits occupy large parts of Tierra
del Fuego, southern Santa Cruz and a fringe along
the Patagonian Cordillera. They are associated with
at least three glaciations.
3e.
In this depression Cretaceous sediments are exposed extensively in the western part. The most
westerly outcrops belong with the Lower Cretaceous
(Andean).
3.
EXTRA-ANDEAN PATAGONIA
4.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
49
5b.
mation.
The Venezuelan Andes form the easternmost continuation of the Colombian Cordillera Oriental, sep-
Chile.
Venezuelan Andes
chiefly
of south Peru.
The evolution of the Andean Cordilleras is marked
by a set of movements accompanied by the intrusion
of mostly acid igneous rocks and the extrusion and
ejection of lavas and tuffs. The first of these movements began in the late Cretaceous and was succeeded by tectonic stages of Oligocene and Miocene age.
The modem Andean Cordilleras, however, were
Sc.
eral glaciations spread their influence over the region and caused the deposition of a range of glacial
and glacio-fluvial sediments.
5a.
Quaternary sediments.
of late Tertiary deposits in the southern CucutaLabateca extension of the basin, the surface consists
of recent alluvium.
The Caribbean coastal ranges stretch from Barquisimete eastward to the Paria peninsula and the
northern range of Trinidad. They are interrupted
by the Rio Unare depression. The coastal ranges
form the abruptly-rising northern limb of the struc-
50
range begins at the headwaters of the Rio Magdalena and Caquet, a short distance from the Nudo
de Pasto (Garzon massif). To the northeast the
Cordillera is weakly united with the Venezuelan Andes.
Cordillera of
tNVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Coropuna,
51
In Chile and Argentina the late Tertiary accumulation of flows and tuffs is known as "formacin liparitica." In many places there are trachyandesites
above the liparite flows which indicate development
52
Sq.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
to the alluvial fans of the piedmont area, the alluvial terraces along the rivers, the alluvial overflow plains in areas of subsidence as in Arauca and
Casanare (Colombia), and the high plains and mesas
formed of early Pleistocene alluvium. In the Colombian llanos, west of the Rio Meta, aeofian deposits occur as sand dunes or a loess-like mantle burying older alluvial deposits. In the Amacuro delta
the mesa formation grades eastward into the Orinoco
delta deposits.
7b.
53
by a considerable thickness of marine and continental Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks,
covered by a thin veneer of continental Quaternary
deposits. Older rocks appear at the surface at only
a few places.
References
MAPS
Sedimentation of this
The only thick Pleistocene deposits are in the Maraj area. There they attain about 250 metres
thickness and consist chiefly of fine-grained deposits.
In the same formation the Para sandstone occurs in
nodules and loose blocks. The Quaternary deposits
adjacent to the Andean system consist of extensive
Purdue Uni-
versity.
sandstones.
(2 sheets).
54
1:
1960
La Paz,
PUBLICATIONS
tarina).
Boletim 193.
EcKEL, E. Geology and mineral resources of Paraguay: a re1959 connaissance. Washington, D.C., U.S. Geological
Survey. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 327.
uplands correspond to the basins and shields described in Chapter 4). These elements have been subdivided into 27 regions, each with its own distribu-
tion of soils (Fig. 7). Most of these are also ecological regions with a characteristic climate-vegetation-soil pattern.
The lowlands (A) refer mostly to the three principal
drainage systems: the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraguay basins. The drainage conditions are very important for subdivision. There are also significant
differences in climate.
The uplands (B) cover the ancient Guianan, Bra-
56
SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
Ag1-3a
ASSOCIATED
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
454 1.221
Ap
Peru
UROLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
forest Alluvium
Tropical evergreen
Precambrian
rocks
Brazil 3
Brazil 2
Brazil 2
Tropical
seasonal
304 1.121
Ao1-2a
Ao1-2b
north
Ao1-3a
metamorphic
Brazil 4
1 339 1.2
Ao1-la
tion
Ao1-3a
377 1.121
Brazil 3
Tropical seasonal
restinga woodland
limestones,
shaly
forest, Shales,
sandstones, and Barreiras sediments
Ao1-3a
Brazil 5
Tropical seasonal
restinga woodland
metamorphic
forest. Precambrian
rocks. Tertiary Barreiras beds
(elastic)
Ao1-3b
Brazil 1
Ao1-3b
487 1.77
Brazil 4
Precambrian
rocks
Ao1-3b
453 1.123
Colombia
Tropical
Ao1-3b
Peru
Brazil 5
Restinga woodland
Brazil 2
Tropical
Ao2-2a
Ap Wd
Gh
Ao2-2b
Ap Wd
Gh
1 521
1.121, 1.31,
1.35, 1.532
2 172 4.11
metamorphic
seasonal
Ao3-la
Qf
Venezuela
Savannas
and
ciduous forest
Argentina
Grassland
Sandstones
4.45
Brazil 1
Campo limpo
1.121
Brazil 5
Cretaceous/Tertiary
stones, claystones
1 266 4.14
Brazil 2
Wet grassland
and
sandstone
Botocaul
Permo-Carboniferous elastic
rocks
67 4.15
Brazil 2
Brazil 4
Coastal tropical
forest
Brazil 2
Predominantly
Araucaria Permo-Carboniferous sandforest with campos limpos stones, shales, calcareous
Ao3-2a
Qf
60 4.36
Ao3-2a
Qf
61
Ao3-2b
Qf
669
Ao4-2b
Wh Gh
Ao5-2a
Ag Gh
Ao6-3b
Fo
Gd
I Gd
Ao7-2b
Fo
Ao7-3a
Fo
Petrie
seasonal forest
semide- Miocene-Pliocene-Quaternary
sandstones, sands, shales,
claystones, clays
Quaternary
deposits
sand-
unconsolidated
Brazil 1
Tropical
forest
57
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
OCCURRENCE
VEGETATION
LITHOLOGY
Ao7-3a
Fo
1 068 1.121
Guyana
Precambrian
metamorphic
rocks, granites
Ao7-3b
Fo
4 290 1.77
Brazil 4
Precambrian
rocks
Ao7-3b
Fo
237 1.13
Trinidad
Ao8-3b
Fo I
Brazil 1
Campo cerrado
Precambrianmetamorphic
Ao8-3b
Fo I
Colombia
Tropical
1.121
Guyana
Tropical rainforest
Brazil 1
Tropical
forest
Bolivia
Ao8-3b
Fo I
Ao9-3b
Ap Fo
Ao10-2/3b
IM
Stony
1 040 1.483
680 1.121, 1.71
1 501
Le
Petric
313
1.482
metamorphic
seasonal
forest Igneous
and
metamorphic
Precambrian
metamorphic
rocks (from sedimentary and
igneous rocks) and granites
semideciduous Cambro-Ordovician
slates,
sandstones, conglomerates etc.
metamorphic
Ao10-3b
IM
Petric
Venezuela
Savanna
Venezuela
Montane forest
1.484
Ao 1 1-3c
Nd I
and
Cretaceous
extrusives.
Ao12-2a
Ap
Surinam
metamorphic
Tropical evergreen forest Precambrian
rocks and granites
and savanna
Venezuela
Savanna
1.48
1 877 1.483
Ao12-3a
Ap
Ao13-3ab
959 1.482
Bolivia
Tropical
forest
Ao13-3c
298 1.72
Ecuador
Ao13-3c
114 1.13
Trinidad
Ao14-2b
Fo M
Petrie
Brazil 1
Silurian limestones,
phyllites, arkoses
Ao15-3a
Ap Af
Gp Fp I Petric
Brazil 1
Precambrian
rocks
Colombia
Alluvial terraces
Petric
metamorphic
Jurassic and Cretaceous calcareous, elastic and pyroclastic (tuffs and lavabeds) rocks
Mesozoic
schists, phyllites,
1.916
metamorphic
Ao17-2/3a
Ap Gh
Ap Fo
Ao17-2/3a
Ap Fo
Peru
Quaternary alluvium
Ao17-2/3a
Ap Fo
6 806 1.132
Brazil 1
Alluvium
Ao18-2/3b
I Lc
Bolivia
Precambrian
Ao16-3a
Bd
514
1.121, 1.123
489
1.482
Tropical
forest
wet
slates,
the Andes
metamorphic
Ao19-2a
We
Ao20-2ab
Nd Fo
Qf Gd
3 558 4.36
Paraguay
Tropical
2 482 4.45
Paraguay
seasonal
forest
sandstones with
Jurassic
subordinate fine-grained rocks
58
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
Ao21-2a
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
Fo Qf
PHASE
Petric
(1 000 ha)
CLIMATE
Brazil 1
UROLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Tropical
forest
Precambrian
rocks
A.022-3a
Fp
Ao23-2a
Fx Ap
Ao24-3b
Fo Gh
Trinidad
Tropical seasonal
swamp forest
Brazil 5
Tropical
seasonal
forest. Precambrian
Brazil 5
Tropical
seasonal
Precambrian
forest Metamorphic
Tertiary elastics
Tropical evergreen
Fo Gh
Colombia
metamorphic
Along the shore mangrove rocks. Cretaceous and Terswamp forest and restinga tiary elastics and unconsolidated deposits
woodland
Ao24-3b
1.13
77
Gd Ph
metamorphic
Ao25-3c
Bd I
Peru
Ao26-3c
Be 1
Ao27-3b
Fx Fo
Ao28-3a
Ws I Fx Hl E
362 1.77
Peru
Brazil 4
Tropical
Brazil 5
1.34
seasonal
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks, Cretaceous and Tertiary sandstones, siltstones and
clays
1.482
Bolivia
1.11, 1.121,
1.32, 1.471,
Brazil 1
1.121
Guyana
Tropical
forest
forest,
125 1.121
Surinam
Tropical
forest
forest,
Brazil 1
Ap1-3a
Gd Gp
184
Ap1-3a
Gd Gp
16 813
Ap1-3a
Gd Gp
79
Ap1-3a
Gd Gp
Ap2-3a
Gp Qf
1.482, 1.483
Af Fo
122
1.77
Brazil 1
83
1.13
Peru
Brazil 1
Ap3-3a
Fr Gp
Ap6-2a
Vc
Ap8-2a
Fx Gp
Gd
Ap8-2a
Fx Gp
Gd
2 842
1.21
Peru
Ap8-3a
Fx Gp
Gd
1 323
1.11
Peru
Ap9-3a
Ap9-3a
0 Gh
0 Gh
Jt
1.121
vanna
evergreen
Guyana
sediments
sediments
forest, tropical Sands and clays of Pleistoforest, savanna cene erosion surfaces
Swamp
forest,
evergreen forest,
59
TABLE 3.
ASSOCIATED
MAP SYMBOL
Ap9-3a
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
0 Gh
Jt
PRASE
CLIMATE
(I 000 ha)
Surinam
1.48
Ap10-2a
1 097 1.484
Venezuela
Ap 11-2a
Oh Bd
1 735 1.46
Apl 1-2a
Gh Bd
2 738 1.46
Ap12-3a
Gh Vp Ag J
Fp Fo
1 178 1.46
Ap14-2/3a
Ah Gd
Bd1-3b
U Bf
Fo
Bd2-3bc
Bd4-3c
Bh I U
Bd5-c
Po U
Bd5-3c
Po U
Colombia
Aeolianloessic deposits of
Venezuela
savanna
overflow plain
Savanna
Bolivia
Swampy
Brazil 4
Tropical
Chile
Brazil 4
1 473 5.83
Chile
Chile
North of 400S temperate Paleozoic mica schists, gneissdeciduous, south of 400S es, phyllites, acid intrusives
7.31
Nd I
late-glacial age
Colombia
7.82
Bd6-3b
293
Bf
Swamp
forest. tropical Sands and clays of the old
evergreen forest, savanna eroded coastal plain (Pleistocene)
forest
1.46
Ap13-3a
UROLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Old alluvium
de Alluvium
Mojos, and gallery forest
savannas
seasonal
Rd Ao
858
1.123
Colombia
Bd9-2b
Ao I
151
1.123
Colombia
Bd9-3c
Ao I
1 848 1.71
Colombia
Bd9-3c
Ao I
1.71
Venezuela
Bd10-3c
Fh
1 662 1.72
Colombia
elastic
and volcanic rocks. Paleozoic
metamorphic and granodioritic rocks
Bd 1 1-3a
Ap Ao
Bolivia
71
1.482
Bel-2c
649
2.22
Argentina
Andes border
Tucuman area
Bel-3c
1 140 5.83
Argentina
60
TABLE 3. - SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION (Continued)
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
Be3-3b
I Vc
Be4-3b
IE
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
5.83
Chile
374 2.32
Peru
65
Bel-3c
CLIMATE
EXTE00NSION
(1
0 ha)
Tropical
tic rocks
Be5-3c
R Tv
Be5-3c
R Tv
56
deposits
Be6-lb
Kh Re
Argentina
Bh1-3ab
Ah Bf Fh U I
2 647 2.24
Brazil 2
Bh2-3ab
Fh Bf
Ah U
1 628 2.24
Brazil 2
elastic rocks
Bh3-3b
Th
1 381
2.41, 2.7
Colombia
Bh3-3c
Th
Colombia
Bh3-3c
Th
Ecuador
297 2.6
Venezuela
Precambrian
metamorphic
rocks and acid intrusive rocks
glacial and periglacial de.
POSitS
Bk1-3a
Lf
BU-b
Bk2-c
Fa2-2a
Qf
Cerrado
Qf
Cerrado
Fa2-2a
Fa2-3a
Qf
Cerrado
Ecuador
589
2.2, 2.38
Bolivia
591
4.31, 4.32
Bolivia
15 441
4 040 1.77
20 853 1.132, 1.482,
Cerrado
erous sandstone
stones
Brazil 1
Campo cerrado
Brazil 4
Cerrado
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Precambrian
rocks
1.8, 1.916
Qf
Cerrado
Fa4-3a
Fx
Cerrado
1.132, 1.482
Brazil 4
1.483, 1.77,
Fa2-3a
Cretaceous
sand-
metamorphic
61
TABLE 3.
ASSOCIATED
MAP SYMBOL
Fa6-2a
Fa6-3a
Fa9-2a
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
Fo
Fo
Fr
Qf Ap
Qf Ap
Qf
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
Cerrado
Petrie '
Cerrado
Petric '
Cerrado
OCCURRENCE
Brazil 1
VEGETATION
LITHOLOOY
Precambrian
Cerrado
ternary
posits
Brazil 1
1.77, 4.45
unconsolidated
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Fa9-2a
Fr
Fa12-3a
Lf
Cerrado
Fa20-3c
Cerrado
Fa22-3a
Af
535 4.45
de-
Cerrado
1.483
2 391
metamorphic
elastic rocks
Paraguay
Cerrado
Cretaceous sandstones
Brazil 4
Cerrado
Brazil 1
Cerrado
1 734 1.482
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Precambrian
Fh1-3a
Argentina
Fh1-3a
Qf
Qf
Cerrado
Cerrado
1.48
Fh2-3a
Bh Bf
U I Pg
Brazil 2
metamorphic
Petric 1.
metamorphics
Fh3-3b
I Tv
390
Fh3-3b
I Tv
860 1.77
1.73
Colombia
Ecuador
Fol-2a
Brazil 1
1.924
Fol-2a
Fol-2a
Fol-2a
Caatinga, tropical
deciduous forest
Tropical
seasonal
metamorphic
rocks, Silurian carbonate and
elastic rocks, Carboniferous
sandstones
semi- Precambrian
forest. Jurassic,
Brazil 5
Cerrado-caatinga
Colombia
Savannas (grassland)
Guyana
metamorphic
Precambrian
and acid igneous rocks
Paraguay
Tertiary sandstones
1.543, 1.73,
1.81
Fol-2a
Petric
1.48
106 4.45
Fol-2a
Fo 1-3a
Petrie 1.
and
Brazil 4
73
Fol-2a
Cretaceous
ceous sandstones
metamorphic
62
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
Fol-3a
913
1 859
Fol-3a
Fol-3a
Petric
Fol-3a
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
1.77
1.11, 1.123
1 085 1.121
572 1.48
Fol-3b
21
1.8
Brazil 2
Colombia
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Tropical
seasonal
forest. Precambrian
metamorphic
limpo
ous, and
rocks
Young Tertiary
elastic rocks
elastic
(Miocene)
Guyana
Precambrian
metamorphic
Brazil 5
Agreste forest
Precambrian
rocks
metamorphic
and
Fol-3b
Fol-3c
1 412
Brazil 3
Brazil 4
Colombia
Savanna
8 501
1.484
Brazil 1
Brazil 2
Brazil 4
1.121, 1.34,
1.74, 1.8
Fol-3c
2 951
1.77
Fo2-2a
Qf
Fo2-2a
Fo3-3a
Qf
Bd Bf
UI
621
1.77, 2.24
Fo3-3b
Bd Bf
UI
511
2.31
Precambrian
granites
Lf 1
Ao N
Fo5-2a
Le
Stony 1
Fo6-3b
Bf Bd Fp
Petrie
Fo9-2a
Fr
Fo9-2a
Precambrian
Tropical
Caatinga
Precambrian
rocks
15 071
1.11, 1.121,
1.123, 1.131,
1.46
310
1.77, 1.924
Colombia
Brazil 1
Fr
180
seasonal
Brazil 4
Tropical
seasonal
1.925
Fo9-3a
metamorphic
alkalic
1 044 1.924
Fr
metamorphic
phic rocks
rocks
Fo4-3b
gneisses
metamorphic
forest Permo-Carboniferous
rocks
elastic
reous)
1.77
Brazil 4
elastic
Foll-3a
Ne
Brazil 1
Fo 1 1-3b
Ne
1 363
1.132
Brazil 1
Cambro-Ordovician
rocks
Fo12-3a
Lf
228 1.483
Brazil 1
Tropical
semideciduous Precambrian
mixed with palm forest rocks
metamorphic
Fo12-3b
Lf
Brazil 3
Precambrian
intermediate
Guyana
Tropical evergreen
and savannas
forest Precambrian
metamorphic
Fo13-2a
Ao
Nd I Rd Petric
208
1.48
elastic
63
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
Fo14-3a
Ao
Fo14-3a
Ao
Fo14-3b
Ao
Fo14-3b
Ao
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
40 1.11
Petric
894 1.48
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
LITHOLOGY
Brazil 3
Gneisses
Surinam
Precambrian
and granites
Bolivia
Precambrian rocks
Tropical
seasonal
(semievergreen)
forest Precambrian
metamorphics
metamorphic
1.482, 1.423,
1.484, 1.72
forest Precambrianmetamorphic
Fo14-3b
Ao
300
1.121, 1.132,
1.471
Fo14-3b
Ao
169
1.482
Guyana
metamorphic
Tropical evergreen and sea- Precambrian
rocks and granites
sonal forest
Fo14-3b
Ao
370 1.471
Surinam
metamorphic
Tropical evergreen and sea- Precambrian
rocks and granites
sonal forest
Fo14-3c
Ao
Venezuela
Fol 5-2a
Ap Gd
Guyana
Tropical evergreen
with savannas
Fo16-2a
Ph Rd
1.48
seasonal
(semievergreen)
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks, acid intrusive rocks
and Mesozoic sandstones
1.48
Precambrian
metamorphic
and acid igneous rocks, over-
Fo17-2b
Ao 1 Rd Nd
Venezuela
Tropical seasonal
and savanna
Fo17-3c
Ao I Rd Nd
Guyana
metamorphic
Tropical evergreen forest Precambrian
rocks capped by Mio-Pleiswith savanna enclosures
tocene sands with sandy clays,
clays and lignites
Fo18-2a
Ap I
Stony
310 1.48
Guyana
Precambrian
and granites
metamorphics
Fo19-2a
Ap Qf
Petric
513
1.48
Guyana
Precambrian
and granites
metamorphics
Fo20-3b
1 775 1.48
Guyana
Precambrian
and granites
metamorphics
Fo20-3b
Petric
Guyana
Fo22-3b
Ao Af
Petrie '
Brazil 1
Tropical seasonal
mixed with palms
elastic
forest Triassic-Cretaceous
rocks, terraces, alluvium
Fo23-3b
Nd 1
Petric
Guyana
Tropical evergreen
and savanna
forest Precambrian
Fo24-2b
Rd Ao
Fo25-3a
Ap Ao
Fo25-3b
Ap Ao
256
Fo25-3b
Ap Ao
1 493
Gd
203
1.121
and granites
metamorphics
metamorphic
Tropical evergreen and sea- Precambrian
sonal forests with savanna and acid intrusive rocks and
Mesozoic sandstones
Ecuador
1.123
Brazil 1
Precambrian
rocks
1.121
Colombia
Tropical
1 625 1.11
taffies
metamorphic
64
TABLE 3. - SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION (Continued)
MAP SYMBOL
EXTENSION
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
metamorphic
Venezuela
Precambrian
1.123
Colombia
1.123
Venezuela
Precambrian
rocks
2 756 1.123
Colombia
4 060 1.123
Fo25-3b
Ap Ao
Fo26-3a
Nd
48
Fo26-3c
Nd
210
Fo27-3a
Ao Gd
Fo29-3a
Fx Qf Ap G Ph
Fo30-2a
Lf Ne
Fo31-3a
Lf Af
alluvium
Fa Qf
Brazil 5
Tropical
Brazil 4
Caatinga
Brazil 1
Petrie
seasonal
Silurian
(oolitic
limestone,
Fr1-3a
Cerrado
Fr1-3a
Brazil 1
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Brazil 4
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Paraguay
Cerrado
Brazil 2
Paraguay
1.924
Fr1-3a
522
Fr1-3b
1.121, 1.132,
1.471
Fr3-3a
Fo
Cerrado
Fr3-3a
Fo
Cerrado
Fr4-3b
Ne
72 4.36
7 651
1.77, 1.924,
4.13
Fr4-3b
Ne
Fr5-3a
Qf
Fx1-2a
Fx1-2ab
Fx2-2a
Qf
1 108 4.36
760
1.77
Brazil 4
Tropical
52
1.77
Brazil 4
Brazil 3
Tropical
Brazil 1
Qf
1.484, 1.53
Brazil 1
Fx3-2a
Ap Ao Fp Gd Gp Qa
Caatinga
Devonian sandstones
1.11, 1.121,
1.123, 1.13,
Brazil 1
Tertiary-Pleistocene deposits
1.11, 1.123
Colombia
Pleistocene terraces
1.11
Ecuador
Pleistocene terraces
Peru
Pleistocene terraces
779
119 321
seasonal
semidecicluous
Precambrian
metamorphics,
1.81
Fx2-2b
1.132, 1.471
Fx3-2a
Ap Ao Fp Gd Gp Qa
16 238
Fx3-2a
Ap Ao Fp Gd Gp Qa
227
Fx3-2a
Ap Ao Fp Gd Gp Qa
17 532 1.11
65
TABLE 3. - SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION (Continued)
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
Fx3-3a
Ap Ao Fp Gd Gp Qa
Fx4-3a
Ap
Fx4-3a
Ap
Gd Gp
Gd Gp
PHASE
EXTENSION
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
1 456 1.11
221
1.221, 1.471
OCCURRENCE
VEGETATION
LITHOLOGY
Peru
Bolivia
Plio-Pleistocene sediments
Brazil 1
1.132, 1.471,
1.482
Fx4-3a
Ap
Gd Gp
4 001 1.11
Colombia
Plio-Pleistocene terraces
Fx4-3a
Ap
Gd Gp
4 099
Ecuador
Fx4-3a
Ap
Gd Gp
Fx5-2a
Ao
Lf
1.11
Peru
Brazil 4
Caatinga
Precambrian
metamorphic
Fx6-3a
Vp Qf
Brazil 1
Colombia
Venezuela
1.471
Fx7-2a
Ao Fo
Ap
Fx7-2a
Ao Fo
Ap
Fx7-3a
Ao Fo
Ap
98 1.123
ates,
Ao Fo
Ap
500 1.123
Venezuela
Tropical evergreen
semideciduous forest
Fx8-3b
Ao Nd
G Ph
Brazil 5
Tropical
1.35, 1.46
Zg Wm
535
5.13, 5.83,
Argentina
7.12
Gd1-3a
J Ge Gp Ag Ap Fx
Gd1-3a
J Ge Gp Ag Ap Fx
Gd1-3a
J Ge Gp Ag Ap Fx
693
Gd1-3a
J Ge Gp Ag Ap Fx
J Ge Gp Ag Ap Fx
J Ge Gp Ag Ap Fx
Gd1-3a
Gd1-3a
4 186 1.471
Fx7-3a
Gc1-3a
seasonal
forest Precambrianmetamorphic
grasslands
Bolivia
Brazil 1
1.21, 1.221,
1.77
Brazil 4
792 1.11
Colombia
Quaternary sediments
710 1.11
Ecuador
Peru
Varzea forest
Quaternary alluvium
Brazil 1
Swamp forest
Alluvium
est
Campo Varzea
1.13
1.482
Gd2-3a
371
Gd2-3a
977 4.36
Paraguay
295 1.221
Brazil 4
Gd3-3a
Qa Fx
J Ph 0
savanna
66
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
Gd10-3a
Ap 0
Ap 0
Gd11-3a
Ap W
Gd10-3a
Ao J
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
110 1.123
Colombia
Swamp forest
Recent alluvium
2 865 1.123
Venezuela
Swamp forest
Recent alluvium
7 631
Venezuela
Colombia
Tropical evergreen
swamp forest
1.46, 1.483,
1.484
Gd13-3a
Ap
Gd13-3a
Ap
Gd15-a
Qa Gh Ph Jt
Gel-3a
98
1.123
Ecuador
Tropical evergreen
swamp forest
228
1.121
Brazil 3
Chile
Surinam
Guyana
132
Ge6-3a
Gm 0
Ge7-3a
Ap J
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
6.21
484 1.121
1 062 1.471, 1.48
Posits
Ge8-3a
Ph Rd
338
1.121, 1.471,
Guyana
1.48
Ge9-3a
Je Gd
Ge12-2a
Be
553
Ge12-2a
Be
61
Jt
Ghl-a
swamps
Swamp forest
1.121, 1.123
Colombia
Tropical evergreen
swamp forest
1.123
Ecuador
Tropical
7.12, 7.13,
Chile
Ecuador
Peru
Subtropical evergreen for- Tertiary and Quaternary terrace and alluvial deposits
est, swamp forest
Grasslands, swamps
coastal vegetation
Gh2-a
Gh3-3a
Ag Ao Ph
Gm1-3a
Zg 0
Jt
380 4.14
Brazil 2
Gm1-3a
Zg 0
Jt
436 4.14
Uruguay
Gm4-3a
J Vc
114 1.131
75
1.11
Lp 0
Hh1-2a
Hh1-2a
Hl 1-2a
Re
Petrocalcic
material
forest
unconsolidated
and Quaternary
marine. lacustrine or fluvial
deposits
tation, grasslands
deposits
Venezuela
Semideciduous
Bolivia
Swamps
Alluvium
Argentina
Pampa
Argentina
Pampa
Pampean
deposits)
formation
(loess
Argentina
Pampa
Pampean
deposits)
formation
(loess
Argentina
Pampa
Pampean
deposits)
formation
(loess
1.221, 1.471
5.112
Hh2-1 b
Colombia
535
Petrocalcic
evergreen
swamp forest
1.121
964
1.46, 1.483
Gm5-3a
Deltaic deposits
Venezuela
7.21
Lp
628
Gm2-3a
TABLE
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
PHASE
3. - Sou,
EXTENSION
CLIMATE
(1000 ha)
OCCURRENCE
WHIM
VEGETATION
Hl 1-2a
688
4.14
Brazil 2
Grasslands
111 1-2a
91
4.14
Uruguay
Grasslands
Precambrian
Argentina
Hl 1-3a
5.33
metamorphic
formation
river
avvay
from the
Hl 2-3c
1 379 4.13
Argentina
HI 2-3c
Brazil 2
Brazil 1
Grassland
Uruguay
Hl 3-3a
Ne
Hl 4-2a
We Wm
I E Gc
517 4.35
1 332 4.14
tation
HI 5-3a
J So
1 872 5.36
Hl 6-3b
I Kl
869 2.33
Hl 7-2bc
Wm
198
Hl 7-2bc
Wm
5.83, 7.82
Argentina
Peru
Argentina
Patagonian prairie
Chile
Patagonian prairie
Argentina
Pampean grassland north- Pampean formation (loess deward grading into xero- posits)
phytic deciduous forest
2 576 4.14
Uruguay
Pampa
Lo Wm
1 710 4.14
Uruguay
Pampa
Permian and Cretaceous elastic rocks, sometimes calcareous, and limestone beds
Kl Tm I
1 202 2.38
Peru
Hl 7-3a
Wm
HI 18-3a
Gm Vp
H1 10-2a
H1 11-3b
montane valleys
eous rocks,
rocks
Hl 12-3b
I Tm
181
2.37
Ecuador
Hl 12-3b
I Tm
175
2.37
Peru
acid
igneous
metamorphic
the
slopes,
xerophytic rocks, igneous intrusive rocks.
woodland in the valleys
Jurassic elastic and calcareous
rocks, Cretaceous basic igne-
metamorphic
slopes,
the
xerophytic rocks, igneous intrusive rocks.
woodland in the valleys
Jurassic elastic and calcareous
rocks. Cretaceous basic igne-
Hl 13-3b
Hl 14-3a
JI
115
2.61
1 292 5.128
Peru
Argentina
Pampa
68
TABLE 3. - SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION (Continued)
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
CLIMATE
(I 000 ha)
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Hl 16-3a
Vp
146 4.14
Brazil 2
Pampa
Hl 16-3a
Vp
642 4.14
Uruguay
Pampa
Hl 17-3b
Bh I
246 2.3
Ecuador
Precambrian
Hl l 8-a
Vp Wm
307 4.14
Brazil 2
Grassland
Permo-Carboniferous glacial,
interglacial and postglacial
tillites, sandstones. shales
Hl 18-a
Vp Wm
563
4.14
Uruguay
Grassland
Permo-Carboniferous glacial.
interglacial and postglacial
finites, sandstones, shales
Hl 19-3a
IE
Brazil 5
Caatinga
Hl 21-2a
Hh
Brazil 3
Hl 21-3a
Hh
Uruguay
Guyana
Tropical and montane ever- Precambrian biotite and biotite-garnet gneisses and biotite
green forest
granites
Vp
Lithic 1
814 4.14
479
I-bc 2
1.471, 1.48
I-c
I-c
metamorphic
rocks overlain by young volcanic ashes and outflows
Argentina
Bolivia
elastic
Upper montane grassland Ordovician-Silurian
and Polylepis forests in rocks in the west.
the west. Montane forests Carboniferous-Permian and
in the Subandean ranges Tertiary clasitc rocks in the
Subandean ranges
293
I-c
5.96
60 1.123
I-c
Chile
Colombia
Precambrian granites
metamorphics
and
I-c
I-Ao-Fo-c
Brazil 1
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks, granites and coarse
Mesozoic sandstones
calcareous rocks
1.132, 1.471,
1.474
I-Ao-Fo-c
750
1.123
Colombia
metamorphic
Precambrian
and granitic rocks. Mesozoic
sandstones
I-Ao-Fo-c
380
1.471
Guyana
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks and Mesozoic sandstones
Venezuela
Precambrian
I-Ao-Fo-c
I-Bd-c
1.72, 2.31
metamorphic
Bolivia
Montane rainforest, dry for- Paleozoic. somewhat metaest and xerophytic wood- morphosed elastic and acid
I-Bd-c
876
1.72, 2.37
Ecuador
When lithosols are dominant the association is directly represented by the map symbols of the other soils.
metamorphic
69
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
I-Bd-c
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(I 000 ha)
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Peru
LITHOLOGY
Montane rainforest, dry for- Paleozoic, somewhat metaest and xerophytic wood- morphosed elastic rocks and
land of the intermontane acid igneous rocks. with
valleys
I-Bd-Be-c
I-Bd-Bh-c
860 2.38
I-Bd-Bh-c
Bolivia
paramo
Upper montane forest, pa- Jurassic and Cretaceous clasramo, alpine tundra
tic and volcanic rocks, Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphics
I-Bd-Bh-c
Venezuela
I-Bd-Po-c
I-13d-Rd-bc
1 555
Montane rainforest
Brazil 4
I-Bd-Rd-bc
2 294
1.81
Brazil 5
Caatinga
I-Bd-Rd-c
4 478
1.72, 1.73,
Bolivia
Subtropical rainforest
I-Bd-Rd-c
I-Bd-To-c
I-Bd-U-c
1 803 6.66
I-Bd-U-c
822 6.66
such
as granites
residual relief
forming
Subtropical rainforest
Ecuador
Montane forest
Argentina
Chile
I-Be-c
1-Be-c
Temperate deciduous No- Paleozoic metamorphics. inthofagus forests in the south trusive rocks and Tertiary
and xerophytic woodland and Quaternary tuffs and
to montane steppe in the outflows
north
Peru
Montane forest and humid Old Paleozoic slightly metamorphosed elastic rocks.
paramo
I-Be-c
I-Be-Bh-c
559
[-Be-Le-c
I-Bh-c
305
I-Bh-c
409 2.62
Colombia
Bolivia
lo
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
CLIMATE
(I 0110 ha)
707 2.3
I-Bh-c
OCCURRENCE
Ecuador
1-Bh-c
MOM
VEGETATION
Subalpine paramo, alpine Old Paleozoic slightly metamorphosed rocks. Permo- Cartundra
boniferous calcareous, elastic
rocks. Cretaceous elastic rocks
and Quaternary glacial deposits
31
I-Bh-To-c
2.3
Ecuador
Peru
I-Bh-Tv-c
I-Fh-NeTo-c
Jurassic-Cretaceous volcanies
with some intrusives and
Quaternary ashes west of the
I-Fh-NeTo-c
I-Fo-Lf-bc
Cerrado
Brazil 1
Andean
: tions
montane
Cerrado, cerraddo
1.8
I-Fo-Lf-bc
tant to weathering
Brazil 5
Caatinga
1.543
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks and acid igneous rocks
I-Fo-Nd-bc
2 369
1.121, 1.471,
1.48
Guyana
I-Fo-Nd-bc
1 721
1.121
Venezuela
356
1.484
Brazil 1
Uruguay
Pampa
I-Fo-Q-b
2 254 4.14
I-H1-bc
1-H1-c
1-H1-c
Cerrado
700
1.483
Brazil 1
Cerrado
785
2.43
Peru
Dry to humid montane Acid igneous rocks. Old Paleozoic partly metamorphosed
forest
I-Je-c
509
1.72, 1.74
Peru
1.7, 2.37
Ecuador
I-Kh-c
1 287
I-Kh-3-c
Peru
metamorphic
ashes.
71
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
2 129 2.3
I-Kl-c
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Peru
L1THOLOGY
flows
I-Kl-XI-c
28
1.7
Ecuador
I-K1-Xl-c
280
1.7 , 3.34
Peru
I-Le-c
977
I-Le-c
60 2.41
I-Le-To-c
I-Lf-c
Cerrado
Montane forests and zero- Devonian, Permo-Carboniferphytic intermontane for- ous and Tertiary elastic rocks,
mations
almost no calcareous rocks
Chile
Sclerophyllous
woodland
Colombia
Montane forests
Jurassic-Cretaceous
elasticvolcanic rocks, Quaternary
ashes
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Cambro-Ordovician
sandstones, arkoses, siltstones
Argentina
Chile
1.77, 1.8
1-0-Ph-c
535
7.33
2 641 7.33
1-0-Ph-c
intrusive rocks
I-Ph-U-c
48
I-Ph-U-c
I-Q-c
Cerrado
7.33
Argentina
Temperate evergreen and Paleozoic greenstones, phyldeciduous forests (Notho- lites. gneisses, micaschists;
fagus spp.)
intrusives. glacial and glaciofluvi al deposits
Temperate evergreen and Paleozoic greenstones, phyldeciduous forests (Notho- lites, gneisses, micaschists;
fagus spp.)
intrusives. glacial and glaciofluvial deposits
4 701 1.132
Cerrado
Brazil 1
Cambro-Ordovician
quartz-
I-Q-c
718
1.7
Brazil 1
Savanna
I-Q-c
353
1.7
Venezuela
Savanna
I-R-c
258
3.36
Chile
Peru
Argentina
Temperate evergreen
I-Re-c
I-To-c
120
6.66
I-To-c
5 631
6.66, 6.67,
Chile
7.21 , 7.31
I-To-c
Colombia
ashes
Temperate evergreen
ests
ashes
Montane forest
Jurassic-Cretaceous volcanic
and elastic rocks. Quater-
72
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
I-To-c
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
I-To-c
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
223
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Peru
207 2.61
LITROLOGY
Montane forest
Humid unner montane for- Volcanic ashes, Triassic-Jurasest with dry forest and sic limestones, shales, glacioxerophytic woodland in the fluvial deposits
valleys
I-Tv-c
I-Tv-c
1 336 2.62
I-Tv-c
Chile
Peru
Argentina
I-U-c
1 241
7.82, 10.4
clastic
steppe
flows
its
I-U-c
Chile
Colombia
Cacti scrubland,
woodland
Brazil 2
I-Vc-Xk-c
133
I-Vp-a
1.72
1 470 4.13
I-Vp-a
I-Vp-E-c
245
1.13
Colombia
I-Xh-c
190
1.7
Ecuador
Thorn woodland
I-Xh-c
503
1.34, 3.14
Peru
I-Yh-b
892
3.55
Chile
Montane desert
Peru
I-Yh-b
95 3.55
I-Yh-c
901
3.56
Argentina
Chile
I-Yh-c
I-Yh-Re-c
Argentina
Steppe
I-Yh-So-b
Chile
Intrusive
rocks,
Jurassic
andesite
flows,
breccias,
conglomerates,
Quatemary
pediments, alluvium
1.121
Brazil 3
Alluvium
1.131, 1.46
Colombia
Gallery forest
Venezuela
Gallery forest
Recent alluvium
Jd1-3a
67
Jd13-3a
Ge
Td13-3a
Ge
3 991
73
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
Jel-2a
, Je
Jel-3a
Je
Jel-3a
Je
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(I 0011 ha)
Venezuela
Jel-3a
1.121
74 1.13
ummor
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Cultivated land
Alluvium
Guyana
Trinidad
Je3-3a
Gm 0
Argentina
Gallery forests with natural Deltaic sediments of the Colotropical species, imported rado River
species, such as willow and
poplar
Je4-3a
Ge Wm KI
Argentina
Je4-3a
Ge Wm Kl
Paraguay
Je5-3a
Zg Sm
Je6-3a
Hh
Je
4.21, 4.31
Argentina
deposdeposits
xerophytic woodland
Chile
Quaternary
Je7-3a
Zg
Je7-3a
Zg
40 1.132
Je7-3a
Zg
83
1.121
Je7-3a
Zg
56
1.121
Guyana
Je7-3a
Zg
1.34, 3.14,
Peru
Cultivated land
Peru
Argentina
3.93, 5.92
Argentina
Patagonian
Chile
Agricuitural land, sclero- Alluvium. including much volphyllous evergreen wood- canje material
land
Venezuela
Tropical
118
959
3.36
Ecuador
Alluvial terraces
ceous swamp
Yh I
Je9-3a
Bd
Je10-3a
Jell-3a
Re
259
481
Gm
3.34
meadovvs
steppe,
Je12-2a
Ge Gm
Jel 3-a
Ge
784 4.36
Argentina
Je13-a
Ge
1 322 4.36
Paraguay
Je13-2a
Ge
Venezuela
Gallery forest
Je13-3a
Ge
329
Je14-3a
Gh
780
1.131
1 103
1.121, 1.131,
1.483
Ecuador
seasonal
forest. Alluvium
de-
74
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
SOILS
(1000 ha)
Je15-3a
Gd W
71
Je16-3a
Zo
402 3.56
Je17-3a
Yk
152
Je18-3a
Gh Gd
1.121, 4.31,
Bolivia
Bolivia
Altiplano steppe
Peru
Alluvium
Colombia
Tropical
4.32
3.34
LITHOLOOY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
1.13
evergreen
and Alluvium
Je19-3a
Jt
169
1.121
French Guiana Swamp forest and wet sa- Young coastal deposits
vanna
Je20-3a
R Zg
389
1.121
Guyana
Mangrove and other swamP Young coastal alluvium, mostforests. herbaceous swamps ly heavy blue and grey ciaYs
with sandy ridges rich in
and flooded savanna
Je20-3a
R Zg
324
1.121
Surinam
Jt1-3a
Zg Rd Ph Ao
183
1.11
Brazil 3
Argentina
Khl-la
5.611
Petrocalcic
Khl-la
Argentina
4.35, 4.36,
formation
(loess
Argentina
Transition between the xero- Precambrian gneisses, migmaand tites and granites
woodlands
phytic
mountain forest
Argentina
Argentina
Bolivia
493
Kh1-2a
unconsolidated
K112-2a
Ws Wm We
Kh5-la
Kk S
Saline
9 699 4.31
ICh5-la
ICk S
Saline
1 533
Kh5-la
1<lc S
Saline
6 967 4.32
Paraguay
Kh6-lab
Kk S
Bolivia
Kk1-3a
HI J
Peru
Lower montane dry forest Triassic-Jurassic and calcaand montane humid forest reOUS rocks, alluvium
K1 1-2a
Re
Argentina
K1 2-2a
Ge Wm
3 624 4.35
Argentina
Kl 2-2a
Ge Wm
Saline
4.32
Argentina
Kl 2-2a
Ge Wm
Saline
Paraguay
K1 3-3a
Gc ICk
Kl 4-3a
55
Ge J
128
4.32, 4.35
2.61
land
328
2.38
Peru
Mostly Permo-Carboniferous
limestones and shales
132
2.51, 2.6
Bolivia
Altiplano steppe
75
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
K1 4-3b
CLIMATE
(I 000 ha)
OCCURRENCE
VEGETATION
130
1.53
Venezuela
Thorn woodland
LITHOLOGY
Triassic-Jurassic-Cretaceous
and Tertiary clastic rocks
KI 5-3b
Vp I
546
1.74
Peru
Dry forests and xerophytic Cretaceous clastic and calwoodland and cacti scrub- careous rocks
land
KI 7-2c
840
3.55, 3.56
Chile
305
1.71
Colombia
KI 7-3b
vanna
KI 7-3b
187 2.32
Ecuador
KI 7-3b
475 2.32
Peru
K1 8-3b
I So
205 1.53
Venezuela
Kl 10-3b
Tv
366
1.73
Colombia
K1 11-3a
So
261
1.53
Ecuador
Kl 13-ab
J Xh
Lc1-3a
Fo
I Ws
Stony
Lc2-3a
Lf Ws
V So I
Stony
Lc2-3b
Lf Ws
V So I
Lc2-36
Lf Ws
V So I
Stony
Lc2-3b
Lf Ws
V So I
Stony
725 1.121
1.543, 1.8
317 2.2
9 237 1.77
15 596 1.31, 1.34,
woodland
1 086 6.27
its
Colombia
Brazil 1
Caatinga
Precambrian
rocks
Brazil 4
Caatinga
Precambrian
metamorphic
rocks and Silurian oolitic
limestone, sandstone, phyllite,
slate
Bolivia
Brazil 4
Precambrian
rocks
Brazil 5
Caatinga
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks and granites
Chile
Sclerophyllous
woodland
metamorphic
Lc3-3a
clastic
evergreen Intrusive
metamorphic
rocks.
Paleozoic
Lc3-3b
Lc4-3a
Lf
Lc5-3a
Ve
Lc6-c
I Vc
So
Lc6-c
I Ve
So
301
4.31
Bolivia
77
6.22
Chile
Sclerophyllous
woodland
Chile
Sclerophyllous
woodland
Bolivia
Montane dry forest, xero- Ordovician-Silurian and Dephytic woodland and grass- vonian clastic rocks
land
Chile
2 219 2.38
30
2.38
76
TABLE 3. - SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION (Continued)
MAP SYMBOL
EXTENSION
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Lc6-3a
I Vc
So
Chile
Lc6-3a
I Vc
So
Colombia
Montane forests, swamp Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks, Paleozoic. Meforest, wet savanna
sozoic elastic rocks, some
alluvium
I Ve
So
Venezuela
Montane forest
Lc6-3a
1.13, 1.71
Lc6-3b
I Vc
So
Colombia
Thorn woodland, savanna. Tertiary elastic rocks. Cretadeciduous forest, now under ceous elastic, igneous and
metamorphic rocks, alluvium
cultivation
and colluvium
Basalt
Ecuador
(Galapagos
Islands)
Lc6-3b
I Vc
Lc7-3b
Lf I
617
1.53
Venezuela
Thorn woodland,
scrubland
Lc8-3b
Bk Lf
Ecuador
and
Subtropical thorn woodland, Cretaceous
savanna and tropical decid- elastic rocks
uous forest
Lc9-3b
1 Ws So
Brazil 5
Caatinga
Lei 0-3a
JS
So
381
Lf Fo Hl Stony
and
Montane dry forest and Permo-Carboniferous
Tertiary elastic rocks in the
xerophytic woodland
south, Ordovician elastic rocks
in the north
Lfl-1 a
Brazil 4
Lf1-2a
Brazil 1
1.121
Venezuela
1.121, 1.8
Brazil 3
Brazil 5
Caatinga
1.484
Lf1-2a
59
Lf1-3b
395
Lf2-2a
Fo 1
Re
Lf3-3b
Fo
1 205 1.77
Brazil 1
Lf4-3b
Fa Qf
I Bd
4 533 1.8
Brazil 4
Lf5-2b
Fo Ne
Brazil 4
Precambrian
Stony
Mostly Precambrian
rocks,
Stony
metamorphic
metamorphic
Lf5-2b
Fo Ne
Lf6-2b
1 Ne Hl
E Gp
Lithic 1
Brazil 4
Brazil 1
Brazil 1
1.77, 1.924,
4.35, 4.36
Lf9-3b
Lp M
Gd Gp
Petrie 1
Precambrian
rocks
metamorphic
77
TABLE 3.
ASSOCIATED
MAP SYMBOL
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
Lf10-3b
Ne
Lf11-2a
Ao
Lithic 1
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
Brazil 3
Brazil 1
Paraguay
3 073 1.924
Brazil 1
2 312 1.482
Brazil I
1.924, 4.35
Lf 11-2a
Ao
Lf 11-2b
Ao
Lf11-3b
274 4.36
Ao
Petric 1
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Precambrian
rocks
metamorphic
est
metamorphic
and cerrado
Lf12-3c
Re I
Lf13-2a
Ao I Nd
Lf13-2a
Ao I Nd
Ao Wm Gh
Lf14-2/3a
Stony
1.121
Brazil 5
Caatinga, Agreste
Precambrian
metamorphic
and acid intrusive rocks
Colombia
Montane forest
1.13, 1.483
Lf15-2ab
We
Lf16-3b
I Le
Lf21-3b
Ao
Fa
Lf22-3b
Fo Ne
We 1
Bolivia
Tropical deciduous
semideciduous forests
and Precambrian
metamorphic
538
4.36
Paraguay
Carboniferous
sandstones
tillites
Stony
581
1.543
Brazil 5
Caatinga
Precambrian
metamorphic
Petric 1
131
1.77
Brazil 1
metamorphic
Mainly
Agreste
and
dry
deciduous Precambrian
metamorphic
forest, including and acid intrusive rocks
Fo Le
I V Ws
Stony
Lo2-2b
Lo2-2b
58
Lo2-2c
439
Lo2-2c
Lo3-2a
H1 Le
Lo4-3a
We
1 120 4.14
Brazil 2
Grassland
Precambrian
metamorphic
4.14
Uruguay
Grassland
Precambrian
metamorphic
4.32, 4.33
Argentina
Montane forest
Bolivia
Montane forest
609 4.14
Uruguay
Pampa
Triassic sandstone
Colombia
Deciduous forest and sa- Miocene shales and sandvanna in the south, thorn stones, Quaternary deposits
3 475
1.13, 1.3
Lf R
5 409 1.482
Bolivia
78
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
EXTENSION
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1000 ha)
Nd1-3a
Nd1-3a
99
4.36
OCCURRENCE
LITHOLOOY
VEGETATION
Brazil 2
Paraguay
Nd1-3b
Argentina
Nd1-3b
739 4.14
Brazil 2
sandstones,
Grassland (campos limpos) Carboniferous
shales, tillites; Precambrian
metamorphic rocks
Chile
Ecuador
Nd1-3b
1 371
6.21, 7.13,
7.14, 7.21
formation
Nd1-3b
1 505
Nd1-3b
1 250 1.121
Nd1-3b
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Tropical evergreen,
ical seasonal forest
Brazil 2
Guyana
metamorphic
Precambrian
rocks and granites; basic
igneous rocks
107
1.121
Guyana
1.123
Colombia
1.13
Colombia
Montane forest
Nd1-3b
58
1.123, 1.131
1.72
Nd1-3b
1.483, 1.484
Nd2-3c
1 248 4.14
Ao
Nd3-3b
Nd4-3c
Fo I
Nd5-2b
Ao I
169
Ao I
786
Nd5-3a
Petric
formation
metamorphic
trop- Precambrian
808 4.45
Argentina
Ne1-3b
262 1.924
Brazil 2
Ne1-3b
323
Brazil 4
Probably
Ne1-3b
1.77, 1.924,
2.31
Ne2-3b
Fx Fo
Ne3-3b
I Fo
Ne4-3b
Lf Fr
and
intrusives)
metamorphosed
basic
rocks
rocks,
carbonatized
304
1.132
Brazil 1
1 795
1.132
Brazil 1
Probably basalt
1.483, 1.77,
Brazil 1
313
1.8
79
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
Ne5-3b
Ne5-3b
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
CLIMATE
PHASE
OCCURRENCE
VEGETATION
LITHOLOGY
(EIXT0E0N0Sh10aN)
Ao I
360 1.11
Colombia
Ao I
575 1.11
Ecuador
trusive rocks
in-
detrital fans
Ne5-3c
Ao I
Ne5-3c
Ao I
Ne11-3c
Lf Fo HI I
248
1.74
Colombia
Peru
931
1.221, 1.77
Brazil 4
Precambrian
rocks
01-a
339
1.121, 1.131,
1.46
Colombia
01-a
162
1.121
01-a
113
1.121
Surinam
Swamps
Young alluvium
Chile
Moor, bogland
metamorphic
marine alluvium
01-b
1 047 7.31
02-b
Ph I
745 7.82
Falkland
Islands
moor, bogland
03-b
Ph
406 7.82
Falkland
Islands
Moorland
04-a
Jt Gm Ge J
769
Guyana
Phi-lb
Bd
333
Phi-lb
Bd
Ph2-1 b
0 Pg
63
Ph2-lb
0 Pg
60 7.31
Chilo
Ph3-lb
14 7.14
Chile
Argentina
Temperate deciduous to Glacial and glacio-fluvial deevergreen Nothofagus forest posits overlying Cretaceous
elastic rocks
Posits
1.121
7.82
5.83, 7.31
Argentina
Temperate deciduous
Chile
Temperate deciduous
thofagus forest
Nothofagus forest
No- Glacial
and glacio-fluvial
deposits overlying Tertiary
elastic rocks
Nothofagus forest
Ph8-lb
505 7.82
Ph8-lb
161
7.82
Chile
Temperate deciduous to Glacial and glacio-fluvial deevergreen Nothofagus forest posits overlying Cretaceous
elastic rocks
Qal-la
Qal-la
Ph Gh
Ph Gh
Zg Jt
183
1.21
Brazil 4
Zg Jt
189
1.21, 1.35
Brazil 5
Restinga, woodland,
mangrove swamps
Qa2-la
Ph
Gh
106
1.121
Brazil 3
Qa3-la
Ao Gd
99
1.121
80
TABLE S. - SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION (COnfillUed)
MAP SYMBOL
EXTENSION
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
Qa4-la
Fo Ph
Qa4-1 a
Fo Ph
Qa4-la
Fo Ph
968
578
73
Qfl-la
Qfl-la
Petrie
Qfl-lb
Cerrado
1.121
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Guyana
1.121
Surinam
Tropical
evergreen
forest Sands
1.77, 1.924
Brazil 1
Tropical
cerrado
seasonal
1.121
Surinam
Upland savanna and trop- Hard Quartz sandstones, conical evergreen forest
Brazil 4
Cerrado
16
Qf2-la
Ap Gd
Ph
253
1.7
Guyana
Qf2-la
Ap Gd
Ph
593
1.7
Venezuela
Qf3-la
Fo
Qf3-la
Fo
Cerrado
Brazil 1
Carboniferous,
Transitional zone between Devonian,
caatinga and cerrado and Triassic, Cretaceous sandstones and shales
tropical seasonal forest
Precambrian metamorphics,
Devonian, Carboniferous Tri-
Cerrado
Fo
Petric 1
712
1.132, 1.42,
1.482, 1.484,
Brazil 1
Tropical seasonal
(deciduous)
Paraguay
Brazil 1
Triassic sandstones
1.53
Qf3-1 a
Fo
Qf5-la
Af
87
Gp
Petric
4.45
Jurassic sandstones
and shales
Qf6-la
Fo
Gh
Cerrado
2 890 1.8
Brazil 1
Qf7-la
Fo Fr
Gh
Cerrado
Brazil 1
1.924
calcareous sandstones
Qf7-la
Fo Fr
Gh
Qf8-la
Ao Fo
Qf9-la
Fo I
Cerrado
Qf10-la
Fr
Cerrado
Qfll-la
Fx Ap Ao Ph G
Cerrado
2 611 1.924
Brazil 4
Cerrado
1 537 1.42
Bolivia
Tropical seasonal
(semideciduous)
Cerrado
Cambro-Ordovician, Devonian.
Permo-Carboniferous
and Cretaceous sandstones.
Precambrian metamorphics
Sandstone
152
1.77
Brazil 4
739
1.483
Brazil 5
Tropical
seasonal
restinga woodland
81
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
Qf12-la
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
I So
CLIMATE
(1000 ha)
Brazil 5
Caatinga
Brazil 1
1.42, 1.484
Brazil 1
1.533, 1.543,
1.83
Qf13-la
Bk Lf Lp
Qf14-la
Af Ap Lf I
Qf14-la
Af Ap Lf I
Petrie
Petric
UTNOLOGY
Brazil 4
Zg So
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
728
779
1.483
siltstones
Qf14- 1 a
Af Ap Lf I
Qf15-lb
Ao
Qf16-la
Qf16-la
1.121, 1.471,
1.48
Surinam
Savanna
450
1.42
Brazil 1
Cerrado
Devonian sandstones
Fo
21
1.77
Brazil 4
Precambrian
rocks
Fo
319
1.543, 1.8
Brazil 5
Caatinga
Cretaceous
Argentina
706
Metamorphic
and
granitic
Cerrado
Rdl-la
metamorphic
species
5.35, 5.36
797
1.534
Brazil 5
Caatinga
Rdl-la
157
5.32, 5.35
Uruguay
Rdl-lb
Rdl-lb
122
1.135
Brazil 1
Restinga
134
1.11, 1.121
Brazil 3
Restinga woodland
Rdl-lb
130
1.46
Colombia
Rdl-la
Rd9-la
Shifting
sand
species
Ph Qa
183
1.11, 1.123
Rd13-1c
470 1.71
Rd13-1c
92 1.71
Rd14-la
Rel-la
Qa Ap Ws So I
nants
Brazil 1
Precambrian granites
Bolivia
Peru
Brazil 5
Argentina
Peripampean thorn wood- Pampean formation (loess delow open tussock Posits)
grassland with thickets of
land,
Prosopis spp.
Rel-la
415
1.13, 1.5
Re 1-lb
907
Venezuela
Coastal vegetation
Rel-lb
12 7.14
Chile
82
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
PHASE
INCLUSIONS
CLIMATE
(1 00/ ha)
OCCURRENCE
VEGETATION
LITHOLORY
Re2-la
Yk Xk
553
Colombia
Cacti scrubland
Re3-la
Yk J
Peru
Re4-la
Yk Zo
199
3.34
Peru
Re5-la
J Yh
100
1.131, 1.3
Ecuador
Re5-la
J Yh
Peru
Re5-lb
J Yh
Steppe
basal ts,
Quaternary
preMesozoic intrusive rocks. Tri-
Petrocal-
1.5
Quaternary deposita
cic 1
Re6-la
JW
Re7-la
Re8-la
1 703
posits
Ge Gm
Zg
1 139 4.11
Brazil 2
unconsolidated
aeolian marine, and lacustrine
deposits
Bk Lf
I Zg
Brazil 5
Caatinga
1.572
Re10-la
Po
250 1.121
Surinam
Rell-la
Zo
385
Peru
Sm1-3a
Gm Ge
Brazil 2
Sm2-3a
Zo Zg
Pampa
Sm3-3a
Gm Wm
Argentina
Sm3-3a
Gm Wm
Argentina
Pampa
Sm4-3a
Wm
o Jt
3.34
362 4.11
5.112, 5.128,
5.37
Petrocalcic
Quaternary
land
Sm5-3a
Ge
Sm6-3a
J Zg
Sol-3a
Zo
1 016 5.11
Argentina
Pampa
Bolivia
Swarrms
Quaternary alluvium
184 3.56
Bolivia
So2-3a
Zg
74 4.32, 4.35
So2-3a
Zg
Th2-c
Tv
its
Bolivia
Paraguay
6.66, 6.67
Argentina
421
deposits
araucana)
Th2-c
Tv I
Chile
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
INCLUSIONS
SOILS
Th3-c
Th3-c
EXTENSION
ASSOCIATED
Th3-c
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
82
6.66, 7.82
OCCURRENCE
Argentina
105
1.7
2 054 7.12
Th4-a
Chile
Colombia
Montane forests
641
1.73, 2.41
Th4-b
851
42 1.73
Ecuador
1114-a
Th4-b
LITINILOGY
VEGETATION
Colombia
Montane forests and para- Quaternary ashes over Paleozoic metamorphic and elastic
mo, alpine tundra
rocks
Th4-c
Th4-c
148 2.41
Colombia
Montane and upper mon- Cretaceous volcanics. Quaternary volcanic ashes, and
tane forest
igneous intrusives
700 2.41
Th4-c
Th5-c
1 007 7.82
Ecuador
Montane and upper mon- Cretaceous volcanics, Quaternary volcanic ashes, and
tane forest
igneous intrusives
Argentina
Th5-c
Chile
tuffs.
Temperate deciduous An- Tertiary-Quaternary
ashes, and outflows overlying
dean mountain forest
Meso-Cenozoic igneous rocks
and Precambrian metamor-
phics
Th7-a
1 038 1.123
Tv
Ecuador
Predominantly volcanic
and
rocks
Th8-a
Oh Bh
Th10-b
Gh
287
1.11, 1.123
Colombia
Th10-b
Gh
215
1.11, 1.123
Ecuador
Tml-a
529
3.56
Bolivia
Tml-a
Ecuador
"Tm2-a
G Th
453
1.73
Colombia
al-
tuffaceous
84
TABLE 3.
ASSOCIATED
MAP SYMBOL
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
UROLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
TV 1-a
307
3.56
Bolivia
Altiplano steppe
TV 1-c
415
6.67
Argentina
Transitional between steppe Upper-Cretaceous/early Terand Andean mountain for- tiary andesitic tuffs and breccias with subordinate elastic
ests
and calcareous deposits
Tv2-a
291
6.21
Chile
Tv2-a
Tv2-b
Ecuador
2.41
Altiplano
meadows
steppe,
Tv2-c
60 7.92, 10
Argentina
Temperate deciduous An- Quaternary ashes and outRows overlying intrusive rocks
dean mountain forest
Tv2-c
54 7.92, 10
Chile
Temperate deciduous An- Quaternary ashes and outflows overlying intrusive rocks
dean mountain forest
Tv2-c
60
Colombia
Tv3-a
KI J
1.121
Altiplano steppe
Tv3-a
Kl J
Tv3-c
K1 J
Tv3-c
K1 J
Tv4-a
I Yk
Tv5-b
Chile
Montane steppe
Bolivia
Peru
Peru
Coastal desert
1Ch I
437
Ecuador
(Galapagos
Islands)
Tv5-b
Kh I
256 2.38
Peru
Tvd-b
Kl H1
414 3.35
Peru
Tv6-c
K1 H1
344 2.6
Bolivia
Tv6-c
Kl H1
490 2.6
Chile
U2-b
Be 0
U2-b
Be 0
299 2.62
89
2.51, 3.55
363
Pyroclastic deposits
desert
Vc1-3a
Vc1-3a
176
1.543
and
tocene
Brazil 4
Caatinga
Calcareous alluvium
Venezuela
Predotninantly
Quaternary
(also Tertiary), fluvial and
deltaic sediments
85
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
ASSOCIATED
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
CLIMATE
(1000 ha)
Vc2-3a
385
1.13
OCCURRENCE
Peru
VEGETATION
LITHOLOOY
Vc3-3a
Ne Ao
Ap
339
1.12
Peru
Vp1-3a
189 4.35
Brazil 1
Vp1-3a
295 4.14
Brazil 2
Vp1-3a
58
Vp1-3a
1.121
Vp1-3a
45 1.121
Vp1-3a
535
Vp1-3a
224 4.35
1.3
Cambro-Ordovician limestones
Carboniferous tillites, sandstones, shales, argillites, Permian elastic rocks and oolitic
limestones
Brazil 3
Restinga
Chile
Agricultural land
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
tic rocks
limeCambro-Ordovician
stones with frequent interbeds
248 4.14
Vp1-3a
Uruguay
Vp2-3a
Hl
Vp2-3a
HI
Vp3-3a
H1
215 4.14
Uruguay
Pampa
Vp4-3a
Hl Wm
Vp5-3a
I X1
1 706 4.14
Uruguay
Pampa
246 1.34
Ecuador
Thorn woodland
Jurassic,
Creta-
Vp5-3a
I XI
739
1.34
Peru
Thorn woodland
Paleozoic,
Jurassic.
Creta-
Vp6-3a
Wd7-2a
Wm S
Ap Vp
EJ
1 673 4.35
905 4.36
Ao
Wet-3a
Paraguay
Paraguay
Argentina
Grassland
Precambrian
intrusive rocks
metamorphics,
palm savanna
We2-2a
So
We2-3a
So
We3-2a
Wm
625 4.14
Uruguay
Grassland
Argentina
146 4.13
Brazil 2
Grassland. swamps
palm savanna
86
TABLE 3.
MAP SYMBOL
We3-3a
ASSOCIATED
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
SOILS
Wm
We5-2a
S Kl
EXTENSION
Saline
CLIMATE
(1000 ha)
148
We5-2a
We6-2/3a
5.36
Argentina
LITIMLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
Grassland
Alluvium
Warm temperate grassland. Quaternary alluvial and laswamps and campo limpo custrine deposits, Precambrian
metamorphic rocks and granites. Permian elastic rocks
46 4.11
Uruguay
6 942 4.35
Paraguay
QuaternarY,
Chile
102
We7-3a
Vp
We14-3a
Ws Gp Qa So Jv
Bolivia
We14-3a
Ws Gp Qa So Jv
Brazil 1
We14-3a
Ws Gp Qa So Jv
690 4.36
Paraguay
Swamps
Wm1-3a
Gm Vp
1 412 5.35
Argentina
Wm1-3a
Gm Vp
Wm2-2/3a
Vp
Wm2-3a
Vp
Wm3-3a
Holocene sediments
Wet grassland
Brazil 2
Argentina
Xerophytic deciduous forest, Paran alluvium and pampalm savanna, and some pean formation (loess demosits)
pampean grassland
Sm
1 196 5.11
Argentina
Pampa
Wm4-2a
Ge
2 106 4.36
Paraguay
Wm4-3a
Ge
1 394 4.36
Argentina
Wm6-2/3a
S Kl
436 4.35
Bolivia
Wm7-3a
Hl
126
Argentina
Pampa
Pampean
deposits)
formation
(loess
Wm7-3a
H1
1 016 5.128
Argentina
Pampa
Pampean
deposits)
formation
(loess
2.34
Colombia
Bolivia
292
Petrocalcic
Wm8-3a
J0
Wm9-2a
Lf Kl
91
4.15, 5.35
5.11
Ws1-3a
Ap
237 1.482
Xh1-3c
163
1.7
Pampean
deposits)
formation
(loess
vanna
savanna
luvium
Brazil 1
Tropical
forest
Ecuador
rocks, alluvium
metamorphic
87
TABLE 3.
ASSOCIATED
MAP SYMBOL
SOILS
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
Xh2-a
CLIMATE
(1000 ha)
OCCURRENCE
VEGETATION
LITBOLOGY
Bolivia
Montane
Bolivia
Altiplano steppe
Chile
Altiplano steppe
Quaternary
unconsolidated
deposits with much volcanic
material
steppe
and
Altiplano MostlY Quaternary unconsolidated deposits, Tertiary clastic rocks with much volcanic
material. Devonian clastic
rocks
Xh3-b
Tv I
Xh3-b
Tv I
Xh4-2a
Kb S
Saline
Xh4-2a
Kb S
Saline
Xh4-2a
Kh S
Saline
Xh5- la
Xk S
Saline
2.6, 3.56
296 6.27
X kl -2a
Bolivia
Argentina
Chile
Xerophytic woodland
montane steppe
Venezuela
Colombia
Cacti scrubland
Xkl-3b
Xk2-2a
Yk
695
Xk2-3b
Yk
Venezuela
Cacti scrubland
Xk3-la
Xh
Argentina
Parocalcio
(loess
tussock grassland
X1 1-3b
246
1.3,1.484,1.53 Venezuela
X1 1-3c
211
1.53
Venezuela
Bolivia
Yhl-a
Yhl -la
Yh1-2a
Re
Re
plano steppe
Quaternary deposits
much ash admixture
with
Sodio
857
3.55
Chile
Monrane desert
Quaternary
unconsolidated
deposits partly volcanic, igneous outcrops
Sodic
346 3.52
Chile
Coastal desert
Quaternary
unconsolidated
Yh2-1c
Zo
Yh2-1c
Zo
Yh2-2a
Zo
Yh3-2a
40 3.5
Bolivia
Montane desert
Chile
3 140 3.52
Chile
Montane desert
Chile
185
Saline
2.6
88
TABLE 3.
ASSOCIATED
MAP SYMBOL
SOILS
Yh3-2a
Yh4- 1 b
Re Xh
EXTENSION
INCLUSIONS
PHASE
Sodic
CLIMATE
(1 000 ha)
2 421
3.36, 3.44
Chile
Argentina
Quaternary
Montane steppe with low Predominantly
thorny shrubs and tussock deposits with volcanic ash
3.91
Yh5-1c
Zo Tv
1 830 2.6
Yh5-1c
Zo Tv
956 2.6
Y1 1-2a
Yk Zo
Re
Sodic 1
Sadie 1
LITHOLOGY
VEGETATION
OCCURRENCE
grasses
Argentina
steppe
Chile
Argentina
Argentina
Montane desert
Bolivia
Montane desert
Quaternary ashes
Montane desert
Quaternary ashes
Yl 2-2a
Zo
Y1 2-2a
Zo
YI 2-2a
Zo
Brazil 1
Zg1-3a
Jt Gp
Zg1-3a
Jt Gp
Venezuela
Mangrove swamp
Zg2-3a
Wm Sm
1 905 5.12
Argentina
Pampa
Pampean
deposits)
Zg5-3a
Je Gm
4;5-3a
Je Gm
387 1.32
Z J1-2a
Yh
Zo1-2a
Yh
1.135
formation
(loess
Ecuador
1 860 3.52
Chile
Montane desert
Quaternary
unconsolidated
deposits overlying Jurassic
volcanics (mainly andesitic)
and intrusive rocks
3.34
Peru
Montane desert
unconsolidated
Quaternary
deposits overlying Jurassic
volcanics (mainly andesitic)
and intrusive rocks
21
89
Redissection of the Amazon planalto and sedimentation of reworked Tertiary and older deposits
after the Amazon river began its action have resulted
in a series of terraces of various levels. The topog-
Holocene floodplains
BOLIVIAN LOWLANDS
90
A3.
ORINOCO BASIN
The divide between the Amazon and Orinoco basins is not pronounced enough to result in an abrupt
change in soil pattern, but so far the characteristic
Belterra clay of the Amazon planalto has not been
reported in the Orinoco lowlands. The very heavy
bian Orinoco basin. These plains are locally covered with loess, especially in the northeast. To the
west, they are much dissected and have soils with
concretions which probably helped to conserve the
hilly landscape against further levelling. The soils
have been tentatively presented on the map as concretionary Dystric Cambisols, but concretionary Orthic Acrisols can also be expected. These Cambisols are similar to Ferralsols in morphology but
sediments carried by coastal currents. The sediments originate from the Amazon (coast of Brazil,
Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana) and from
the Orinoco (Venezuelan coast). It has been observed in Surinam that these sediments, which at
the beginning of their transport are mostly kaolinitic, appear to be predominantly illitic when redeposited.
In many places narrow strips of sands, transported
91
60'
70*
10'
A6
40'
50
Ci
2zp-
49"
10
GEORC.EOWN
MRAMAR BO
E
8/
A6
10
4\
ivy
1111I1
Ai
" Ali
aRA
'NNyilt
C4Lr
r's
i 7 LOP"
ve
20.
,._._
it lie
30.
10.
20"
R0
44E RO
li
v.--
30'
SAAOL
1
i el
ONTEi
vDEO
40*
A-
LOWLANDS
B-
UPLANDS
40'
Scale
660
i.
flookmv%
i
I
90
70
80"
Figure 7.
60
50'
40.
/
/
30'
20.
92
Fluvisols.
expected.
southern area changes toward the coast. The climate here is less humid, and Mediterranean-like
soils (Chromic Luvisols) have been reported from
the uplands and Vertisols from the lowlands.
93
Brazil, the landscape is composed of a broad lowland plain bordering the lake with valleys extending
inland. Ancient alluvial fans and lacustrine sedi-
topsoil.
existing there.
and most dissected part of the country and is characterized mainly by very shallow soils. The parent
material is basalt comprising horizontal diaclases
and Solonetz.
A10.
A9.
ARGENTINIAN PAMPA
the south.
94
textured subsoils make the area susceptible to inundation during the west season in the summer.
In this region reddish Kastanozems with argillic
B.
zon drainage systems, is much reduced by the enormous distances to their coastal outlets. Large parts
of central Brazil also consist of sedimentary formations which, when they are deep, are generally more
permeable and therefore more resistant to geologi-
Bl.
GUYANA UPLANDS
can be recognized, further degraded by recent erosion. Here, deep clay-textured Ferralsols are the
principal soils, but their occurrence is not widespread.
95
Arenosols, which are sometimes gravelly. The poverty of the vegetation, an open grass cover, is prob-
filled in with Tertiary elastic sediments. This depressed area forms an undefined divide between the
Essequibo and Amazon drainage systems. Predom-
SHIELD
these
divides
are
flat-topped
96
Important intrusions of diabase and other volcanic rocks appear near the middle course of the
In this remote and largely unexplored
part of Brazil, extensive areas of Nitosols, at least
partly of medium to high base status, probably exist
in association with Lithosols and Orthic Ferralsols.
Xingu river.
central Brazil.
Associated with the cerrado Ferralsols, extensive
areas of Ferralic Arenosols are present over Creta-
Gleysols.
show podzolization in the topsoil and can be classified as Orthic Acrisols (petric phase). They occur
97
Near the boundary with the central southern region (B8) there are gravelly Ferric Luvisols, derived
from granite, with an argillic B horizon and some-
inant vegetation is a seasonal tropical to wet evergreen forest near the coast. Much of the original
with high water tables. Soils occurring here include Humic Gleysols, Dystric Gleysols and Gleyic
Acrisols. Fluvisols are also found. The occurrence
of coastal blocks, isolated hills and mountains con-
the older erosion surface but mostly on a somewhat renewed mantle of polycyclic soil material,
Orthic Ferralsols can be found. It is not uncom-
B6.
98
Quartzitic stones can often be found on the surface, while quartzitic Lithosols are associated rather
frequently with Precambrian siliceous outcrops.
on the boundary with the more humid coastal upHere the rainfall averages 800 to 1000 mm,
and the vegetation is deciduous forest with many
leguminous trees. The soils have high base status
lands.
B7.
above 50 percent in the B horizon have been described locally as caatinga Latosols.
found in association.
Regosols are
the coast and related to the slopes in more strongly expressed relief, concretionary soils are common,
mostly associated with Arenosols and locally with
Lithosols. The dissected hilly topography between
the Parnaiba and Itapiouri rivers contains extensive
is low, it
is
Ferralsols in the level and older parts of the landscape. In the south where the vegetation is grass
savanna (campo limpo), clay-textured dark red Orthic Ferralsols developed over shales are predominant. They differ from the Acre Ferralsols of central Brazil in having higher cation exchange capacities.
B9.
This region also consists of a series of neo-Mesozoic and Tertiary planation surfaces, subdivided by
rivers running east-west. The surfaces have been
carved in a Jurassic basalt formation. Unlike the
Sao Paulo region, the more recent overlying sediments here have been entirely removed. The basalt
formation has a total thickness of 600 to more than
1000 metres and represents the widest area of basalt
outflow in the world.
central Brazil.
content. Although the base status
09
cent to the Atlantic coast is often abrupt and precipitous (Serra Geral escarpment). The climate is
semitropical with hot summers and cool winters,
frosts being common
100
levels
from gently undulating to rolling and appears locally to be hilly. The occurrence of Araucaria,
although restricted to specific climatic conditions, is
related to its rather demanding soil fertility require-
101
nosols.
They
widespread.
and Mollie Gleysols. Also the association of Orthic Luvisols, Chromic Luvisols and Luvic Phaeozems occurs here, derived from Tacuarembo sandstone.
Dominant soils are Lithosols, associated with Vertisols, Phaeozems and Mollie Gleysols.
Orthic Luvisols occur in association with outcropping granites and metamorphic Precambrian rocks
in Rio Grande do Sul State and Northern Uruguay.
They are mostly rather shallow and are frequently
accompanied by Lithosols.
PRAIRIES
B 11.
1.
102
Although
ing the early Pleistocene and is the result of a forceful uplift of the whole region accompanied by blockfaulting. Before this uplifting and during the
late Tertiary, all preexisting mountain ranges formed
during earlier sets of movements were reduced to a
rather level surface (the Puna surface). Remnants
This landscape is transitional between the Patagonian Desert and the Andes. Toward the west
the vegetation changes gradually from thorny woodland to temperate Nothofagus forest. Annual rainfall increases to 500 mm in the west, and topography
becomes hilly to mountainous. Soils are derived
mainly from colluvial materials. They are not well
known but seem to include Eutric Cambisols, Humic
Cambisols, Andosols, Regosols, and Lithosols.
Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
C.
Andean valleys have local climates that are subhumid to semiarid. Temperatures may vary considerably over short distances. Most of the region is
covered with forests arranged in a number of altitudinal belts. Volcanic rocks form the principal parent materials in the west, but in the eastern section
soils are commonly derived from sedimentary rocks,
including limestone. In the north the eastward
103
mate. They belong to the so-called Yungas of Bolivia. Parent materials consist mainly of sandstones
so uth.
C3.
Yerrnosols).
The Andean altiplano is a huge high-level intermontane basin at elevations above 3500 metres.
Nowadays this basin, which is possibly produced
104
are some important intermontane valleys and relatively extensive alluvial plains. In the eastern part,
which has light summer rains, soils show an increased clay content in the subsoil. These are classified as Orthic Luvisols and Chromic Luvisols with
a predominance of Lithosols. Toward the west
there are Eutric and Dystric Cambisols, also associated with Lithosols.
The valley soils are mainly heavy-textured Fluvisols with local areas of Solonetz and Vertisols. Many
are calcareous throughout the profile, but in the ex-
South of the 300S parallel the altitude of the Andean ranges declines gradually from 4000 metres
in the north to 2000 metres in the south, becoming
increasingly dissected by sea fjords and transverse
valleys. In the central part there are a number of
isolated high mountainous areas with ice caps, alpine snow fields and glaciers.
Much of the northern sector is thickly mantled by
layers of volcanic ash originating from a long chain
of intermittently active volcanoes. Even on the
steepest slopes the ash may be as deep as 4 metres.
the east side of the Andes the precipitation decreases rapidly to 500 mm at the border of the Patagonian steppe. The vegetation comprises diverse types
of temperate forests including sclerophyllous ever-
subsoils.
105
Dark clay soils of tropical and subtropical reRome. FAO Agricultural Development Paper
No. 83.
161 p.
1971
inson.
de Geografa.
LESTER KING, C. The morphology of the earth: a study and
1962 synthesis of world scenery. Edinburgh, Oliver and
Boyd. 699 p.
LtvtouE, A. Les sols ferrallitiques de Guyane francaise. Par1967 is, Office de la recherche scientifique et technique
outre-mer.
Soils of Argentina.
PAPADAKIS, J.
1963
66 p.
Montevideo.
References
A great many documents were consulted for the compilation of this chapter, such as topographical, geological and
pedological maps, atlases, and other general works. Special
No. 1515.
169 p.
WRIGHT, A.C.S.
1965
No. 2017.
ZAMORA, C.J.
1968 Per.
201 p.
cursos Naturales.
Circular interno.
BENNEMA, J.
1966
No. 2197. 83 p.
Regional
1964
1960
BRAZIL.
1962
SERVIO NACIONAL DE
1964
1964.
PESQUISAS AGRONMICAS.
16.
1965
169 p.
106
18.
1965
Report of the second Conference on Soil Survey, Corre1966 lotion and Interpretation for the Latin American region,
held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13-16 July 1965. 22 p.
30.
December 1966.
66 p.
33. Definitions of soil units for the Soil Map of the World,
1968 April 1968, by R. Dudal. 72 p.
1966
1966
F,-.0/SF REPORTS
Soil Correlation Study Tour in Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina, June-August 1964. 82 p.
7 v.
6 v.
Except for the areas planted with important export crops, cultivated lands generally yield little.
Long-term trends show some increases including some
drainage.
Erosion control measures are taken only in exceptional cases. Since farming depends on the natural
fertility the land will be abandoned when production
stops or when yields become too low.
In improved farming systems intensive use is
knowledge.
108
Acrisols
A.
Ah.
Humic ACRISOLS
Ao.
ORTHIC ACRISOLS
109
Use.
the less inhabited parts of South America, the Amazon and Orinoco basins, Bananal Island in central
Brazil and the Pantanal in southwest Brazil Most
Venezuela.
Suitability.
Use.
For improved management drainage is the greatest problem. Much depends on the depth of the
plinthite which may harden on drying out after the
difficult.
Suitability.
season.
season.
110
B. Cambisols
Bd.
DYSTRIC CAMBISOLS
Use.
EUTRIC CAMB/SOLS
semiarid transitional zones, as on the fringes of Patagonia and in northern Venezuela. Here the prin-
minerals in dissected topography may Eutric Cambisols be found in humid tropical climates. As such
good soils because of the high levels of plant nutrients. In humid climates excellent crop cultivation is possible, but for annual crops the land may
be too steep. With high rainfall, erosion will be
severe because of shallow depth and consequent rapid
Humic CAMBISOLS
traditional farming because of their rather low fertility level. Improvement calls for liming. Climatic
F.
Fa,
Ferralsols
ACRIC FERRALSOLS
111
possible.
perermial plants.
Fh.
Humrc FERRALSOLS
importer.
ORTHIC FERRALSOLS
112
nights.
Amazon basin
cropping.
carry.
Suitability.
Use.
sumes about half the total amount of fertilizer applied in the Amazon region.
A gradual change from shifting cultivation to permanent cultivation might be promoted through the
introduction of NPK fertilizers in moderate amounts
soils,
113
mechanical equipment.
difficult, probably
because of oxygen deficiency in the dense soil mass.
Northeastern Brazil
Use.
Gleysols
Use.
114
:H.
Phaeozems
Use.
production.
In southern Brazil Phaeozems occur under subtropical conditions in strongly dissected topography
over basalt. Because of their high ferti/ity, a rare
feature in this region, these soils have become intensively
is recommended.
tural activity.
Suitability. The Phaeozems of Argentina are excellent soils for both traditional and modern management. Well drained types are adapted to a wide
variety of crops, pastures and forages, and no major
Luvic Phaeozems,
raphy, combined with the usual rockiness and stoniness, makes them unsuitable for cultivation. Only
on rare occasions may they be used for some crops.
For instance, in ever-humid coastal Baia, some cocoa
is grown on Lithosols developed on steep slopes.
Here roots grow into the cracks of weathered rocks,
which consist of ferromagnesium-rich gneisses and
Good pastures occur on gently undulating Lithosols, developed over basalt in southern
diorites.
Sometimes, if climatic
Fluvisols are good soils, especially since their fertility is generally higher than that of the older surrounding soils. In the Amazon region of Peru, calcareous
alluvial soils are important, and along the Amazon
and Solimoes rivers in Brazil Eutric Fluvisols
of high potential can be found. Crops which can
be grown include coconut, rubber, sugarcane, fruits,
rice, maize, tobacco, cotton, jute and kenaf. Depending on the drainage conditions, various crop rotations
can be used. The soils are less suitable for upland
116
lic B horizon (Luvic Kastanozems) or with a subhorizon of secondary carbonate enrichment. In the
southern pampa it is also rather common to find a
layer of hard limestone (tosca) at varying depths
which may impede drainage and promote salinization of the soils.
Grazing on planted pastures is the most important
use of Kastanozems in the pampean region. Among
the irrigated crops are alfalfa, vegetables (tomatoes,
peppers, onions), fruit trees (mainly apples and pears),
L.
Luvisols
Le.
CHROMIC LUVISOLS
(Chenopodium quinua).
and rushes growing in the shallow waters of the margin of Lake Titicaca.
Much of the Chaco plain in Paraguay and northern
and salinity problems in the dry season and saturation with water in the short wet season. Drainage
is difficult because of the general low inclination of
the plain. Water supplies for cattle are seasonally
inadequate and often saline.
Suitability. For traditional management most Kastanozems are of only restricted suitability because of
Marginal yields
stoniness and slopes. Small machinery can frequently be used, but stone removal and terracing
will be required in many places.
Lf.
FERRIC LUVISOLS
117
Under improved management, erosion susceptibility may become the principal limiting factor, since
fertility can be adequately controlled. These soils
may occur in rather dissected topography with slopes
of 5 to 15 percent or even steeper, and here the use
of mechanical equipment will be limited. As the
clay of these soils is less flocculated than in the Ferralsols and their porosity is lower, erosion suscepti-
bility
sion.
is necessary.
N.
Ne.
EUTRIC NITOSOLS
Use.
mainly used for coffee but sugarcane, alfalfa, castor beans, corn, bananas, watermelons and rice
are also grown. They also occur on the eastern
slopes of the Andes in steep topography where they
are locally used for crop cultivation including coffee.
Nitosols
DYSTRIC NITOSOLS
Use.
O.
Histosols
Use.
118
rooting crops are grown with liming and fertilizing. Bananas and sometimes Liberica coffee can
also be grown, but most of these soils are still marshes, used as fresh water reserves for peat production
dry season.
Qf.
Arenosols
FERRALIC ARENOSOLS
P. Podzols
Q.
extensively
the low content and low activity of the clay (kaolinite and oxides of aluminum and iron) allows a
high leaching rate of fertilizers. Increasing the organic matter content is a difficult and probably
uneconomic task, perhaps only possible in relation
to the cultivation of certain tree crops, but in central
Brazil, where these soils are most frequent, tree
crop cultivation is limited by low moisture retention
and seasonal dryness. The use of coated fertilizers
R.
Regosols
Use. As dune formations along the coast, Regosols often contain fair amounts of free calcium carbonate. In the humid tropical belt they are much
used for coconut cultivation. Away from the coast,
the Regosols of humid tropical climates are usually
Such Regosols as are found in ridges in northeast Argentina make excellent soils for citrus and
tobacco under conditions of sufficient rainfall. Since
most Regosols are poor in supplying plant nutrients,
range land area in the depressed part of the Argentine pampa. Soils are imperfectly to very poorly
drained, and land use appears to be closely related
Solonetz.
T.
S.
119
Andosols
Solonetz
Use.
Use. Andosols are cominon in the volcanic Andes, especially in southern Chile, in western Ecuador
120
well expressed to strong dry season when they become extremely hard; then during the wet season
they are sticky and virtually impossible to work.
Fortunately a great many of them are self-mulching,
culture.
additional problem, also related to the typical physical characteristics. This makes irrigation difficult
because of poor drainage and the subsequent risk
of salinization. However, it was found in the Sudan
tillage less important. When they occur in a depressed position, low infiltration rate becomes an
fixation.
V.
Vertisols
iinpossible.
been provided by ridge or furrow cultivation, hilling with furrows and, in Argentina, bedding. These
methods are mainly directed at increasing the infiltration rate.
Another serious problem in Vertisols is their high
susceptibility to erosion if the surface is not entirely
flat. Rainfall is often concentrated during short
periods, intake rate is low, and the crumbly surface
soil may move, even on gentle slopes. Standard
conservation practices do not suffice, as they tend
to interfere with the necessary surface drainage.
Slopes above 5 percent should not be used at all
for new crops, while on lesser slopes various rotations of new crops planted on the contour and ground
cover crops should be used. Fertility is not a serious problem. This has been attributed to the
self-mulching, which adds fresh material to the surface. Vertisols can be deficient in available phos-
phorus and nitrogen, and sulfur, iron and molybdenum are often lacking. Calcium, magnesium and
sodium are usually very high. Response to fertilizer
has not been marked because of the poor physical
properties, comparing unfavourably with the response of other widespread tropical soils like the
121
Ferralsols.
W. Planosols
Use. Because of their level and low-lying position in the landscape, and the presence of a heavytextured, impermeable B horizon, usually at shallow
Drainage
X.
Xerosols
Use.
impeding layers in the subsoil (argillic, calcic horizons) and in many places of shallowness. The supply
The Mollie
PianosIs are better than the Eutric Planosols because of the better water storage and greater water
availability during the dry season and also because
122
Y.
Yermosols
irrigated.
Z. Solonchaks
Use. Orthic Solonchaks are extensive in the arid
parts of northern Chile where they are rarely used
by farmers.
expensive.
Suitability.
is recorded.
Severe
123
Conclusions
Reference
FAO.
1969
Rome.
APPENDIX
Analytical methods
acknowledgement
is
made to the
The data have been set out systematically to include most of the items generally available in survey
reports. With such a variety of sources (information
from eight countries) there is of course considerable
diversity in the information supplied. However, an
Presentation of data
APPENDIX
Climate: The climate is given as an index figure according to the system of Papadakis (1966), outlined
in Chapter 4. As a general description the name
of the subgroup is also included, e.g. for the climate index 1.121, the description of 1.1 (humid
semihot equatorial) is given.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Figures have sometimes been rounded or recalculated on a different basis, for the sake of uniformity.
pH is usually measured at a 1:1 soil/water ratio but
paste and 1:2.5 are also used. Measurements in
N KC1 are given where they are available.
Cation exchange. Percent base saturation (% BS)
is given as a whole number, the cation exchange
capacity, total exchangeable bases, and exchange-
125
500 p.
50 IL
50 2i.
below 2 p.
126
Discussion
of the
representatives
1958
BRAZIL.
1960
BRAZIL.
350 p.
BRAZIL.
FAO.
FAO.
solos da Ilha de Maraj, Fazendas Espirito Santo. Instituto de Pesquisas e Experimentacdo Agropecurias
do Norte. Boletim Tcnico, 44 : 57-161.
Guidelines for soil profile description. Rome. 53 p.
Report on the Soil Survey Project, British Guiana.
7 v.
FAO.
FAO.
FAO.
December 1966.
No. 30. 66 p.
Data on Uruguay soils. Montevideo, Uruguay, Faculty of Agriculture.
LvfouE, A. Les sols dvelopps sur le houclier antecambrien
1963 guyanais. Paris, Office de la recherche scientifique et
technique outre-mer. 244 p.
PAPADAKIS, J. Climates of the world and their agricultural po1966 tentialities. Buenos Aires, J. Papadakis.
SOMBROEK, W.G. Amazon soils: a reconnaissance of the soils
1966 of the Brazilian Amazon region. Wageningen, Centre
for Agricultural Publication and Documentation. 303 p.
KAPLAN, B.A. & DURAN, A.
1968
References
27 p. (Mimeo)
SERVICE.
Soil survey
manual.
U.S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. Soil classification, a corn1960 prehensive system, 7th approximation. Washington, D.C.
265 p.
BEEK,
1966
83 p.
45 p.
APPENDIX
127
ACRISOL
Ao
Country
Orthic
Brazil
Orthic
Venezuela
Climate
Page
1.77
1.484
128
130
Bh
CAMBISOL
Humic
Brazil
2.31
132
Fa
FERRALSOL
Acre
Brazil
1.132
134
Fh
Humic
Brazil
Fo
Fo
Orthic
Orthic
Brazil
Fr
Rhodic
Brazil
Fx
Xanthic
Brazil
Dystric
Brazil
Ge
Eutric
Guyana
Gh
Hh
Hl
Jt
Kh
Humic
Brazil
Haplic
Luvic
Thionic
Argentina
Uruguay
Guyana
Peru
Gd
GLEYSOL
PHAEOZEM
FLuvisoL
KASTANOZEM Haplic
Brazil
2.24
1.77
1.72
1.77
136
1.482
1.121
1.121
144
138
140
Lf
Nd
Ne
Od
Ph
Qa
LuvisoL
NITOSOL
HiSTOSOL
PODZOL
ARENOSOL
Qf
Re
REGosoL
Sm
SOLONETZ
ANDOSOL
146
Th
Tv
148
Ve
VERTISOL
1.77
5.113
150
Vp
152
We
4.14
154
1.121
156
Wm
Ws
2.62
158
Xh
142
PLANOSOL
KEROSOL
Ferric
Dystric
Eutric
Dystric
Humic
Albic
Ferralic
Eutric
Mollic
Humic
Vitric
Chromic
Country
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Guyana
Brazil
Guyana
Brazil
Argentina
Argentina
Chile
Peru
Brazil
Pellic
Peru
Eutric
Mollic
Solodic
Haplic
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Climate
Page
1.77
4.13
1.77
1.121
160
1.61
1.121
168
1.77
5.13
5.112
6.21
2.51
1.543
1.72
4.36
5.35
172
5.111
5.71
190
162
164
166
170
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
192
128
ORTHIC ACRISOL
Red-yellow podzolic
Altitude
Physiography
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Ao
Brazil
49 km W Rio de Janeiro, old road to Sdo Paulo, 220 44'S, 430 44'W
40 in
Undulating
Granitic gneiss
Grassland with trees, Hyparrhenia rufa, Imperata brasiliensis
Proffie description'
A
0-10 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR 412) sandy loam; moderately developed medium
10-30 cm
Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy clay loam; strongly developed fine granular
structure; hard, friable, plastic, nonsticky; weakly cemented; gradual boundary.
EB
30-45 cm
131
45-75 cm
Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; weakly developed fine subangular
structure; hard, firm, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; weakly cemented; gradual
boundary.
Yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; moderately developed fine subangular structure;
slightly hard, firm to friable, plastic, sticky; thin clayskins; clear boundary.
B,
75-155 cm
BC
155-195 cm
195 -F cm
Red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; strongly developed medium subangular structure;
slightly hard, friable, plastic, sticky; thick clayskins; clear boundary.
Red (2.5YR 5/8) clay loam; moderately developed large subangular structure;
slightly hard, friable, slightly plastic, sticky; thin clayskins; clear boundary.
Sandy loam with distinct mottling.
Coarse sand is 96% quartz in the A, horizon, and 98-99% in the other horizons.
APPENDIX
129
ORTHIC ACRISOL
Brazil
Horizon
A
E
EB
Ell
B,
M2
C
pH
Depth
CaCO3
cm
H20
0-10
4.8
4.6
4.6
--30
--45
--75
--155
-195
195+
Cation exchange me
KCI
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.7
Sol. salts
CEC
TEB
% ES
4.5
3.7
4.2
6.0
4.6
3.9
8.0
2.2
49
1.3
35
24
8
28
23
15
1.0
0.5
1.3
0.9
1.2
Ca
Mg
Na
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.2
Organic matter
Al
2.3
2.4
3.2
5.5
0.1
3.3
3.0
0.2
6.8
Flocc.
Horizon
A
E
EB
%C
%N
C/N
1.3
0.13
0.10
10
B2
0.7
0.5
0.5
02
BC
0.1
/31
% OM
stones
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.04
c. sand
f. sand
silt
claY
texture
49
48
43
23
16
13
75
24
sandy loam
sandy clay loam
sandy clay loam
30
22
32
39
12
12
7
30
25
22
13
10
15
19
A
E
EB
Bi
B2
BC
C
SiO.
Al202
Fe203
11.0
13.7
7.1
10.3
12.8
23.4
24.1
20.5
20.4
1.1
1.7
16.1
27.8
24.0
26.6
24.0
Horizon
A
E
EB
Bi
B2
BC
C
2.0
4.1
6.0
5.2
3.5
TiO2
MnO
P202
SiO2
SiO,
Al20.
11203
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.2
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.8
Al20.
Fe20.
32
59
38
28
20
mg %
Truog
0.4
0
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.7
2.4
Moist.
equiv.
16
16
19
28
27
23
23
clay
clay loam
clay loam
sandy loam
index
70
59
62
99
100
100
100
Quartz
in c.
sand %
96
99
99
99
98
98
130
ORTHIC ACRISOL
San Felix
Westin, 1962
Location
Ao
Venezuela
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Level to undulating
Well drained
Old alluvium
Grassland, scattered trees
1.484, hot tropical
Proffie description
A
0-12 cm
E1
12-30 cm
E2
30-44 cm
Dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist, brown (10YR 4/3) dry, sand; weak very coarse
and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; contains many uncoated quartz grains; clear smooth boundary.
Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry, loamy sand; weak coarse
angular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;
contains many uncoated quartz grains; gradual smooth boundary.
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3)4) moist, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry, light sandy
clay loam; weak coarse and medium angular blocky structure; hard, very
BE
44-67 cm
67-140 C111
B2
140-200 cm
BC(?)
200-250 cm
friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; contains many uncoated quartz grains; clear
smooth boundary.
Dark red (2.5YR 3/6) moist, yellowish red (5yR 3/8) dry, sandy clay loam; weak
medium and fine angular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky,
slightly plastic; clear smooth boundary.
Red (2.5YR 4/6) moist, red (2.5YR 5/8) dry, sandy clay loam; weak medium
and fine angular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, plastic to
slightly plastic; gradual smooth boundary.
Red (2.5YR 4/6) moist, light red (2.5YR 6/8) dry, sandy clay loam; weak medium
and fine angular blocky structure; hard friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; clear
smooth boundary.
Red (10R 4/6) moist, red (10R 4-5/8) dry, sandy clay loam; very weak medium
and fine angular blocky structure; soft to slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky
to slightly sticky, slightly plastic.
APPENDIX
131
ORTHIC ACRISOL
Venezuela
pH
Depth
Horizon
CaCO,
cm
ILO
KCI
CEC
TEE
% BS
Ca
Mg
0-12
4.8
4.7
4.7
5.0
5.4
5.6
5.3
5.4
5.5
4.8
4.3
4.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.6
3.2
3.7
4.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
25
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
--30
-44
E2
--67
--90
BE
B,
--
--140
--200
B,
BC
-235
--
Cation exchange me %
235-F
3.2
2.8
2.2
2.1
2.1
0.9
15
23
22
25
41
43
43
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.3
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Horizon
3.5
19
Na
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
E,
E2
B1
__
BC
--
2.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
f. sand
sift
6
9
7
7
9
8
8
8
80
75
13
61
8?
20?
55
52
52
58
59
60
8
8
8
30
33
26
25
8
8
Clay analysis %
Horizon
BC
2.8
2.5
c. sand
1
1
1
132
--
3.1
3.5
stones
1
1
1
1
BE
By
2.4
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.3
--
Flocc.
A
E,
E,
BE
Ill
Al
SiO,
Al.XX
Fe,O,
37.6
40.8
27.8
26.4
24.5
27.2
29.4
11.5
13.2
14.4
14.4
10.8
39.3
39.9
38.1
38.3
38.7
38.6
39.4
31.4
34.4
32.9
35.2
16.0
12.5
12.6
8.4
TiO,
MnO
P,0 6
SiO,
A1,0,
SiO,
A1,03
12.,0,
Fe,O,
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.6
clay
31
24
texture
sand
sandy kmni
sandy clay
sandy clay
sandy clay
sandy clay
sandy clay
sandy clay
sandy clay
index
loan
loam
loa=
loarn
loam
loarn
loam
132
HUMIC CAMBISOL
Campos do Jordan soils
Comissio do Solos, 1960
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Bh
Brazil
Profile description
A
AB
0-17 cm
17-80 cm
80-130 cm
Black (N le') sandy loam; weakly developed medium gtanular structure; soft,
friable, nonplastic, nonsticky; abundant roots; gradual smooth boundary.
Dark brown (10vit. 3/3) sandy clay loam; weakly developed small subangular
blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; fewer roots;
diffuse smooth boundary.
Strong brown (8vR 5/8) moist, yellow (10vrt 8/6) dry, clay loam; prismatic
130-180 cm
Brownish yellow (10vit 6/6) moist, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry, sandy clay
180-240 cm
C2
240-300 cm
APPENDIX
133
HUMIC CAMBISOL
Brazil
Horizon
A
AB
E4
B2
C2
C2
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
CaCO,
cm
H20
0--17
--80
--130
--180
3.6
4.8
5.1
5.1
5.1
-240
-300
5.2
KC1
CEC
3.1
58.7
21.5
6.1
4.2
4.3
4.0
4.0
4.0
SoI. salts
5.0
5.0
3.6
TEB
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.05
0.05
2
5
7
8
0.2
0.2
0.1
Organic matter
Al
0
0
Horizon
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sand
12.6
AB
5.2
B,
I .0
B2
0.6
0.5
0.3
C,
C,
1.15
0.37
0.08
0.05
silt
clay
texture
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy clay loam
sandy clay loam
11
29
46
14
29
43
16
23
25
34
14
27
0
0
21
39
16
26
34
20
24
35
17
24
20
24
12
0.04
0.02
Fe1202
Solution by H2S0. d = 1 47 %
Si02
Horizon
SiO2
A
AB
B,
B2
C,
C2
Al203
4.9
4.8
4.2
9.1
8.1
12.0
13.7
13.5
25.0
21.1
17.5
26.1
Horizon
a02
6.7
8.9
10.4
9.0
9.6
6.9
TiO2
0.4
0.3
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.2
MnOMn0
P203
0.13
0.12
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.9
Si.
Al203
Fell%
R20,
p
o
mg A
1.0
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.6
2.6
0.7
0.9
0.8
4.4
3.5
5.9
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
1.0
Moist.
AB
40
27
B2
25
B2
Cl
34
32
C2
35
equiv.
index
93
93
80
56
sandy loan
60
99
134
ACRIC FERRALSOL
Fa
Brazil
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
100 m
Flat
Well drained
Tertiary lacustrine sediments
Heavy forest
1.132, humid semihot equatorial
Profile description
A
0-28 cm
Dark brown (10YR 4/3) day; strongly developed fine to very fine subangular
blocky structure; friable to firm; a few carbon fragments; many roots.
Brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay; weakly developed coarse blocky to strongly developed
very fine subang-ular blocky structure; friable.
Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) variegated clay; strongly
developed very fine subangular blocky structure; friable.
Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay; structureless to weakly developed very coarse
and moderately developed very fine subangular blocky structure; occasional
very fine textured cemented fragments yellowish red outside, dark grey inside.
AB
28-41
cm
BA
41-84
cm
131
84-130
cm
B2
130-280
cm
Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay; friable, plastic, sticky; no roots below 180 cm.
133
280-460 cm
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) clay; friable, plastic, sticky; very compact; quite
NoTE: Much macrobiological activity malcing the soil loose and porous down to about 130 cm. The
activity decreases with depth. A termite hive was uricovered in the soil pit.
APPENDIX
135
ACRIC FERRALSOL
Brazil
Horizon
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
cm
H20
KC1
CEO
TEB2
0-28
AB
-41
-84
B,
B,
-130
-280
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
4.9
4.1
2.8
2.2
0.6
0.3
0.8
0.2
BA
B3
160
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.0
5.4
5.8
5.2
0.2
Sol. salts
% BS
Ca
CaCO,
Mg
Na
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
Organic matter
Al '
2.3
1.5
1.2
0.2
2.6
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
texture
13
14
73
clay
AB
84
BA
88
clay
clay
84
clay
--
31
67
clay
B,
10
B,
B3
Horizon
SiO,
Al20,
Fe1,0
202
TiO,
MnOMn0
P205
SiO,
,
SiO,
R20 ,
Al203
Fe202
Kaolimte
%
52
AB
70
BA
58
B,
70
By
74
78
B3
index
136
HUMIC FERRALSOL
Durox soil
WSRR 25
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Fh
Brazil
Well drained
Basalt
Grassland, Artistida pallens abundant
Profile description
A
0-19 cm
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) moist, heavy clay; moderately developed medium
and coarse granular structure; very hard, firm to friable, plastic, sticky; abundant
roots but main growth is horizontal and roots do not greatly penetrate into
AB
19-40 cm
BA
40-56 cm
131
56-117 cm
cm
B2
117-176
BC
176-200 cm
lower horizons; root channels lined with " coatings "; diffuse smooth boundary.
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist, heavy clay; moderately developed medium
and coarse granular structure; very hard, friable, plastic, slightly sticky, porous;
few roots, with coatings along root channels; diffuse smooth boundary.
Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist, heavy clay; moderately developed fine
and medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable, plastic, slightly
sticky, porous; weak and scarce clayskins on peds; no roots; gradual smooth
boundary.
Dark:red (2.5YR 3/6) moist, heavy clay; weakly developed, fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; few weakly
developed clayskins on peds; gradual smooth boundary.
Red (2.5YR 4/6) moist, heavy clay; weakly developed fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky, porous; few
weak clayskins ; gradual smooth boundary.
Red (10R 4/6) moist, heavy clay; weakly developed medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic, porous; few weak
clayskins.
137
APPENDIX
HUMIC FERRALSOL
Brazil
Horizon
C111
H20
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
0-19
4.7
4.7
4.8
5.6
5.6
5.6
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.0
18.4
15.7
13.8
3.1
17
1.6
1.3
10
7.9
7.6
8.0
1.1
14
0.9
12
1.1
14
AB
-40
BA
-56
B1
-117
-176
-200
B2
BC
Cation exchange me
pH
Depth
4.0
4.0
Ca
Mg
1.7
1.0
0.9
0.7
1.2
Al
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0.05
0.1
Organic matter
Sol. salts
CaCO,
Horizon
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
stones
f. sand
c. sand
silt
clay
texture
index
1
1
3.1
2.1
A
AB
B1
1.5
0.6
B2
0.6
BC
1.1
BA
0.22
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.05
14
22
15
31
13
15
0
0
0
Horizon
Si02
A
AB
BA
B1
B2
BC
Al202
Fe.O.
TiO2
MnO
P202
SiO,
SiO2
Al202
A1-20.
R20,
Fe.0,
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
Flocc.
138
ORTHIC FERRALSOL
Fo
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
A
0-30 cm
Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry, dark reddish (2.5YR 3/4) moist, dark brown
(7.5YR 4/6) crushed dry, clay; strong medium granular structure; hard, firm,
very plastic, very sticky; weak coatings; roots abundant; gradual smooth boundary.
BA
30-60 cm
B1
60-150 cm
B2
150-210 cm
Yellowish red (5YR 4/6) dry, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) moist, strong brown (7.5YR
5/6) crushed dry, clay; weak compound prismatic structure which breaks down
into moderate medium subangular blocks; hard, slightly firm, plastic, sticky;
few weak coatings; roots abundant; gradual boundary.
Yellowish red (5YR 4/6) dry, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) moist, strong brown (7.5YR
5/6) crushed dry, clay; weak compound prismatic structure which breaks easily
iiato weak very fine and fine granules; slightly hard, friable, slightly plastic,
slightly sticky; few weak coatings; few roots; diffuse smooth boundary.
Reddish brown to red (2.5YR 4/5) dry, dark red (10yR 3/6) moist, strong brown
(7.5YR 5/7) crushed dry, with common, medium, prominent, dark grey (5yR
4/1) mottles, clay; massive, porous soil mass which breaks easily to weak
medium subangular blocky and weak fine granular structure; slightly hard,
firm, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; few strong coatings; abrupt boundary.
BC
210-260 cm
Reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) dry, dark red (10m 3/6) moist, with common,
260-280 cm
medium, pronainent, dark grey (5YR 4/1) mottles, clay; massive, porous soil
mass which breaks easily to weak medium subangular blocky and weak fine
granular structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; few strong
coatings; abrupt boundary.
White (2.51R 8/0) and dark grey (5YR 4/1) clay.
Nora: Fine black " buckshot " concretions are present in the BC and C horizons.
APPENDIX
139
ORTHIC FERRALSOL
Brazil
Cation exchange me %
PH
Depth
Horizon
CaCO,
I
cm
H,0
KC1
CEC
TEll
% ES
Ca
Mg
Na
0-30
4.7
4.8
3.9
4.0
4.2
2.1
1.1
30
1.4
0.5
0.6
6.7
0.7
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.7
4.1
2.5
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.1
35
4.0
11.5
8.2
5.1
5.3
5.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Al
Total
'
BA
-60
B,
-150
5.2
-210
5.3
-260
4.8
-280+ 4.6
B,
BC
C
4.1
22
25
0.4
0.4
16
16
0.1
Organic matter
Sol. salts
7.4
5.6
4.0
4.0
4.7
5.6
Flocc.
Horizon
BA
B,
%N
C/N
1.6
1.0
0.5
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.05
11
13
76
11
10
11
77
10
11
77
79
10
14
11
25
BC
0.2
0.2
0.1
B,
f. sand
c. sand
%C
'3,!, OM
stones
A
BA
B/
132
BC
C
SiO,
AI,0,
Fe,O.
TiO,
MnO
P,O,
24.3
25.6
25.2
27.2
27.4
27.5
24.3
26.7
27.3
27.4
26.7
19.9
13.0
1.2
1.1
13.4
13.2
13.4
6.5
1.2
1.2
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.11
13.1
1.1
0.4
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
clay
silt
SiO,
SiO,
A1,0,
A1,0.
R,O,
Fe ,O,
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
3.0
2.4
2.0
3.4
3.2
3.0
3.3
4.7
60
68
clay
100
74
clay
clay
100
100
55
clay
100
P
Truog
1
mg A
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
equiv.
32
BA
B,
33
B2
35
BC
C
35
32
36
index
clay
clay
Moist.
Horizon
texture
140
ORTIIIC FERRALSOL
Red-yellow latosol
WSRR 22
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Vegetation
Climate
Fo
Brazil
Profile description
1-0
cm
0-4
cm
AB
4-12 cm
BA
12-25 cm
B1
25-80 cm
B2
80-200 cm
B3
200-270 cm
Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay; weakly developed very fine to fine granular
structure; friable, slightly plastic; abrupt smooth boundary.
Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) heavy clay; weakly developed very fine to medium
granular structure; friable, plastic, sticky; clear smooth. boundary.
Yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; moderately developed very fine to fine subanguiar blocky structure; friable, plastic, sticky; gradual smooth boundary.
Yellowish red (5YR 5/8) heavy day; very friable, plastic, very sticky.
Yellowish red (4YR 5/8) heavy clay; very friable, plastic, very sticky.
Reddish yellow (5YR 5.5/8) clay; friable, very plastic, very sticky.
Norm: Many roots in A and AB with a predominant diameter of 1 to 2 trim: A. AB and BA are
very porous.
APPENDIX
141
ORTHIC FERRALSOL
Brazil
Horizon
cm
1-0
--4
AB
BA
Bt
PH
Depth
CaC08
i
HoD
KC1
CEC
TEB
4.3
3.9
4.1
3.4
3.4
4.0
4.2
4.5
5.0
6.2
59.6
35.3
14.5
5.3
1.4
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
-12
B2
--25
--80
--200
B3
--270+
Cation exchange me %
4.4
5.2
5.3
5.8
9.4
5.9
3.5
1.7
% BS
Ca
Mg
3.2
1.2
0.6
1.4
6
8
14
0.5
24
0.4
0.4
0.5
Na
Al
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.05
0
0
0
4.0
4.6
2.0
1.2
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
Organicrnatter
Sol, salts
0
0
50.3
29.4
4.8
7.6
4.9
3.0
1.3
Flocc.
Horizon
1
%N
C/N
23.1
1.25
A
AB
BA
Bt
7.8
2.7
B2
0.6
0.3
0.69
0.20
0.15
0.08
0.06
0.06
19
11
13
%C
% OM
f. sand
c. sand
stones
clay
silt
texture
index
1.7
1.0
132
0
0
0
0
11
12
8
10
10
9
0
0
0
9
6
0
A
AB
BA
Eq
B2
B3
SiO.
Al20,
FeO,0
TiO,
13.2
15.7
17.6
18.3
18.8
18.8
18.2
20.4
27.3
32.6
35.6
36.7
37.3
38.6
6.3
8.1
9.6
10.0
0.5
0.8
0.0
0.0
1.0
10.1
10.2
10.7
1.1
1.2
MnO
P.O.
0.02
0.01
0.01
25
22
17
11
3
1
11
SiO,
Al20.
SiO,
R103
Ah0.
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
5.1
5.3
5.3
5.5
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
Fe20,
5.7
5.7
5.6
64
64
68
75
76
78
P
ing %
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
0
Moist.
Horizon
equiv.
--
74
AB
DA
34
32
30
28
29
Eh
B2
B2
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
86
67
78
65
100
day
51
142
RHODIC FERRALSOL
Latosol roxo
Fr
Brazil
Location
Altitude
560 m
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Undulating
Well drained
Basalt
Profile description
A
0-20 cm
Dark greyish brown (2.5vR 3/3) clay; moderate medium granular structure;
slightly hard, friable, slightly plastic, sticky; roots abundant; gradual smooth
boundary.
BA
20-40 cm
B1
40-60 cm
B2
60-120 cm
CB
120-130 cm
Dark reddish brown (2.5vR 3/4) clay; weak medium granular structure; soft,
friable, slightly plastic, sticky; roots abundant; diffuse smooth boundary.
Dark reddish brown (2.5vR 3/4) clay; weak medium subangular breaking down
into weak fine granular structure; friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; few
roots; gradual smooth boundary.
Dark red (2.5vR 3/5) clay; massive porous breaking down into weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; few roots;
clear wavy boundary.
Clay loam; horizon comprising rotten rock and B material.
APPENDIX
143
RHODIC FERRALSOL
Brazil
Horizon
oH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
CaCO,
cm
H30
KCl
CEC
TEB
% ES
Ca
Mg
Na
0-20
5.2
5.0
14.2
61
5.9
2.1
5.6
5.7
5.6
10.0
76
2.1
0.1
2.4
6.0
5.9
8.9
81
4.7
4.2
0.1
1.7
-120
-130+
6.1
6.3
6.5
7.4
8.2
6.5
88
3.8
2.3
0.1
8.0
98
3.6
3.5
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.1
-40
-60
8.6
7.6
7.2
0.9
0.2
Al
Total
A
BA
B,
B2
CB
6.4
Sol. salts
Horizon
2.6
0.1
Organic matter
Flocc.
i
1
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
texture
index
1.7
0.15
11
25
16
56
clay
57
BA
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.08
0.06
12
18
20
60
clay
48
16
17
65
clay
96
0.05
20
19
58
clay
100
0.03
35
21
35
clay loam
99
B,
B,
CB
SiO,
RD,
AI:0-1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
SiO,
A1303
Fe,O,
TiO,
MnO
P,01
18.6
18.9
25.4
5.0
4.4
4.4
5.0
4.5
0.2
0.2
0.49
1.7
0.35
1.5
0.1
0.33
1.4
0.1
0.28
1.3
0.2
0.33
1.4
BA
21.5
24.6
23.6
B1
21.9
26.0
23.2
82
20.0
25.3
24.9
03
20.6
24.7
24.4
P
mg %
Truog
SiO,
A1,0,
Fe.O.
1.6
1.6
Moist.
Horizon
equiv.
29
BA
33
B,
35
B2
34
CB
36
144
XANTHIC FERRALSOL
Kaolinitic yellow latosol,
very heavy texture
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Fx
Brazil
Profile description
8-5
Cm
02
5-0
cm
0-2
cm
guiar and weak fine granular structure; friable, plastic, sticky; many pores;
locally the horizon is crusty due to the intense activity of insects, especially
termites; abundant roots, mostly fine; clear boundary.
AB
B1
2-20 cm
20-60 Cm
Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) heavy clay; moderate fine subangular blocky and
very fine granular structure; soft, friable, plastic, sticky; many pores; abundant
roots; gradual boundary.
Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) heavy clay; weak to moderate, fine to medium suban-
gular and weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, plastic,
sticky; pores; faint clayskins; many roots; diffuse boundary.
B2
BC(?)
60-150 cm
Strong brown (7.5yR 5/6) heavy clay; weak medium subangular and weak very
fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable to firm, plastic, sticky; pores
common; few very weak clayslcins; many roots; diffuse boundary.
150-250 cm
Yellowish red (SYR 5/8) heavy clay; massive to weak medium subangular
structure; few pores; very few roots.
APPENDIX
145
XANTIIIC FERRALSOL
Brazil
Horizon
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
cm
ILO
KC1
CEC
0--2
4.0
3.5
4.2
3.8
B1
--20
--60
4.7
4.1
B2
-150
5.2
4.7
4.9
A
AB
BC
CaCO,
--250
5.5
Na
Al
0.3
0.1
2.2
10.4
0.6
0.1
1.6
14
0.5
0.1
1.1
4.6
2.9
22
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.2
TEE1
% BS
Ca
14.9
2.2
15
0.9
6.9
4.6
2.7
2.0
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
11
'
Mg
1.0
Total
28
1.2
Organic matter
Sol. salts
1.9
Flocc.
Horizon
C. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
11
11
10
75
clay
69
10
83
clay
60
0.08
88
clay
100
0.05
13
12
74
clay
100
0.03
10
14
75
clay
100
%N
C/N
3.6
0.33
AB
1.3
0.13
0.7
0.4
0.3
B1
B2
BC
OM
P.O.
P mg %
SiO.
A1,0,
Si.
A1,0,
11,0,
-fib.Truog
Bray-1
Sit),
A1.0,
Fe20,
Ti 02
AB
28.8
30.8
25.5
29.6
8.3
8.7
1.0
0.9
0.05
0.03
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
5.3
5.0
131
33.7
32.4
10.0
0.8
0.03
1.5
5.0
0.1
B,
33.9
32.9
10.4
0.8
0.03
1.5
5.0
BC
32.5
33.4
9.5
1.0
0.03
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.4
4.7
'
0.2
0.2
Moist.
Horizon
index
texture
stones
equis'.
35
AB
32
Bl
34
13,
34
BC
34
0.5
0.2
146
DYSTRIC GLEYSOL
Gd
Brazil
Gley pouco
Falesi (1964)
Location
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
pp. 45-50
Proffie description
Ag
0-20 cm
Light grey (10YR 7/1) with common medium prominent yellow (10YR 7/6)
mottles, clay; moderately developed small subangular blocky and granular
structures; compact, slightly plastic, nonsticky; clear smooth boundary.
Cgi
20-50 cm
Light grey (10YR 7/1) with many medium prominent yellow (10YR 7/6) mottles,
Cg2
50-100 cm
clay loam; moderately developed small to medium subangular blocky structure; compact, slightly plastic, nonsticky.
Light - grey (10YR 7/1) with small and medium prominent brownish-yellow
moist, and yellow mottles, clay; massive; plastic, nonsticky.
APPENDIX
147
DYSTRIC GLEYSOL
Brazil
Horiion
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
CaCO
CM
I
11,0
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS.
0.2
0.3
1.5
2.3
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.9
2.1
1.4
0.3
1.9
0.2
2.0
0.9
0-20
4.8
5.9
1.1
36
0.7
Cgi
-70
4.9
4.5
1.6
35
0.6
-130
Al
Mg
Ag
Cg,
Na
Ca
6.7
5.1
Sol. salts
4.5
67
1.0
Organic matter
Horizon
%C
ZN
Ag
1.1
0.13
2.0
Cg,
0.5
0.06
0.8
tg2
0.5
0.04
12
0.8
C/N
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sann
silt
clay
30
29
41
clay
38
24
38
clay, loam
31
66
clay
texture
index
148
EUTRIC GLEYSOL
(saline phase)
De Velde clay
saline phase
FAO, 1965-66
Location
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Ge
Guyana
Profile description
A
0-10 cm
Cg,
10-38 cm
Cg.
38-85 cm
Cga
85-.110 cm
Cg,
110-150 -I-
5/1) with few, fine, distinct dark brown mottles around root channels, clay; weak, medium granular structure; slightly sticky, slightly plastic;
numerous fine roots; clear smooth boundary.
Grey (5Y 6/1) with common, medium prominent yellowish brown mottles,
clay; massive to weak, medium subangular blocky structure; sticky, plastic;
fine roots; gradual wavy boundary.
Grey (51, 6/1) with many, medium, prominent yellowish brown and brownish
yellow mottles, clay; massive structure; sticky, plastic; few fine roots; clear
smooth boundary.
Greenish grey (5GY 6/1) with few medium prominent strong brown mottles,
clay; massive structure; soft, sticky, plastic; gradual wavy boundary.
Greenish grey (5Gy 5/1) clay; massive structure; abundant organic specks and
decaying plant material; sticky, plastic.
Grey (10Y
APPENDIX
149
EUTRIC GLEYSOL
Guyana
(Saline phase)
DH
Depth
Horizon
A
Cg,
Cgs
CaCO2
C111
H20
0-10
-38
-60
-112
-150
Cgs
Cg,
Cation exchange me %
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
5.2
39.0
25.1
64
3.5
17.0
7.1
29.7
26.1
88
3.5
16.8
6.6
6.2
4.7
28.9
25.3
88
3.0
30.7
25.7
84
34.0
23.1
68
3.1
3.3
KCI
Sol. salts
Horizon
Total
Na
Al
0.9
0.7
3.7
16.8
1.0
17.0
15.6
1.1
4.5
4.5
3.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
Organic matter
%C
%N
C/N
0.18
4.1
0.34
Cg,
0.27
1.0
0.21
Cgs
0.23
0.7
Cgs
0.21
Cg,
0.42
5.1
13.7
3.6
3.6
5.0
9.8
1.1
f. sand
silt
12
0.04
17
1.6
0.13
2.7
0.15
stones
c. sand
Flocc.
clay
texture
60
35
55
43
silty clay
48
51
silty clay
12
57
42
silty clay
18
83
14
silt loam
index
Horizon
SiO,
1
1
A1102
1e202
TiO2
MnO
P202
Si02
Al202
Si02
11.202
Al20$
Fi,-0-;
mg %
Truog
Silt'
%,
0.1
55
Cg,
1.2
48
Cgs
1.6
40
Cgs
1.5
50
Cg,
3.0
68
Soluble salts me %
Horizon
so,- -
Cl-
acids
bases
0.3
0.1
4.0
Cg,
0.9
1.2
2.0
4.4
2.2
3.8
3.3
2.5
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.8
5.1
Cgs
Cgs
Cg,
4.3
8.3
150
flUMIC GLEYSOL
Humic Gley
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Gh
Brazil
Profile description
A1
0-20 cm
A2
20-55
C111
ACg
55-65
011
Black (10 YR 2/1) clay; moderately developed very small to large granular
Cgi
65-85 CM
Cg,
85-125 cm
Greyish white (N 8/-) with common, large, prominent yellowish brown (10YR
4.5/6) and common, medium to large prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/7)
mottles, heavy clay; plastic, very sticky.
NOTES: Roots end at Cgi. Small concretions up to 2 mm diameter occur at the top of the ACg.
APPENDIX
151
HUIVHC GLEYSOL
Brazil
Horizon
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
CaCO,
H,0
Ka
CEC
TEB
5.0
4.1
20.5
0.7
0.5
4.0
17.9
0.5
3.8
13.1
1.2
0.4
0.9
0.2
Cg,
--65
--85
4.8
5.0
4.9
9.5
1.6
0.1
-125+
5.3
2.2
6.5
23
Cgs
3.8
3.9
64
5.4
1.0
CM
A,
A2
ACg
0--20
--55
Sol. sets
10.3
% BS
Ca
Na
Al
0.1
0.1
3.1
16.7
0.05
0.1
13.5
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
3.9
4.4
3.6
1.9
Mg
Organic matter
7.5
3.6
1.8
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
%N
C/N
A,
6.4
0.51
A,
3.0
ACg
1.3
Cg,
0.5
0.04
Cg,
0.1
0.02
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
13
24
24
48
clay
90
0.16
19
16
23
56
clay
63
0.07
18
12
19
64
clay
16
76
clay
25
71
clay
10
A110.
FeO.
,O.
TiO.
A,
19.1
18.8
A,
20.6
22.3
2.6
1.4
ACg
25.2
24.7
1.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
Cg,
Horizon
31.4
34.2
29.2
28.8
2.0
2.2
MnOMn0
- ---
SiO,
1,0,
SiO,
R,O,
AI,01
Fe,O,
0.11
1.7
1.6
11.3
0.8
0.06
1.6
1.5
25.2
0.8
0.04
1.7
24.7
0.03
1.7
1.8
23.1
<0.4
<0.4
0.03
2.0
1.9
20.7
0.5
Horizon
SiO,
texture
Cg,
index
stones
% OM
P20 5
1.8
Truog
Moist.
equiv.
A,
42
A,
34
ACg
34
Cg,
35
Cgs
35
Bray-1
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
152
HAPLIC PHAEOZEM
Teodelina
FAO, 1967
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Parent material
Climate
Ilh
Argentina
Site 4b, pp. 42-3
14 km SE Junin, Buenos Aires Province, 340 39'S, 600 50'W
76 m
Gently undulating western sandy pampa
Fine loamy sand, generally loess with CaCO.
5.113, typical pampean
Profile description
A
0-26 cm
AB
26-38 cm
BA
38-63 cm
63-90 cm
BC,
90-150 cm
BC2
150-180 cm
180+
Black (10vR 2/1) moist, loam; weak subangular blocky structure breaking to
granular; friable, nonplastic, nonsticky; many roots, worms; crotovines; gradual
smooth boundary.
Very dark greyish brown to very dark brown (10vR 2.5/2) moist, loam to clay
loam; medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly plastic, slightly
sticky; few clay slcins; many roots; crotovines; clear smooth boundary.
Very dark brown (10vR 2/2) moist, clay loam; medium, prismatic structure
breaking to blocky structure; friable, plastic, slightly sticky; many clayskins;
common roots; gradual smooth boundary.
Very dark greyish brown (10vR 3/2) moist, clay loam; coarse and medium
prismatic structure; friable, plastic, slightly sticky; common clay skins; few
patches of organic matter; common roots; gradual wavy boundary.
Dark brown (10vR 3/3) moist with prominent medium common iron mottles
(5vR 4/4), sandy clay loam; medium, subangular blocky structure; friable,
slightly plastic, nonsticky; common roots; gradual smooth boundary.
Dark yellowish brown (7.5vR 4/4) moist with prominent medium common
iron mottles (5vR 4/4), sandy loam; very weak subangular blocky to massive
structure; friable, nonplastic, nonsticky; few roots; diffuse smooth boundary.
Dark yellowish brown (7.5vR 4/4) moist, loamy sand; structureless; loose,
nonplastic, nonsticky; few roots.
APPENDIX
153
HAPLIC PHAEOZEM
Argentina
Horizon
cm
A
AB
BA
B
BC,
BQ
C
pH
Depth
0-26
-38
-63
-90
-150
-180
180+1
H.0
Cation exchange me %
KCI
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.9
7.1
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
24.9
20.0
20.0
19.6
19.4
18.2
16.9
21.5
16.9
17.0
16.1
16.7
16.2
16.1
86
85
85
82
86
89
96
16.5
12.2
12.4
10.2
10.0
2.9
2.9
2.7
3.6
4.5
4.1
4.0
1.6
0.5
1.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.6
9.4
Organic matter
Sol. salts
CaC0a
1.5
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.3
Al
Flocc.
Horizon
A
AB
BA
B
BC,
BC.
C
%C
%N
C/N
1.9
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.18
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.03
11
9
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
claY
texture
0
0
0
0
0
38
42
41
39
46
24
50
38
32
30
34
32
39
57
33
10
loam
loam
clay loam
clay loam
loam
loam
sandy loam
26
29
27
22
11
index
154
LUVIC PHAEOZEM
Assoc. Bt8-31)
HI
Uruguay
Parent material
Climate
S.W. Uruguay
Convex medium slopes, 4-5%
Pre-Devonian metamorphic rock
4.14, humid subtropical
Proffie description
0-13
cm
AE
13-23
cm
B1
23-42
cm
Very dark grey brown to very dark brown (1Crvit 2.5/2) clay loam; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; abundant
2-5 mm pores; clear boundary.
Black to very dark brown (10vR 2/1.5) clay loam; moderately developed fine
subangular blocky structure; friable, sticky, slightly plastic; abundant 2-5 mm
pores; clear boundary.
Very dark grey brown to very dark grey (10vR 3/1.5) clay; small red mottles
with clear limits; strongly developed large subangular blocky structure; very
firm, very sticky, very plastic; thin continuous very dark grey brown (10vR
3/2) clayskins on all aggregates; few pores larger than 1 mm; gradual boundary.
B2
BC
42-56 cm
56-68 cm
68 +
Very dark grey brown (10vR 3/2) with occasional small yellowish red (5vR 4/2)
mottles with clear limits, clay; strongly developed large subangular blocky
structure; very firm, very sticky, very plastic; continuous dark grey brown
(10yR 4/2) claysldns of medium thickness on all aggregates, few pores larger
than 1 mm; clear boundary.
Very dark grey brown (10vR 3/2) with common yellowish red (5vR 4/6) 5-15
mm mottles with clear limits and clear contrast, heavy silty clay loam to clay
loam; strongly developed large subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky,
very plastic; thick very dark grey brown (10vR 3/2) clayskins on all aggregates; few pores larger than 1 mm; clear boundary.
Altered material from crystalline schist.
APPENDIX
155
LU VIC PHAEOZEM
Uruguay
Horizon
H,0
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
0-13
5.3
5.6
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.0
5.3
6.5
30.0
22.7
23.3
30.3
30.4
76
29.1
94
100
--23
B,
-42
-56
-68
Cation exchange me %
cm
AE
BC
pH
Depth
5.7
5.9
6.3
68+
7.4
31.1
35.7
35.5
30.8
26.4
26.5
75
85
86
Mg
Na
Al
17.2
18.3
22.9
23.9
24.3
22.4
4.5
4.2
6.6
5.2
4.5
3.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.3
2.4
4.9
3.0
2.3
2.2
4.8
0
0
Organic matter
Sol. salts
CaCO,
Ca
3.1
2.9
1.7
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
%N
CIN
% OM
5.4
4.0
14
B2
1.5
1.6
0.38
0.28
0.14
0.16
BC
1.1
0.11
10
0.5
0.06
9.3
6.9
2.6
2.8
1.9
0.8
A
AE
B,
14
11
10
Horizon
SiO,
AE
B,
B,
BC
A1,0,
Fe,O,
TiO,
P,O,
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
25
48
27
27
31
clay loam
24
42
27
49
clay
19
31
50
clay
16
46
38
43
34
23
loam
SiO,
SiO,
A1102
A1,0,
R,O,
FeO,0
mg
Bray-1
0.22
0.17
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.05
texture
loam
index
156
THIONIC FLUVISOL
Mara clay
FAO, 1965-66
Location
Physiography
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Jt
Guyana
Proffie description
02
30-8
cm
Dark reddish brown (5vR 2/2 to 3/2) peat; slightly decomposed, darkening
in air, black muck common around roots of trees; numerous roots.
8-0
cm
Black (10vR 2/1) muck mixed with yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) ashes, charcoal,
and baked clay; strong fine subangular blocky structure; slightly brittle break-
cm
AC1
3-10 cm
wavy boundary.
Grey (5v 6/1) some dark grey in upper part with yellowish red mottles in root
channels, clay; plastic, sticky; faint odour of 112S; clear smooth boundary.
AC2
10-30 cm
Cgi
30-80 cm
0-3
Grey (5v 6/1) with many medium prominent yellowish red mottles usually in
old root channels, clay; massive structure; plastic, sticky; distinct odour of
II,S; dear smooth boundary.
Greenish grey (5Gv 6/1) with common medium prominent yellow and yellowish
brown mottles, clay; plastic, sticky; few dark brown concretions especially
around root channels; distinct odour of II,S; numerous medium and some
fine roots; gradual boundary.
Cg2
80-100 cm
Cg3
100-150 cm
Grey (10vR 6/1) with few fine distinct yellowish brown mottles, clay; massive;
plastic, sticky; distinct odour of 1-12S; common fine roots with some brown
staining around root channels; abrupt smooth boundary.
Greenish grey (5Gv 5/1) clay; plastic, sticky; distinct odour of
few fine
and medium roots.
APPENDIX
157
TH1ONIC FILTVISOL
Guyana
Horizon
cm
02
A
AC1
AC2
(7,t1
Cg2
Cgs
1120
8-0
--3
--10
--30
--84
--100
--150
Cation exchange me %
PH
Depth
KC1
4.4
4.4
4.0
4.2
3.4
4.1
3.5
o,
A
AC1
AC2
Cgi
Cg2
Cga
Total
TEB
47.2
29.2
28.4
27.0
26.5
30.5
2.0
3.2
4.2
5.0
31.1
4.3
18
16
4.7
15
3.3
11
0.3
4
11
15
.
9.8
7.2
2.1
0.8
0.5
1.4
2.5
0.58
0.29
0.03
0.24
0.05
0.09
0.06
Al202
Fe202
% Om'
1.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.3
2.4
3.4
4.0
3.2
3.6
2.3
0.2
0.4
stones
c. sand
f. sand
2
1
10
1
TiO,
MnO
'
P202
Al
AC,
AC2
Cgi
C42
Cgi,
Soluble salts me %
so,--
Cl-
acids
bases
6.0
0.1
1.6
3.4
}I
9.6
13.8
14.5
14.6
13.1
15.1
17.3
35.6
22.2
9.7
7.4
9.1
10.5
10.5
Flocc.
silt
clay
texture
45
46
40
46
45
53
53
silty clay
silty clay
silty clay
silty clay
silty clay
SiO,
A1,0,
SiO,
12,0.
A1,02
Fe,02
50
53
Si
P
mg %
Truog
3.9
1.6
1.0
0.8
0.7
1.9
0.5
(44
Mg
Na
index
17
25
02
Horizon
CaCO,
Horizon
Si02
Ca
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
qN
%C
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.10
0.24
% BS
Organic matter
alts
Horizon
CEC
exch.
Fe
Silt
me %
4.6
8.4
10.0
34
37
32
34
39
158
HAPLIC KASTANOZEM
Calacala
Kh
Peru
Physiography
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
A
0-10 cm
AB
10-25 cm
BCk
25-60 cm
Ck
60-80 cm
Very dark brown (7.5vR 2/2) when moist, loam; fine angular blocky structure;
friable, slightly plastic, nonsticky; clear wavy boundary.
Black (7.5yR 2/0) when moist, loam; medium angular to fine subangular
blocky structure; firm, very plastic, very sticky; gradual boundary.
Dark reddish brown (5vrt 3/2) when moist, silt loam; medium subangular blocky
structure; firm, plastic, sticky; laminar stratification of calcareous material;
abrupt wavy boundary.
Dark reddish brown (5vR 3/3) when moist, loamy sand; soft; small calcareous
inclusions; some soft iron and manganese concretions.
APPENDIX
159
HAPLIC KASTANOZEM
Peru
Horizon
pH
Depth
cm
H,0
Cation exchange me %
KCI
CaCO,
Ca
Mg
Na
63
8.0
2.4
0.7
1.8
19.7
100
7.9
8.0
0.5
3.3
trace
16.1
16.1
100
3.8
8.4
0.5
3.4
1.3
4.5
4.6
100
2.3
0.8
0.1
1.4
3.6
CEC
TEB
20.4
12.9
19.7
% BS
Al
i
i
0-10
7.0
AB
--25
7.9
BCk
-60
-80
8.5
Ck
8.8
trace
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Horizon
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
5.1
0.24
21
AB
2.7
0.15
18
BCk
0.7
Ck
0.1
f. sand
silt
clay
8.8
47
38
15
loam
4.7
39
50
11
loam
0.07
1.2
35
54
11
silt loam
0.03
0.2
81
12
stones
c. sand
index
texture
sandy loam
,
,
Available, kg/ha
Al,O,
SiO,
Horizon
SiO,
AI,0,
Fe.0,
TiO,
MnO
P,O,
A1.0.
LO,
Fe,0
370
AB
120
120
120
BCk
Ck
i
Flocc.
160
FERRIC LUVISOL
Marina
Rep. FAO-EPTA 2197
Lf
Brazil
Location
Altitude
620 m
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
Ap
0-20 cm
20-42 cm
Bi
42-77 cm
B2
77-97 cm
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) loamy sand; single grain structure; soft, friable,
nonplastic, nonsticky; roots abundant; smooth boundary.
Yellowish brown (5YR 4/3) sand; single grain structure; soft, friable, nonplastic,
nonsticky; roots abundant; abrupt smooth boundary.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) with common prominent medium dark reddish
brown (5YR 2/2) mottles, sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular structure;
very hard, friable, very plastic, sticky; few weak clayskins; very porous; roots
abundant; gradual smooth boundary.
Dark red (2.5yR 3/6) with few medium prominent dark reddish brown (5YR
2/4) mottles, sandy clay loam; massive, porous, breaking to weak fine granular
structure; very hard, friable, plastic and sticky; few roots; gradual smooth
boundary.
BC
97-209 cm
Yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy loam; massive, porous, breaking down into
weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, plastic, sticicy;
few roots.
NOTE: The fine sand is 98 to 100% Quartz with traces of mica in the Av. 132 and BC horizons, The
clay is predominantly kaohnitic.
APPENDIX
161
FERRIC LUVISOL
Brazil
Horizon
pH
Depth
cm
ILO
Ap
0-20
E
B,
-42
-77
-97
BC
-209
6.3
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.4
Cation exchange me %
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
5.5
4.0
3.3
5.6
2.5
5.3
6.0
5.4
4.4
CaCO,
Mg
Na
0.1
1.8
0.2
0.2
4.3
3.5
2.6
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
Ca
83
3.0
2.0
5.4
4.5
80
90
3.5
80
'
Al
Total
B,
5.2
5.8
83
Organic matter
Sol. salts
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.9
0.8
Horizon
%C
%N
ON
Ap
0.4
0.05
0.1
B,
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.02
0.06
0.02
B,
BC
0.02
% OM
Flocc.
index
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
24
67
sand
53
21
73
sand
34
16
57
25
50
14
60
24
55
19
61
18
sandy loam
61
texture
clay
SiO,
MD3
Moist.
Al20;
11 4 0,
FeA),
ing %
Truog
equiv.
0.2
1.9
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.8
1.4
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.6
3.4
3.2
4.9
5.0
4.5
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
Horizon
SiOs
ALOs
FeX4
TiO2
0.5
0.5
1.2
1.7
0.6
Ap
3.5
3.1
2.4
B1
2.5
10.5
1.4
1.2
9.1
2.9
138
10.0
8.7
8.1
7.2
2.7
2.5
BC
MnO
1350.
1.6
1.6
4
4
14
14
12
162
DYSTRIC NITOSOL Nd
Estao soil
Rep. FAO-EPTA 2197
WSRR 25
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Brazil
Bennema 1966, p. 64
FAO, 1966a, profile 49, p. 73
Passo Fundo Experimental Station, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do S-ul 280 18'S,
520 25'W
680 m
Undulating, 8% slope
Well drained
Basalts of the Trapp formation
Subtropical mixed forest with Ilex para quariensis and Araucaria angustifolia
Proffie description
BA
0-15 cm
Dark reddish brown (2.5va 3/4) moist, clay; moderately developed medium
and coarse granular structure; very hard, firm, plastic, sticky, few pores; abundant roots, with coatings along channels; diffuse smooth boundary.
15-40 cm
Dark red (2.5vu 3/5) moist, clay; weakly developed medium subanguiar blocky
structure; very hard, frill to friable, plastic, sticky, porous; few weakly develop-
40-70 cm
B2
70-160 cm
B3
160-190 cm
Dark red (2.5vit 3/5) moist, heavy clay; moderately developed medium and
fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, plastic, sticky, few pores; weakly
developed and few clayskins on peds; few roots; soil in the mass shows increased cohesion due to clayskins which are visible at about 60 magnification;
diffuse smooth boundary.
Dark red (2.5YR 3/6) moist, heavy clay; moderately developed fine subangular
blocky structure; hard, firm; few pores; weakly developed and few clayskins,
although their presence is confirmed at 60 magnifications; gradual smooth
boundary.
Dark red (2.5vit 3/6) moist, clay; no visible structure in the relatively poorly
coherent mass, which breaks readily to angular blocks; hard, firm; slightly
sticky, slightly plastic; few pores; occasional fragments of weathering rock.
APPENDIX
163
.DYSTRIC NITOSOL
Brazil
pH
Depth
Horizon
CaCO.
cm
MO
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
0-15
5.9
5.0
5.2
4.2
4.0
18.3
10.5
57
3.0
1.1
0.2
7.6
14.0
6.1
44
3.3
0.1
1.1
6.8
11.3
2.7
24
6.4
2.7
1.7
0.9
0.1
2.3
6.3
4.0
9.8
9.8
1.8
18
1.0
0.1
2.5
5.5
1.7
17
0.9
0.7
0.8
2.7
5.4
--40
--70
BA
B,
5.1
-160
-190
B2
B,
Cation exchange me %
5.6
5.6
4.0
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Horizon
% OM
stones
c. sand
12
0.10
%C
%N
C/N
3.2
0.28
BA.
1.1
0.12
B1
0.7
0.5
0.2
f. sand
Flocc.
index
silt
clay
texture
39
45
clay
51
32
57
clay
86
22
71
clay
100
0.07
27
64
clay
100
0.04
12
41
45
clay
100
B3
B3
'
SiO
A1,0,
FeO,
Mn0
TiO3
P205
SiO.,
SiO,
A-1,0-:
LO.
A1,05
Fe, 03
Mn0
mg %
Truog
Total
Ivloist.
equiv.
31
36
3.7
4.0
0.4
18.8
25.9
25.9
23.2
21.8
3.0
0.2
0.2
19.8
16.8
BA
20.9
B,
26.8
B2
Bs
28.8
24.7
21.1
2.7
29.9
24.9
24.3
3.0
0.3
0.2
0.22
0.17
0.16
2.0
1.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
1.1
0.44
0.28
2.0
1.2
0.17
0.18
0.19
2.0
1.3
1.7
1.8
0.15
38
2.0
1.3
1.6
0.22
38
30
164
EUTRIC NITOSOL Ne
Terra Roxa Estruturada
Rep. FAO-EPTA 2197
Brazil
Location
Altitude
580 m
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
Ap
B1
0-19 cm
19-80
C111
80-134 cm
B3
Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) dry, yellowish red
(5YR 4/7) rubbed dry, clay; strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, plastic, slightly sticky; abundant roots; clear smooth
boundary.
Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) dry, yellowish red
(5YR 4/7) rubbed dry, clay; strong fine and medium subangular blocky struc-
ture; slightly hard, firm, plastic, slightly sticky; abundant strong clayskins;
clear smooth boundary.
Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 314) moist, dark red (2.5YR 3/7) dry, yellowish
red (5YR 4/8) rubbed dry, clay; moderately developed fine subangular blocky
structure; soft, friable, slightly plastic, nonsticky; strong clayskins; few roots;
gradual smooth boundary.
134-224 cm
Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist, dark red (2.5YR 3/7) dry, yellowish red
(5YR 4/8) rubbed dry, clay; massive, very porous, breaking easily into weak
fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly plastic, nonsticky; roots
absent; gradual wavy boundary.
224-250 cm
Dark brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; soft, very friable, slightly plastic, nonsticky.
Nam: The clay in the Ap horizon contains quartz and 1 :1 lattice clays. In the B. and IL horizons
1 : 1 minerals and iron oxides are codominant, with some gibbsite also present. The sand
fractions have a high percentage of magnetite and iron concretions with smaller amounts of
Quartz.
APPENDIX
165
EUTRIC NITOSOL
Brazil
pH
Depth
Horizon
Cation exchange me %
Ca(X),
cm
ILO
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
Ap
0-19
5.6
16.9
14.5
86
1.1
0.1
2.3
-80
5.3
11.3
8.9
79
3.4
0.6
0.1
4.5
3.9
3.4
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.8
3.2
--250
3.9
9.5
6.0
4.5
3.8
64
4.4
9.4
8.6
2.4
2.0
B,
-134
-224
9.7
4.8
2.0
1.0
0.8
3.7
B,
6.2
5.8
4.8
5.0
4.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
2.1
3.6
52
40
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Flocc.
Horizon
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
texture
index
20
15
64
clay
56
0.07
12
82
clay
71
0.05
12
14
73
clay
0.03
18
20
61
clay
100
0.05
26
25
43
clay
100
%C
%N
C/N
Ap
1.5
0.18
B/
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
B,
% OM
100
1
B3
Horizon
Si02
R20.
Al20
A1,03
1.0
0.8
27
1.3
1.6
35
2.1
1.3
1.5
0.9
0.7
0.19
2.1
1.3
1.4
2.2
1.4
1.5
0.8
0.8
32
0.28
Fes03
TiO2
MnO
P20,
Ap
22.0
17.1
27.9
7.2
0.4
0.26
2.2
1.1
131
29.7
23.9
22.7
0.1
0.22
2.1
28.4
23.3
24.0
0.2
0.19
28.3
22.7
24.7
4.3
5.2
5.6
0.1
29.7
22.7
23.8
5.1
0.1
Els
Moist.
equiv.
Al20,
mg 'X
Truog
SiO2
1E6
FeOo
33
36
166
DYSTRIC HISTOSOL
Anira peat
FAO, 1965-66
Location
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Od
Guyana
Profile description
0,
0-15 cm
02
15-50 cm
03
50-100 cm
Dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) peat; structureless; many medium and fine roots;
gradual smooth boundary.
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) peat; structureless; many fine roots; there is
not much decomposition of the organic matter in this horizon; gradual smooth
boundary.
Very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2) peat; structureless; much decomposition
of organic material but undecomposed leaves, roots and twigs still visible;
04
100-150 cm
APPENDIX
167
DYSTRIC HISTOS OL
Guyana
Horizon
Cation exchange me %
Depth
CaCO3
CM
FLO
o,
0-15
o,
os
04
CEC
TEB
4.0
78
2.6
-50
4.0
76
-100
-150
3.9
4.1
KCI
Sol. salts
Ca
Mg
0.9
1.0
1.8
0.4
79
2.4
71
1.8
% BS
Na
Al
0.3
0.4
5.5
70
0.6
0.1
0.7
6.8
68
0.4
0.8
0.1
1.1
7.6
70
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.7
6.7
63
Organic matter
Flocc.
Horizon
Total %
i'i C
%N
C/N
0,
0.03
27.6
0.89
31
02
0.03
50.7
0.98
52
03
0.06
04
0.04
% OM
c. sand
f. sand
clay
silt
0.90
46.8
0.91
52
Horizon
SiO,
stories
Alf/s
FeOz,
TiCI
MnO
PS),
Si(:)
SiCL
ARL
A1,0,
ItA),
FeJO.
P
mg %
Truog
02
1.3
02
0.4
02
04
0.4
texture
index
168
HUMIC PODZOL
Hydromorphic podzol
do Solos, 1960
Comisslio
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Ph
Brazil
Profile description
A
0-10 cm
10-30 cm
131
30-45 cm
B2
45-75
BC
75-95 cm
C111
95-195 cm
Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,
nonplastic, nonsticky; abundant roots; clear wavy boundary.
Light grey (N/7) sand; single grain structure; soft, nonplastic, nonsticky; roots
decreasing; abrupt irregular boundary.
Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand; soft, friable, nonplastic, nonsticky; weakly
cemented with organic material; few roots; abrupt irregular boundary.
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sand; strongly cemented; no roots; abrupt
irregular boundary.
Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) and strong brown (7.5YR. 5/6) sand in layers 2 mm to
1 cm thick; strongly cemented; no roots; gradual boundary.
White (2.5y 812) with layers 2 to 5 mm thick of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
sand; single grain structure; soft, nonplastic, nonsticky.
Below this horizon is a light grey Cg horizon.
APPENDIX
169
HUMIC PODZOL
Brazil
Horizon
PH
Depth
cm
Cation exchange me %
CaCO.
Hs0
A
E
B,
0-10
3.8
-30
-45
4.6
B,
--75
BC
-95
-195
4.4
4.9
4.9
3.8
KC1
CEC
TEB
5.,; BS
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
2.9
3.5
3.2
3.8
4.2
8.6
0.5
30.6
13.3
1.9
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
22
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.1
0
4.6
0.2
0.1
5.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.2
0
0
1.8
0.4
21.5
10.8
9.8
0.8
4.5
12.1
1.5
60
1
4
21
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
stones
f. sand
c. sand
silt
clay
texture
index
11C
3.3
0.1
3.6
1.3
1.4
0.2
E
BI
16
0.23
0.01
0.09
0.03
0.04
0.01
14
40
45
36
A
E
B1
SiOs
AlsOs
FesOs
TiOs
0.7
0.2
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.0
2.1
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
BC
0.5
1.4
1.1
B2
0.1
MnO
Ps Os
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
92
0
0
98
92
0
4
98
16
96
83
A.O
SiOs
120,
SiO.
5.3
2.5
2.2
0.9
1.8
1.4
0.9
0.6
1.2
1.9
1.0
1.5
LO,
A1,0.
Fe.
0.8
0.7
3.3
2.4
6.1
3.1
P
mg %
Truog
1.0
0.6
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.7
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
93
100
86
33
18
78
Moist
eQUiV.
12
2
12
5
11
170
ALRIC ARENOSOL
Tiwiwid sand
FAO, 1965-66
Location
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Qa
Guyana
Coarse-textured sediments
Forest or scrub
1.121, humid semihot equatorial
Profile description
0-10 cm
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sand containing numerous white sand grains which
give the surface a salt and pepper appearance, sand grains are medium to
A2
10-18 cm
18-60 cm
coarse in size; weak, fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots;
gradual smooth boundary.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1) grading to grey (10YR 5/1) sand with numerous white
sand grains; single grain structure; loose, very friable; common fine roots;
clear smooth boundary.
Grey grading to light grey (10YR 5/1 to 6/1) medium sand; single grain structure; loose, very friable; few fine roots and occasional medium roots; gradual
smooth boundary-.
C2
60-120 +
Light grey to white (10YR 7/1 to 8/2) medium sand; single grain structure;
loose, very friable; occasional fine roots.
APPENDIX
171
ALBIC'ARENOSOL
Guyana
Horizon
Cation exchange me %
PH
Depth
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
0.1
1.9
2.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
2.1
5.4
0.2
0.2
5.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
CEC
TES
4.6
2.0
4.5
C1
18
60
C2
120
A1
A,
cm
ILO
0-10
KC1
% SS
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Flocc.
Horizon
%N
%C
C/N
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sand
C aCO3
%
silt
claY
texture
index
Total
Aq
2.'5
0.04
98
sand
A2
1.7
0.02
98
sand
C,
0.1
0.01
98
sand
C,
sand
Horizon
SiO3
Al.,03
Fa33
TiO3
MnO,
P .O.
SiO3
A1.03
97
SiO.
A1,03
R.O.
FeD .
P
mg %
Truog
silt I
%
A1
0.6
A2
0.6
C1
0.7
C5.
0.9
NOTE: These analyses are from a profile similar to the one described on the facing Page.
'International size grades.
172
FERRALIC ARENOSOL
Regosol intergrade to Latoso!
Comisslio do Solos 1960
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Qf
Brazil
Profile description
0-15 cm
Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) mottled vvith zones of leached sand, loamy sand;
weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, nonplastic, nonsticky; roots abundant;
clear smooth boundary.
BC1
15-49 cm
BC2
49-112 cm
BC3
112-148 cm
BC,
148-328 cm
BC,
328-528 cm
Reddish brown (5vR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, very
friable, nonplastic, nonsticky; roots abundant, clear smooth boundary.
Yellowish red (5vR 4/6) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,
nonplastic, nonsticky; roots abundant; diffuse smooth boundary.
Yellowish red (5vR 4/7) sandy loam; massive and porous breaking to weak
fine granular and single grain structure; slightly hard, friable, nonplastic,
slightly sticky; roots abundant; diffuse smooth boundary.
Yellowish red (5vR 4/8) sandy loam; massive and porous breaking to weak
fine granular and single grain structure; slightly hard to hard, friable, slightly
plastic, slightly sticky; roots abundant; diffuse smooth boundary.
Yellowish red (5vR 5/8) to red (2.5vR 5/8) sandy loam; massive and porous
breaking to weak fine granular and single grain structure; firm to friable,
C(?)
528-600
-I-
Non: The sand fraction is almost entirely quartz. Clay in the BC,. BC, and C horizons is also quartz
dominant with 1 : 1 minerals minor in the BC. and C and codominant in the BC.. Gibbsite
APPENDIX
173
FERRALIC ARENOSOL
Brazil
Horizon
A
BC,
BC2
BC2
BC,
BC,
C
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
CaCO.
cm
KO
0-15
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.4
5.7
5.0
4.5
4.6
3.9
-49
--112
-148
-328
-528
-600
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
3.9
3.9
2.5
28
28
4.0
4.2
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
2.2
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
2.4
Ca
27
37
42
Al
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.3
37
29
1.2
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Na
Mg
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
%N
CIN
% OM
stones
clay
texture
index
13
15
14
15
17
14
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy knun
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
75
74
72
f. sand
silt
21
66
9
20
18
18
14
75
63
65
65
66
63
c. sand
1
A
BC,
BC2
BC,
0.5
0.04
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
BC.'
BC,
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
3,
12
90
99
99
98
'
A1,01
FeS).,
TiO.,
5.1
6.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.8
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
MnO
Moist.
ALO,
Pf).
Al20.
R20,
Fe-A
mg %
Truog
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
<0.4
0.7
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.2
1.7
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
5.0
5.8
6.2
Si.O.
Si(/
SA/
equiv.
4.2
BC,
BC,
BC,
BC,
BC,
5.1
4.9
5.5
5.2
6.4
10.1
6.4
6.9
6.7
7.8
9.2
0.2
1.4
5.5
6.0
6.3
8.2
9
10
10
16
174
EUTRIC REGOSOL
Huinca Renances
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Re
Argentina
1966, site 11
Profile description
0-20 cm
Very dark grey brown (10vR 3/2) moist, sandy loam; weak fine subangular
blocky structure breaking to single grain; very friable; diffuse, smooth boundary.
AC
20-45 cm
45-200 cm
C2
200+
Very dark grey brown to dark brown (10a 3/2.5) moist, sand; massive; loose;
diffuse wavy boundary.
Dark yellowing brown (10vR 3/4) moist, sand; massive to single grain structure; loose; abrupt wavy boundary.
Dark yellowish brown (10yR 3/4) moist, sand; massive to single grain structure; loose; abundant free carbonates.
APPENDIX
175
EUTRIC REGOSOL
Argentina
Horizon
cm
Cation exchange me %
DH
Depth
Hi0
KCI
CEC
TEB
% BS
CaCO.
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
0-20
6.4
11.2
10.9
97
6.2
2.8
1.7
0.2
AC
--45
6.7
10.7
10.4
97
6.0
2.9
1.4
0.1
C%
--200
7.3
9.4
9.9
100
6.0
3.1
0.6
0.2
8.2
4.8
0.9
0.4
1.6
A,
C2
200+
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Flocc.
Horizon
c. sand
f. sand
72
0.04
0.03
%N
E.C.
%C
Ail
0.1
0.7
0.07-
AC
0.1
0.4
C2
0.1
0.2
C,
0.1
0.1
C/N
% OM
stones
silt
claY
texture
16
10
sandy loaxn
75
14
sandy kNun
76
14
sandy loam
82
11
loamy sand
index
176
MOLLIC SOLONETZ
Las Flores
FAO, 1967
Location
Altitude
Physiography
Drainage
Vegetation
Climate
Sm
Argentina
Site 21, pp. 54-55
8 km NE Las Flores, Buenos Aires Province, 350 58'S, 59001 'W
28 m
Depressed pampa
Imperfectly drained
Eastern pampa, grassland
5.112, typical pampean
Profile description
Ap
0-15 cm
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1) moist, sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky
15-20 cm
20-40 cm
40-52 cm
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1) moist, sandy loam; weak medium subanguIar blocky
structure brealcing to granular; very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; crotovines;
gradual wavy boundary.
Dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist, sand; weak medium and coarse platy structure,
breaking to single grain; loose; crotovines; abrupt smooth boundary.
Brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist with abundant, prominent medium
brown (7.5YR 4.5/4) mottles, heavy clay; strong, coarse prismatic and columnar
structure; hard, firm, very sticky, very plastic; abundant very dark grey brown
(10YR 3/2) clayskins; many iron-manganese concretions; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2
52-85 cm
Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist with many prominent iron mottles,
clay loam; coarse prismatic structure brealcing to subangular blocky; friable,
very plastic, slightly sticky; moderate calcareous concretions; gradual wavy
boundary.
BC
Cp
85-150 cm
150 -I-
Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist with common mottles, sandy clay loam;
weak, coarse subangular blocky structure breaking to single grain; very hard,
friable, plastic, slightly sticky; few clayskins; many iron-manganese and calcareous concretions; weakly developed fragipan.
Water level.
APPENDIX
177
MOLLIC SOLONETZ
Argentina
Horizon
pH
Depth
cm
Cation exchange me
CaCO.
II0
KCI
CEC
TEB
% ES
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
Ap
0-15
--40
Bti
Bt
-52
-85
BC
-150
8.0
19.6
18.8
96
9.7
4.7
1.5
2.9
8.9
8.7
9.1
8.9
7.6
7.1
21.9
21.6
14.0
93
2.6
95
8.1
7.5
1.4
5.0
6.5
4.3
1.1
23.0
21.6
15.4
2.0
6.5
5.4
3.4
100
100
6.2
2.2
2.1
0.8
0.7
Flocc.
Horizon
C/N
E.C.
% OM
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
texture
53
36
11
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy clay loam
loam
sandy loam
Ap
1.9
0.2
0.3
A2
E
Bti
Bt2
0.7
0.2
BC
1 .4
0.1
0.25
0.03
0.06
0.05
8
7
71
22
48
48
25
27
41
11
58
38
o
o
0
0
Organic matter
Sol. salts
2.3
0.4
index
178
11LTMIC, ANDOSOL Th
Chile
Location
Altitude
525m
Very gently undulating surface of old piedmont terrace
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Well drained
Fine andesitic volcanic ash
Forest, dominantly Nothofagus obliqua and N. dombeyi with olivillo, laurel
6.21, marine Mediterranean
Profile description
A1
0-15
A2
15-45 cm
AB
45-60 cm
BC (?)
60-100 cm
C(?)
100 -I-
Dark brown (7.5va 3/2) dry, dark reddish brown (5vit 2/2) moist, humic silt
loam; very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, very slightly sticky and
very slightly plastic; diffuse boundary.
Very dark grey (7.5VR 30) dry, dark reddish brown (5vR 3/2) moist, rather
heavy silt loam; strongly developed medium subangular blocky structure,
breaking readily to fine and very fine angular blocks and coarse granules;
slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, very slightly plastic; gradual boundary.
Brown (7.51a 4/2) dry-, reddish brown (5vit 4/3) moist, loam; very weakly
developed coarse subangular blocky structure, breaking very readily to very
fine blocks and granules under very slight pressure; soft and powdery when
dry, very friable, very slightly sticky- and slightly plastic; clear boundary.
Yellowish brown (10vit 5/8) dry-, strong brown (7.5vR 5/6) moist, loam; no
recognizable structure in the mass, but breaks readily to coarse irregular blocks
and granules under slight pressure; not appreciably hard when dry, slightly to
moderately sticky, moderately plastic; diffuse boundary.
Similar material, rather more yellowish and markedly more plastic.
The clay minerals are mainly amorphous with allophanic characteristics. The
light sand minerals are predominantly intermediate and basic plagioclase and
volcanic glass. The heavy sand minerals belong to the hypersthene/augite
association.
APPENDIX
179
HUMIC ANDOSOL
Chile
Horizon
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me
CaCO,
cm
1110
KC1
CEC
TEI3
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
0-15
5.6
4.9
64
5.9
3.0
2.2
0.6
0.2
36
5.6
5.2
46
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.1
30
AB
-45
-60
5.6
5.4
51
0.2
0.2
0.1
29
BC (?)
-100
5.6
5.5
40
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
25
Al
Total
A,
A2
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Flocc.
Horizon
c. sand
f. sand
silt
clay
10
75
17
silt loam
0.48
72
19
silt loam
3.2
0.41
71
18
silt loam
2.2
0.23
10
10
64
20
silt loam
%C
%N
C/N
A,
10.4
1.02
A,
3.2
AB
BC (?)
% OM
stones
texture
SiO,
A1,0,
SiO,
A1,01
It20.
Fe,O,
CaO
MgO
K.10
index
Loss
on Ign.
SiO,
Al201
Fe,03
TiO,
A,
20.9
20.7
13.8
0.2
1.7
1.2
2.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
25.9
A,
20.3
27.2
13.8
0.2
1.3
1.0
3.3
0.6
0.1
23.8
AB
17.7
28.9
12.7
0.3
1.0
1.0
3.3
0.3
0.1
24.0
BC (?)
19.3
31.3
13.4
0.4
1.0
1.0
3.3
0.6
0.2
0.1
21.6
P202
'International method, obtaining dispersion by reducing the pH to 3.5 with HCI without pretreatment.
180
VITRIC ANDOSOL
Yunguyo
Tv
Peru
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
Ap
C1
C2
0-25 cm
25-40 cm
40-95 cm
Grey brown (2.5v 5/2) dry, sandy loam; granular; soft; clear boundary.
Grey (5v 5/1) dry, sand; single grain; soft; clear boundary.
Very dark grey brown (2.5v 3/2) moist, sandy loam; massive; friable; clear
boundary.
C3
95 +
APPENDIX
181
VITRIC ANDOSOL
Peru
Horizon
Depth
cm
Cation exchange me %
CaCO.
FLO
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
Ap
0-25
5.3
9.1
2.4
26
1.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
Cl
10
5.6
1.6
1.4
88
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.1
Cl
-95
5.3
9.2
4.3
47
3.2
0.6
0.4
0.1
5.2
5.8
2.1
36
1.6
0.1
0.2
0.1
C2
95+
Sol. salts
Organic matter
Horizon
Flocc.
%C
%N
CiN
% OM
Ap
0.9
0.06
15
Ci
0.2
C,
C3
f. sand
silt
clay
texture
1.6
74
20
sandy kiern
0.01
0.3
94
sand
0.7
0.04
1.3
60
28
12
0.6
0.04
1.0
90
stones
c. sand
sandy loam
sand
Available, kg/ha
Horizon
FeA
SiO2
ALOE
S102
Al203
RO
Fe,08
11
340
C1
340
C2
340
C,
310
SiO
Ap
ALOI
TiO2
MnO
P O,
index
182
CHROMIC VERTISOL
Ve
Brazil
Location
Altitude
> 415 m
Physiography
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
A
0-20 cm
BC1
20-70 cm
BC2
70-132 cm
132-142 cm
Olive brown (2.5v 4/4) dry and moist, clay; coarse granular mulch on surface
grading to medium coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm; calcareous.
Olive brown (2.5y 4/4) dry and moist, clay; mainly massive with some slickensides on horizontal planes; very hard, very firm; calcareous.
Olive brown (2.5v 4/4) dry and moist, clay; massive, with slickensides; very
hard, very firm; calcareous.
Olive brown (2.5v 4/4) dry and moist, clay; grading into pale yellowish brown
and whitish decaye,d rock; calcareous.
APPENDIX
183
CHROMIC VERTISOL
Brazil
PH
Depth
Horizon
Cation exchange me %
CaCO,
cm
FLO
KC1
CEC
TEB
% ES
Ca
Mg
Na
0-20
8.1
7.0
39.8
39.8
100
36.4
2.8
0.2
0.4
5.4
BC/
--70
7.9
6.9
34.3
34.3
100
32.8
0.8
0.1
0.6
6.1
BC2
-132
-142
8.1
7.0
38.9
38.9
100
36.0
1.6
0.1
1.2
6.2
7.8
6.8
33.4
33.4
100
30.8
1.0
0.1
1.5
8.6
Sol. salts
Organic matter
Al
Horizon
Flocc.
E.C.
%C
%N
C/N
0.2
0.4
0.06
BC/
0.2
0.3
BC2
0.5
1.5
% OM
index
stones
c. sand
f. sand
silt
claY
Nnaure
13
25
11
51
clay
80
0.05
18
19
13
50
clay
91
0.3
0.05
12
24
12
52
clay
39
0.2
0.06
27
12
52
clay
40
Horizon
Si02
ALD :
LO,
ALA:)
FeO,Fe
Moist.
equiv.
SiO,
Al20.
Fe:O.
23.1
13.3
4.7
3.0
2.4
4.4
25
BC/
23.4
13.7
4.7
2.9
2.4
4.6
26
BC2
23.6
14.0
4.8
2.9
2.4
4.6
29
24.3
13.7
5.1
3.0
2.4
4.2
29
C
1
TiCq
MnO
P 20.,
184
PELLIC VERTISOL
Laguna Vieja
Vp
Peru
Physiography
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Profile description
A
0-15 cm
Black (5vR 2/1) moist, clay loam; slightly hard, friable, plastic, sticky; slickensides; diffuse boundary.
15-100 cm
Black (5vit 2/1) moist, clay; blocky structure; very hard, firm; slickensides;
diffuse boundary.
CB
100-140 cm
Brown (7.5vit 5/2) clay; massive; very hard; calcium carbonate concretions;
clear boundary.
140-170 cm
Grey brown (2.5v 5/2) moist, clay loam; extremely hard; calcium carbonate
concretions.
185
APPENDIX
PELLIC VERTISOL
Peru
Horizon
cm
A
B
CB
pH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
CaCO3
HD
0-15
-100
-140
-170
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
7.3
34.7
34.7
100
32.5
1.0
0.9
0.4
0.2
7.8
31.9
31.9
100
30.2
1.0
0.3
0.4
3.2
7.8
29.6
29.6
100
28.0
1.0
0.3
0.4
2.2
7.8
18.4
18.4
100
17.1
0.9
0.3
0.1
2.0
KC1
Organic matter
Sol. salts
Al
Flocc.
Horizon
f. sand
silt
claY
texture
9.2
30
32
38
clay loam
1.9
26
28
46
clay
0.04
0.8
32
26
42
clay
0.02
0.34
44
26
30
clay loam
E.C.
%C
%N
C/N
% OM
0.8
5.4
0.39
14
0.1
1.1
0.07
16
CB
2.4
0.46
2.8
0.19
stones
c. sand
index
186
EUTRIC PLANOSOL We
Profile 4
Cappannini and Lores
Location
Physiography
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Argentina
Undated, profile 4, p. 12
32 km S Corrientes, near El Sombrero, 270 45S, 580 47'W
Flat plain
Tertiary clays
Range land
4.36, hot semitropical
Profile description
A
0-10 cm
E1
10-18 cm
E2
18-25 cm
BE
25-27 cm
Bti
27-50 CM
Bt2
50-65/75cm
Bck
65-85 cm
85-150 cm
Very dark grey to very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/1.5), sandy loam to loam;
granular to weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly
plastic, diffuse boundary.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1) with common fine distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)
mottles, loam; granular to subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly plastic,
sticky; common iron-manganese concretions; diffuse boundary.
Dark grey to grey (10YR 4.5/1) with few fine prominent dark reddish brown
mottles, sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky and weak medium secondary structure; firm, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; common iron-manganese
concretions in the upper part; abrupt boundary.
Very dark grey (10yR 3/1) with few fine distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)
mottles, silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very firm, sticky,
plastic; clear boundary.
Black to very dark grey (10YR 2.5/1) clay; strong medium subangular blocky
structure; very firm, very plastic, sticky; many clayskins; gradual boundary.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1) with many fine black (10YR 2/1) mottles, clay; strong
fine subangular blocky structure; same consistency as Bti ; many clayskins;
few lion-manganese concretions; some small quartz pebbles; gradual wavy
boundary.
Greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2) with fine faint common yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
and common prominent black (10YR 2/1) mottles, clay loam; strong medium
angular blocky structure; same consistency as Bti ; many hard CaCO, concretions, few small iron-manganese concretions; gradual boundary.
Greyish brown to light greyish brown (2.5v 5.5/2) with common fine distinct
black (10YR 2/1) mottles, clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
187
APPENDIX
EUTRIC PLANOSOL
Argentina
Horizon
A/E2
vH
Depth
Cation exchange me %
cm
HS)
KC1
CEC
TED
% ES
0-18
5.4
6.5
6.8
7.5
8.5
7.5
4.7
4.9
8.0
5.8
29.4
28.2
23.8
18.7
5.9
3.9
26.5
26.2
74
67
25.3
17.0
100
E2
-25
BE/t1
--50
Bt,
Bck
C
-65
--85
-150+
5.1
5.8
6.7
5.1
90
93
91
Ca
Mg
Na
3.7
2.4
20.7
20.7
1.2
0.8
4.2
3.8
6.8
2.8
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
17.3
13.0
Al
1.1
0
0
0
0
'
1.2
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.3
3.4
0
Organic matter
Sol. salts
CaCO.
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
Bck
1.0
0.3
0.7
0.4
O./
A/E/
E2
BE/Bti
Bt2
%, N
C/N
0.10
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.02
10
% OM
stones
Si.
Horizon
SiO,
Al203
FeO2.
TiO,
Mn0
Al20,
silt
claY
texture
53
31
14
56
30
13
sandy loam
sandy loam
36
18
clay
39
41
20
22
45
40
36
43
24
clay loam
clay loam
c. sand
f. sand
'
SiO,
Al203
1120.
Fe0::+3
32
Moist.
equiv.
PAZI.
index
clay
Resistance
paste
1000 SI
A/El
18
E2
15
15
BE/Bti
Bt,
43
37
2
2
Bck
31
32
2
2
188
MOLLIC PLANOSOL
Seres Dd 3.12
M.F. Purnell
Location
Altitude
Physiography-
Drabiage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Wm
Argentina
UNDP :SF/FAO Entre Rios Project, unpublished data
41m
Undulating, 1% slope
Imperfectly drained
Pampean silt
Setaria, Eragrostis lujens, Ciperceas
5.35, subtropical pampean
Profile description
A
0-8
AE
8-30 cm
cm
B1
30-45 Cln
B2
45-75 cm
Dark greyish brown (10vR 4/2) dry, black (10vR 2/1) moist, loam; moderately
developed fine crumb and strongly developed very fine subangular blocky
structures; soft, very friable, plastic, slightly sticky; abundant roots; clear
smooth boundary.
Dark grey to very dark grey (10vx. 3.5/1) dry, black (10vit 2/1) moist, loam;
weakly developed medium prismatic breaking to strongly- developed medium
subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, plastic, slightly sticky; roots common; abrupt smooth boundary.
Black (10vR 2/05) dry and moist, silty clay; strongly developed large columnar
structure; extremely hard, very firm, very plastic, sticky; abundant slickensides; few roots; gradual smooth boundary.
Very dark grey (10''R 3/1) moist, silty clay; strongly developed medium angular
blocky structure; very firm, very plastic, sticky; few roots; clear smooth boundary.
BC
75-95 cm
Brown. (10yR 5/3) and very dark grey (10vit 3/1) moist, silty clay; strongly
developed medium and fine subangular blocky- structure; firm, plastic, sticky;
calcium carbonate concretions, but noncalcareous; few roots; gradual smooth
boundary.
95-125 cm
Brown (7.5yR 5/4) moist with black mottles, heavy silty clay loam; strongly
developed fine to very fine subangular blocky structure; firm to friable, plastic,
sticky; calcium carbonate concretions in the upper part of the horizon, noncalcareous; few roots.
189
APPENDIX
MOLLIC PLANOSOL
Argentina
Horizon
Cation exchange me %
Hp
Depth
cm
H,0
KC1
CEC
TEB
% BS
0-8
-30
4.9
4.9
22.8
20.8
88
--45
5.5
6.1
6.8
6.3
32.8
34.2
30.4
25.3
17.6
31.6
85
131
6.0
6.2
6.4
7.2
8.0
7.8
20.0
AE
BC
-75
-95
--125
132
97
Ca
Mg
Na
13.4
14.2
27.3
5.6
2.7
3.1
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.1
27.3
100
23.7
0.9
2.3
Al
6.6
6.6
6.3
2.6
Organic matter
Sol. salts
CaCO,
c. sand
f. sand
silt.
clay
texture
10
40
37
23
10
41
35
24
10
29
30
30
29
25
26
44
44
28
41
32
37
loam
loam
clay
clay
clay
clay loam
%N
C/N
AE
2.0
1.7
B,.
1.0
0.20
0.17
0.10
0.06
0.05
02
0.6
0.5
0.1
B2
% OM
stones
0
1
SiO,
Horizon
SiO,
A1,0,
Fe,03
TiO,
MnO
I'D,
A1,0-,
SiO,
R.,0,
A1.0,
trace
1.3
0
Flocc.
Horizon
%C
index
silt'
Fe,O ,
A
AE
25
B,
17
B2
19
24
20
22
BC
C
Moist.
equiv.
Horizon
A
AE
B,
B2
BC
C
21
23
32
34
32
29
190
SOLODIC PLANOSOL Ws
Series 35.11.0
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Argentina
Manuscript date, 1965
Reserve 6, Balcarce, Buenos Aires Province, Balcarce is 370 51'S, 580 15'W
Profile description
Ap
AE
0-15 cm
5-40 cm
40-55 cm
Bt./
55-80 cm
Black (10vR. 2/1) moist, very dark grey (10YR. 3/1) dry, sandy loam; moderately
Bt2
80-95 cm
95-135 cm
APPENDIX
191
SOLODIC PLANOSOL
Argentina
Horizon
Ap
AE
E
B4
Bt2
Cation exchange me
pH
Depth
Cin
HD
0-15
5.8
6.0
6.8
7.5
8.6
9.0
9.0
--40
--55
--80
--95
--135
135-E
KC1
CEC
TEB
33.0
26.7
20.2
16.6
6.2
20.8
8.1
23.0
23.0
29.3
% BS
61
62
76
89
100
13.6
12.5
3.7
9.9
13.3
3.1
2.3
1.2
3.1
1.5
7.2
2.1
10.8
2.6
Total
Ap
AE
E
Bt,
Bt2
%C
%N
CiN
13
0.03
0.08
0.07
0.08
12
9
2.1
O
2.8
Organic matter
12
0.5
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.0
10.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.6
2.6
2.8
2.1
1.5
Horizon
E.C.
Al
Na
Mg
Ca
14.3
Sol. salts
CaCO.
% OM
8.8
5.4
0.9
0.9
0.6
stones
sand
c. silt
45
16
16
20
16
14
18
20
49
(62)
41
48
59
61
f.
silt
1
1
1
clay
texture
20
18
loam
loam
sandy loam
clay loam
8
35
9
8
Flocc.
22
14
11
loana
sandy loam
sandy loam
index
192
HAPLIC XEROSOL Xh
Puento Chico
Drainage
Parent material
Vegetation
Climate
Argentina
1966, pp. 59-61, 120.
Near Lot 83, junction of Buratovich and D canals, around 390 25'S, 620 45'W
Profile description
A
0-10 cm
AC,
10-20 cm
AC2
20-47 cm
C,
47-80 cm
C2
80-110 cm
110-130 cm
Dark brown (I0YR 3/3) moist, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) dry, sandy loam;
large subangular blocky with a tendency to laminar structure; soft, friable,
somewhat plastic, nonsticky; roots; clear wavy boundary.
Very dark greyish (10YR 3/2) moist, greyish brown to dark greyish brown
(10YR 4.5/2) dry, sandy loam; weak large subangular blocky structure; soft,
friable, slightly plastic, nonsticky; some 1-2 cm gravels; few roots; gradual
wavy boundary.
Dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) dry, sandy loam;
massive, with a tendency to weak medium to large subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, somewhat plastic, nonsticky; some 1-2 cm pebbles; some
lenses of calcareous material from the horizon below; rodent burrows; many
roots; gradual wavy boundary.
Brown (10YR 4/3) moist, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) dry, fine sandy loam; massive, breaking to weak large subangular blocky structure; soft, friable; roots;
gradual wavy boundary.
Dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) moist, light brownish grey (10yR 6/2) dry,
sandy loam; massive, compact; some calcareous concretions (3-4 cm); abundant roots; diffuse boundary.
Dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) moist, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) dry,
sandy loam to loamy sand; massive with concretions of tosca and 6-7 cm
stones; the limit of roots; transitional horizon between C2 and tosca below;
Ck
130-180 cm
clear boundary.
Very pale brown (10YR 8/4) moist, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) dry, sandy
loam; massive; plastic, sticky; large irregular angular pieces of tosca.
APPENDIX
193
HAPLIC XEROSOL
Argentina
Horizon
cm
A
A021
AC2
C1
C2
C3
Ck
pH
Depth
0--10
--20
--47
--80
ILO
Cation exchange me
CaCO.
CEC
TEB
% BS
Ca
Mg
Na
7.2
31.4
31.4
8.1
30.6
35.1
19.7
30.6
35.1
19.7
100
100
100
100
18.0
18.0
22.5
10.9
8.6
7.9
7.4
5.7
2.5
2.9
3.1
1.8
2.3
1.8
2.1
1.3
KC1
8.8
8.8
-110 8.8
--130 9.0
-180 1 9.2
Al
0
0
0
1.2
2.2
2.4
22.3
Organic matter
Sol, salts
Moist.
Hofizon
E.C.
A
AC2
Cs
Cs
Ck
0.5
0.5
1.0
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.3
.%
CIN
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.05
10
'X, OM
stones
c. sand
E sand
silt
clay
texture
equiv.
6
7
6
6
7
66
67
66
66
67
70
70
18
17
16
17
16
16
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
13
14
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy loarn
sandy loarn
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
5
3
12
11
10
9
23
U.S.$12; 3.60; 4
Plus taxes, if applica