Abstract

Introduction

Pressure is found anywhere you have contained liquids and gasses. Pressure is the ratio between
the force acting on a surface and the area of that surface. Pressure is measured in units of force
divided by area. Pressure is controlled to provide safe operations and pressure often influences
key process operations such as heat transfer, fluid flow and vapor-liquid equilibrium. "Gauge
pressure is defined relative to atmospheric conditions, that is, it does not measure the current
atmospheric pressure. The units of gauge pressure are psig; however gauge pressure is often
denoted by psi as well. Our atmosphere has a weight that constantly pushes down on us, about
14.7 psi; this is the barometric pressure we hear about from the weatherman. When we measure
the air in automobile tires we are actually measuring gauge pressure. The air pressure inside the
tire must also overcome the current barometric pressure, and yet when the barometric pressure
changes the gauge pressure that we measure does not because it is relative to the barometric
pressure. When an instrument is measuring gauge pressure the units are referred to as psig
(pounds per square inch gauge). Most pressure measurements are made with gauge pressure
instruments. "Absolute pressure is defined as the pressure relative to an absolute vacuum. The
units of absolute pressure are psia. If we were to measure the air pressure in an automobile tire
with an absolute pressure gauge we would get a reading about 14.7 psi higher than we would
expect. Absolute pressure gauges are commonly used in vacuum systems as we are trying to
control the atmospheric conditions that the process is exposed to negate the effects of daily
barometric pressure changes
"Differential pressure uses a reference point other than full vacuum or atmospheric pressure. A
differential pressure gauge will have two sensing elements and the process variable will be the
difference between the two measurements. Differential pressure gauges are commonly used in
tanks or vessels in which the pressure in the head space varies. A differential pressure gauge will
subtract the head pressure from the total pressure giving an accurate measurement of the liquid
pressure. As shown in Figure 3-13, the type of pressure sensor is defined by its reference point.
Figure 3-13

Proportional Only Proportional only is inherently stable and simplest to tune. Stable and dynamic
response is achieved with minimal effort. Its use is recommended when an offset with a
sustained disturbance or Set Point change is allowed, or when used with integrating processes.
Proportional + Derivative The addition of the derivative term allows for higher proportional gain,
giving less Offset than proportional alone. Like proportional only control, use when an offset
with a sustained disturbance or Set Point change is allowed, or with integrating processes.
Integral Only Although rare in practice, an I only controller will operate without offset but the
response will be sluggish. Small values of Ti will cause oscillations. Proportional + Integral PI
control is the most commonly used control. PI control will eliminate offset but introduces
instability. PI control will work for most processes. Full PID Full PID is the most complicated to
tune but can give better performance than a PI controller. The derivative term will allow the use
of higher gains without sacrificing stability. Watch for noise in the PV as it will be reflected in
the controller output causing excessive movement of the final control element.

Pressure Control
In a pressure loop the dynamics of the sensor and process are fast compared to the actuator. Use
P
only control unless controlling to a Set Point is desired, then use PI.

Materials and Procedure

Data and Results Discussion

P+I control/P+D control/ PID control
Plot the graph of e vs t
Plot the graph of PV vs t

e= SP-PV (%)

Time
3:56:2
5 PM
3:56:5
5 PM
3:57:2
5 PM
3:57:5
5 PM
3:58:2
5 PM
4:12:2
5 PM
4:12:5
5 PM
4:13:2
5 PM
4:13:5
5 PM
4:14:2
5 PM
4:18:5
5 PM
4:23:2
5 PM
4:23:5
5 PM
4:24:2
5 PM
4:24:5
5 PM
4:25:2
5 PM

Set
Point

Process Outpu
Variable t

50

45.1

80

80

50

45

80

50

45

50

20

60

240

4.9

80

20

60

200

30

80

80

20

20

200

60

45

80

80

20

30

300

30

90

50

45

80

80

20

30

300

30

120

45

44.6

80

80

20

10

25

40

150

0.4

45

39

80

80

20

10

25

40

180

45

38.5

80

80

20

10

25

40

210

6.5

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

240

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

270

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

540

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

810

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

840

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

870

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

900

6.6

45

38.4

80

80

20

10

25

40

930

6.6

Pv vs t

e vs t before disturbance

e vs t after disturbance

Conclusion and Recommendation

References

Appendices