Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
DESIGN OF SLABS
5.1 GENERAL
In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used to provide flat, useful surfaces. A
reinforced concrete slab is a broad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces
parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by reinforced concrete breams (and is usually cast
monolithically with such beams), by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel
members, directly by columns, or continuously by the ground.
The most common type of structural element used to cover floors and roofs of buildings are
reinforced concrete slabs of different types. One-way slabs are those supported on the two
opposite sides so that the loads are carried along one direction only. A common example of
one way slab is the verandah slab spanning in the shorter direction with main reinforcements
and distribution reinforcements in the transverse direction (Fig. 1a).
Two-way slabs are supported on all four sides with such dimensions such that the loads are
carried to the supports along both directions. Two-way slabs are common in the floors of
multistorey buildings (Fig. 1b). Cantilevered slabs are generally used for chajjas over
windows and in balconies projecting from the buildings. In T-beam-slab floors, the slab is
continuous over T-beams and designed as a continuous slab with positive moments at mid
span and negative moments over supports.
Intermediate beams, as shown in Fig. 1c, may also be provided. If the ratio of length to width
of one slab panel is larger than about 2, most of the load is carried in the short direction to the
supporting beams and one-way action is obtained in effect, even though supports are
provided on all sides.
Concrete slabs in some cases may be carried directly by columns, as shown in Fig. 1d,
without the use of beams or girders. Such slabs are described as flat plates and are commonly
used where spans are not large and loads not particularly heavy. Flat slab construction, shown
in Fig. 1e, is also beamless but incorporates a thickened slab region in the vicinity of the
column and often employs flared column tops. Both are devices to reduce stresses due to
shear and negative bending around the columns. They are referred to as drop panels and
column capitals, respectively. Closely related to the flat plate slab in the two-way joist, also
known as a grid or waffle slab is shown in Fig. 1f. To reduce the dead load of solid-slab
construction, voids are formed in a rectilinear pattern through use of metal or fibreglass form
inserts. Usually inserts are omitted near the columns, so a solid slab is formed to resist
moments and shears better in these areas.
Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Where, Mx and My are the design moments in x and y directions, w is uniformly distributed
load on slab, Lx and Ly are the short and long span dimensions of the simply supported slab.
The values of x and y are compiled in Table 27 of IS: 456 -2000 for simply supported
slabs. These coefficients are due to Rankine-Groshoff theory in which slab is divided into a
series of orthogonal beam strips and the load is apportioned to the short and long strips such
that there is compatibility of deflection at the junction of strips.
Cl. D.2.1.1 of IS: 456 code specifies that at least 50% of the tension reinforcement provided
at mid span should extend to the supports. The remaining 50% should extend to within 0.1Lx
or 0.1Ly of the support, as appropriate.
5.3.2 Two-way restrained slabs
Restrained slabs are referred to as slabs whose corners are prevented from lifting. They may
be supported on continuous or discontinuous edges. All the four edges of the two-way slabs
are assumed to be supported rigidly against vertical translation. The design moments in
restrained slabs are easily evaluated using the moment coefficients recommended in IS: 456
code and are given in Table 26 of IS: 456-2000.
These moment coefficients are based on yield line theory with the following assumptions:
a) The reinforcement for positive moment is uniformly distributed over the middle strip
extending over 75% of the span.
b) Edge strips cover a width equal to (Lx/8) or (Ly/8) as shown in Fig. 6.
c) Minimum reinforcements prescribed for slabs should be provided in edge strips.
d) Torsion reinforcement is provided at corners where the slab is simply supported on both
edges meeting at the corner. The reinforcement comprising three quarters of the area
required for the maximum mid span moment in the slab is provided in each of the four
layers in the form of a mesh extending to a minimum distance of 1/5th of the shorter span.
As shown in Fig. 6, full torsional steel is provided at corner A where the slab is
discontinuous on both the edges meeting at that corner. At corner B where the slab is
discontinuous on only one edge meeting at that corner, 50% of the full torsional steel is
provided. At corner C, as the slab is continuous on both edges meeting at the corner,
torsional steel is not required (Fig. 6a).
Page 6
Page 7