TEKNOLOGI

PEMROSESAN RESERVOIR DAN

PEMROSESAN HIDROCARBON

K01
Hidrokarbon
Sebagai Sumber Energi
Dr. Wahyudi Citrosiswoyo
Dept. Ocean Engineering
Engineering-ITS,
ITS, Surabaya

Materi Kuliah
Minggu

Tanggal

Materi

16-02-2012

Hidrokarbon Sebagai Sumber Energi

Migas
g di Indonesia

II

23-09-2012

Asal-usul Hidrokarbon

III

01-03-2012

Batuan Induk, Batuan Reservoir dan Migrasi

IV

08-10-2012

Reservoir

10-10-2012

Fluida Reservoir

VI

17-10-2012

Fluida Reservoir

VII

24-10-2012

Drilling

VIII

31-10-2012

Drilling

IX

08-11-2012
08
11 2012

UTS

Referensi

Aturan dan Evaluasi Perkuliahan

ITS:
Tatap Muka < 80 % tidak diperkenankan diadakan UAS
Kehadiran Mahasiswa < 80 % tidak berhak mengikuti UAS

Dosen:
no phone cells, no hats, no T-shirts, no sandals,
no noises, no cheating
g

Evaluasi:
Tugas
UTS
UAS

35 % - 45 %
20 % - 25 %
35 % - 40 %

Teknologi Reservoir dan

Pemrosesan Hidro-Karbon

Pemrosesan
HC

Teknologi
k l i
Reservoir
Well

Reservoir

Surface
equipment

Mengapa
Teknologi Reservoir
dan
Pemrosesan Hidrokarbon?
Masih berapakah volume migas di
dalam perut bumi??
M
Menurut
t the Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ):
at the beginning of 2004, worldwide reserves were 1.27 trillion barrels of oil and 6,100 trillion
cubic feet of natural gas.
These estimates are 53 billion barrels of oil and 575 trillion cubic feet of natural gas higher
than the prior year, reflecting additional discoveries, improving technology, and changing economics.

Absolute
l
levels
l

(Report#:DOE/EIA-0484(2002)

Note:

Information Revolution hasnt yet revolutionized energy

Global Oil Resources

Saudi Arabia
Iraq
Iran
Kuwait
UAE
Russia
Venezuela
Nigeria
Libya
China
Mexico
United States

26%
11%
10%
10%
6%
5%
5%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%

Global Oil Production

Saudi Arabia 12%

United States 11%
Russia
10%
Iran
5%
Mexico
5%
N
Norway
5%
China
4%
Venezuela
4%
Canada
4%

Global
Natural Gas Resources

Russia
Iran
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
United States
Algeria
Nigeria
Venezuela
Iraq

29%
16%
13%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%

Global
Natural Gas Production

Russia
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Algeria
Netherlands
Indonesia

23%
22%
7%
4%
3%
3%
3%

World Oil & Gas Reserves

Natural Gas
Oil

Oil

Oil

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

(Billion Barrels)

(Billion Barrels)

TCF
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)

Natural Gas

(Billion Barrels)

(TCF)

(TCF)

(TCF)

BP Statistical
R i 2
Review
Year-End 2007

Oil & Gas

Journal3
January 1,
2008

World Oil4
Year-End 2006

BP Statistical
R i 2
Review
Year-End 2007

CEDIGAZ5
J
January
1
1,
2008

Oil & Gas

Journal3
January 1,
2008

World Oil4
Year-End 2006

NORTH AMERICA
69 295
69.295

211 214
211.214

58 219
58.219

281 648
281.648

281 821
281.821

283 135
283.135

286 842
286.842

260.095

261.795

242.167

218.134

172.041

175.652

CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA

111.211

109.857

77.107

272.841

EUROPE
15.570

14.268

14.530

207.654

Oil

Oil

Oil

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

(Billion Barrels)

(Billion Barrels)

(Billion Barrels)

(TCF)

(TCF)

(TCF)

(TCF)

BP Statistical
Review2
Year-End 2007

Oil & Gas

Journal3
January 1,
2008

World Oil4
Year-End 2006

BP Statistical
Review2
Year-End 2007

CEDIGAZ5
January 1,
2008

Oil & Gas

Journal3
January 1,
2008

World Oil4
Year-End 2006

1,900.265

2,014.800

2,136.660

2,609.319

2,548.900

2,555.078

514.328

489.630

500.731

531.809

415.393

497.920

6,315.770

6,185.694

6,395.050

105.945

93.900

93.020

EURASIA
128.146

98.886

123.360

1,884.676

MIDDLE EAST
755.325

748.286

722.513

2,585.351

AFRICA
117.482

114.838

111.661

514.923

ASIA-OCEANIA
40.847

34.350

35.965

510.687

WORLD
1,237.876

1,331.698

1,143.355

6,257.780

INDONESIA
4.370

4.370

4.840

105.944

CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI INDONESIA (2007)

S
SUMBER
DAYA

C
CADANGAN
G

PRODUKSI
O
S

RASIO
CAD/PROD
(TAHUN)*)

56,6 miliar barel

8,4 miliar
barel**)

348 juta barel

24

Gas Bumi

334,5 TSCF

165 TSCF

2,7 TSCF

61

Batubara

90,5 miliar ton

18,7 miliar ton

250 juta ton

75

453 TSCF

ENERGI
G FOSIL
OS
Minyak Bumi

Coal Bed Methane

(CBM)

*) Dengan asumsi tidak ada penemuan cadangan baru. **) Termasuk Blok Cepu

SUMBER DAYA

KAPASITAS
TERPASANG

Tenaga Air

75.670 MW

4.200 MW

Panas Bumi

27.000 MW

1.052 MW

Micro Hydro

450 MW

84 MW

49.810 MW

300 MW

Tenaga Surya

4,80 kWh/m2/day

8 MW

Tenaga Angin

9.290 MW

0,5 MW

3.000 MW (e.q. 24,112 ton) untuk 11

tahun*)

30 MW

ENERGI NON FOSIL

Biomass

Uranium

SASARAN ENERGI MIX NASIONAL 2025

ENERGI (PRIMER) MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2003
Gas bumi
26.5%

Batubara
14.1%
PLTA 3.4%
Panas bumi 2%
EBT Lainnya 0.2%

Minyak
bumi
54.4%

ENERGI MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2025

ENERGI MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2025

(SKENARIO OPTIMALISASI)

(SKENARIO BaU)

Batubara
atuba a
34.6%
Gas bumi
20.6%

PLTA 1.9%
Panas bumi 2%
PLTMH
0.1%
OPTIMALISASI
PENGELOLAAN
ENERGI
Minyak bumi 41.7%

EBT 4.4%
Batubara 32.7%

PLTMH 0.216%
Biofuel 1.335%
Tenaga surya 0.020%

Gas
bumi
30.6%

PLTA 2.4%

Tenaga angin 0.028%

Fuel cell 0.000%
Biomassa 0.766%
0 766%

Nuklir 1.993%

Minyak bumi
26%

Panas bumi 5%
= 9500 MWe

Anda dapat memilih clean renewable energy dari angin,

matahari hydropower mikro dan sumberdaya panasbumi
matahari,

Energi panas bumi:

bersih, terbarukan, bisa lebih
murah

BAGAIMANA POTENSI SDA

DAPAT MENJADI CADANGAN ?
RESOURCES

HYPOTHETICAL
RESOURCES

IDENTIFIED
RESOURCES

IDENTIFIED
SUBECONOMIC
RESOURCES

RESERVES

 RESOURCES
Reserves plus all other mineral deposits that may eventually
become available either known deposits,
deposits that are not
recoverable at present, or unknown deposits, that may be
inferred to exist but have not yet been discovered.
They represent the mineral endowment, global, regional, or
local, ultimately available for mans use.

RESERVES
Identified resources of mineral or fuel bearing rock from
which the mineral or fuel can be extracted profitably with
existing technology and under present economic
conditions.
The concept can be applied in global, regional, or local
sense, or applied as a measure of remaining effective life of
individual mine.

 IDENTIFIED RESOURCES
Specific bodies of mineral bearing rock whose existence and
location are known
known. They may or may not be evaluated as to
extent and grade.
Identified resources include reserves and identified subeconomic resources.
resources

IDENTIFIED SUB-ECONOMIC RESOURCES

Mineral resources that are not reserves, but that may become
reserves as a results off change in economic and legal
conditions.

HYPOTHETICAL RESOURCES
Undiscovered mineral resources that we may reasonably expect
to find in known mining districts.

Crude Oil
a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid

phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains

liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through
surface separating facilities

Highly variable in composition and in appearance

Primarily carbon, hydrogen and minor oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, vanadium, nickel
Color:
C l yellow,
ll
green, b
brown tto d
dark
kb
brown & bl
black
k
Oil at the surface tends to be more viscous, most oils are
less dense than water: generally measured as the
difference between its density and that of water:
141.5
- 131.5

API =
SG 60/60F

Petroleum
(rock oil)
Is a naturally occurring complex of
hydrocarbons widely distributed in the
sedimentary
di
t
rocks
k off the
th earths
th crust.
t
Occur in liquid form that constitute crude oil,
gaseous members constitute natural gas,
gas and
solid members are variously called asphalt,
bitumen, or tar

Petroleum Geology geology applied to

petroleum

Petroleum
Petroleum: a g
general term for all naturally
y occurring
g
hydrocarbons (solid, liquid, gas)
Natural Gas: common term for gas hydrocarbons, mostly
methane
Crude Oil: common term for liquid phase. A complex
mixture of hydrocarbons (parrafins, napthenes, and
aromatics) and nonhydrocarbons (resins and asphaltenes)
Solid Hydrocarbons: tar and asphalt

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

primarily methane
has been liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260oF
(approx. -162 oC) at atmospheric pressure.
natural gas is lighter than air so that it rapidly
disperses and becomes diluted in air
By liquefying natural gas, its volume is reduced
approximately 600 times. This makes it easier and
cheaper to transport over long distances by ship and
to store it in large quantities.
the storage of LNG at a very low temperature
temperature,
necessitates the use of specific materials (material
properties, thicknesses, insulating materials) and
standards.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

LPG consists mainly of propane (C3H8) and butane
(C4H10)
LPG is primarily used for domestic and
commercial applications
pp
((including
g as a vehicle
fuel)
LPG is kept liquid by confining it under a high
pressure
Components of LPG are heavier than air.
g of LPG is under p
pressure
The storage
It is produced as a by-product of natural gas
processing and petroleum refining

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

CNG is stored on the vehicle in high-pressure
tanks - 20 to 25 MPa (200 to 250 bar, or 3,000 to
3 600 psi)
3,600
psi).
Natural gas consists mostly of methane and is
drawn from gas wells or in conjunction with crude
oil production.
It also contains hydrocarbons such as ethane and
propane as well as other gases such as nitrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, sulphur compounds, and
water vapour.
A sulphur-based
l h b
d odourant
d
t iis normally
ll added
dd d tto
CNG to facilitate leak detection.
Natural gas is lighter than air and thus will
normally dissipate in the case of a leak, giving it
a significant safety advantage over gasoline or
LPG.

Historical Development

Petroleum products have been used for at least 8000 years

Herodotus 450 BC natural seeps
Egyptians
gyp
mummification/Victorian medication
Ancient Greece everlasting flame in the sacred Oracle at Delphi
Persian Temples built around natural gas sources

Early uses:
medication, waterproofing, warfare

Up to mid 19th century: all oil produced from seeps,

shallow
h ll
pits
it and
d hand
h d dug
d
shafts
h ft
James Young: extracted oil from carboniferous shales,
Scotland 1847: oil-shales
1st Natural gas: Sichuan Province China several thousand years ago
Bamboo tools and pipes salt production

1st oil-seeking
oil seeking well = Pechelbronn
Pechelbronn, France
France, 1745
1st well to produce oil: Oil creek, Pennsylvania by Colonel
Drake

Historical Development
Commercial production has been
carried on for > a century
y
Pre
Pre-geological
geological years (1842
(1842-1901):
1901):
All areas producing oil had been discovered
through
g seepages
p g

From 1901 to 1925:

Surface geological surveys aimed at the
identification of oil structures began in 1901
(anticlinal theory)

continued

From 1925 to 1945:

Greatest innovation in petroleum exploration. Rotary
drilling
g rigs
g began
g to displace
p
cable tool rigs.
g Before 1925,
9 ,
most wells were shallower than 1000 m.
With the new rigs wells were taken to 3000 m (1931),
4500 m (1938), and 5000 m (1945)

From 1945 to 1960:

exploratory drilling had been extended to shallow waters
offshore. Revolution in subsurface geology methods using
seismic
i i exploration.
l
ti

1960 and after:

1960-1967: oil surplus productivity
1973-1974: world energy crisis

Keunggulan Minyak dan Gasbumi

continued

Bentuk/sifat cair/gas: mudah dan praktis/fleksibel dalam

pemanfaatan sebagai bb transportasi dan untuk ditransport

Kalori: paling tinggi di antara sumber energi yang lain

Produk: dapat
d
t menghasilkan
h ilk berbagai
b b i jenis
j i bahan
b h bakar
b k
Manfaat lain: sebagai bahan baku industri petro kimia
Teknologi eksplorasi & eksploitasi telah tersedia

Cadangan & Potensi

Migas
di Indonesia

Cekungan sedimen di Indonesia (Ditjen Migas, 2007)

C d
Cadangan
minyakbumi
i
kb i IIndonesia
d
i JJanuarii 2008 (Ditj
(Ditjen Mi
Migas 2008)

Cadangan gasbumi Indonesia Januari 2008 (Ditjen Migas 2008)

Rencana Penawaran WK Migas Tahap II 2008 (Ditjen Migas 2008)

Peta Area Kontrak Migas Indonesia (Ditjen Migas 2008)

Peta Rencana Induk Jaringan Transmisi dan Distribusi Gasbumi

Nasional 2010-2025

Peta Jaringan Transmisi dan Distribusi Gasbumi Nasional 2010-2025