Structure 2 Spring 2016

6th Class: April 03, 2016

Module 7: Comparison
Module 8: Noun Clause

Ismail Marzuki
Ismail.mz90@gmail.com

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan

Module 6: Comparison
This module is the continuation of comparisons in Structure 1 Class.
In this module, we will be discussing about:
1. Unclear Comparison: comparison that can be ambiguous or
illogical
2. Repeating Comparative : repetitive comparative and how
competitive can be use as superlative between 2 things
3. Double Comparative : comparative to express continuous changes
4. More used as Non-comparative : other utilization of comparative
5. Less and Fewer

Learning Activity 1
Unclear Comparison

Unclear comparison
Perbandingan dimana terdapat ketidak-jelasanan mengenai bagian
yang dibandingkan.
John likes Rina better than Mary
Kalimat ini dapat memiliki dua arti yang berbeda:
1. John likes Rina better than Mary likes Rina, or
2. John likes Rina better than John likes Mary
Pengartian diatas dibedakan berdasarkan hal yang dibandingkan.
Dalam kalimat pertama yang dibandingkan adalah subjeknya (John),
sementara dalam kalimat ke-dua yang dibandingkan adalah objeknya
(Rina).

ILLOGICAL COMPARISON
Illogical comparison adalah perbandingan yang tidak masuk akal,
sehingga perlu diperbaiki.
Contoh:
1. Rina has a car smaller than her brother
2. Marys grades are better than last year
Seharusnya:
1. Rina has a car smaller than her brothers car
2. Marys grades are better now than they were last year

Learning Activity 2
Repeating Comparative

The + comparative, the + comparative

Dalam bahasa Indonesia : semakin , semakin

Contoh:
the bigger, the better semakin besar, semakin baik
the more, the merrier semakin banyak, semakin ramai
Read this!

1. The sooner you start, the more quickly you will finish
2. The more dangerous it is, the more I like it
Learning points:
More + adjective/adverb/noun tidak bisa dipisahkan
More harus didahului oleh the

The + comparative form

Dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan superlative antara 2 benda.
Caranya? Dengan menambahkan proposition phrase, seperti : of
the two, between them or between the two pada the +
comparative form.
Contoh:
1. I think the painting is the more beautiful of the two.
2. Between them, Rina is the smarter
Learning point:
More harus didahului oleh the
Superlative form (ex: most beautiful, smartest) digunakan untuk
membandingkan 3 benda atau lebih.

Learning Activity 3
Double Comparative

Double comparative
Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perubahan terus menerus
For example:
He is getting fatter and fatter.
She is being more and more impatient.
Learning point:
1. Untuk kata dengan suku kata lebih dari 2, hanya kata more yang
diulang.
2. Untuk kata dengan suku kata kurang dari atau sama dengan 2,
pengulangan kata tersebut dengan akhiran -er.
3. Tidak boleh menggabungkan kata more dengan akhiran er dan kata
most dengan akhiran -est
Ex: He is more fatter salah!

He is most fattest salah!

Learning Activity 4
More used as Non-comparative

More as Noun, Pronoun and Adjective

More as Noun (kata benda)

What more do you want?

May I have one more, please
More as Pronoun (kata ganti)

There is still a lot of food. Do

you want some more?
There are some mangoes. Do
you want many more?
More as Adjective (kata sifat)

I need more time to finish

this job
She needs more books

Learning point:
1. Sebagai kata benda more
dapat berdiri sendiri
ataupun didahului dengan
kata one, few atau any
2. Sebagai kata ganti, biasanya
more didahului oleh some
atau many
3. Sebagai kata sifat,
more dapat digunakan
untuk countable dan
uncountable adjective. Dan
digunakan untuk
menyatakan lebih banyak
atau tambahan.

Jika more diikuti oleh determiner, maka yang digunakan adalah

more of.
What are determiner???
1. Article
: a, an, the.
2. Possessive
: my, your, her, his, their.
3. Demonstrative
: this, that, these, those.
Example:
1. I would like to see more of the picture
2. May I have more of your grapes?
3. You have to read more of this information.

Learning Activity 5
Less and Fewer

Less and Fewer

Adjective dan determiner

After his marriage, Bill had less money than before.
Mr. Benny had fewer customers yesterday than today.
Adverb tidak terlalu banyak
Eat less, drink less, and sleep more.
Please behave less foolishly.
Less = tidak kurang apabila didahului kata no
His salary is no less than 5 million rupiahs a month.
Noun kurang atau jumlah yang lebih sedikit
I can finish this work in less than an hour.
I want fewer of these and more of those.

Less
Diikuti kata sifat dan membentuk comparative
He was less hurt than frightened.
Try to be less impatient.

Bisa di ganti dengan not so ... as..

He was not so hurt as frightened.
Try to be not so impatient.

None the less : tidak kurang dari

Though he cannot leave the house, he is none the less.
Although he is pension, he is none the less.

Class 6 : Noun Clauses

Noun clause adalah kata benda yang digunakan sebagai subjek atau
objek pada sebuah kalimat.

Noun clause sbg subjek:

His story was interesting.
What he said was interesting

Noun clause sbg objek:

I heard his story.
I heard what he said.

There are 3 groups of words that can be use to introduce

noun clauses:
1. Question words :When, where, why, how, who,
whom, which, whose
2. Whether if
3. That

Learning Activity 1
Noun Clause with Question Words

Noun Clause with Question Words

Question

Noun Clause

Where does she live?

I dont know where she lives.

What did he say?

I couldnt hear what he said.

When do they arrive?

Do you know when they arrive?

I dont know where she lives

S
V
O

where she lives

Q S V

Learning Points:
1. Where she lives adalah objek dari kalimat tersebut
2. Do, did, does tidak dipergunakan dalam noun clause

Beberapa noun clause mempunyai pola yang sama dengan kalimat

tanya, seperti:
Question
Noun Clause
S
V
S
V
Who lives there?
I dont know who lives there.
What happened?
Please tell me what happened.
Who is at the door? I wonder
who is at the door.

Sementara beberapa lainnya harus mengalami perubahan pola:

Question
Noun Clause
Q Aux
S
Q
S
Aux
Who is
she?
I dont know who
she
is
What are these man? I dont know what these man are

Noun clause dapat digunakan sebagai subjek. Subjek dalam bentuk

noun clause menggunakan singular verb.
Question

Noun Clause

What did he say?

What he said surprised me.

What should they do?

What they should do is obvious.

Learning Activity 2
Noun Clause with Whether or If

Noun Clause with Whether or If

Dikembangkan dari yes or no question

Pada noun clause with whether or if, kita bisa menambahkan kata or not.
Or Not tidak mengubah makna kalimat, hanya memberi penekanan.
Without or not

With or not

I dont know whether she will come.

I dont know whether she will come or not.

I wonder whether he needs help.

I wonder whether or not he needs help.

I dont know if she will come.

I dont know if she will come or not.

Learning Activity 3
Question Words Followed by
Infinitives

Question Words Followed by Infinitives

Question Words Followed by Infinitives memiliki makna yang sama
dengan should can/could.

For example:
Should Can/Could

QW with Inf

I dont know what I should do.

I dont know what to do.

Pramuki cant decide whether she should go or stay

home.

Pramuki cant decide whether to go or to stay home.

Please tell me how I can get to the Post Office.

Please tell me how to get to the Post Office.

Jamal told us where we could find it.

Jamal told us where to find it.

Learning Activity 4
Noun Clause with That

Noun Clause with That

Noun Clause with That berasal dari sebuah statement
(pernyataan). Statement adalah ekspresi dari suatu gagasan
Noun Clause with That dapat berperan sebagai subjek
ataupun objek pada sebuah kalimat
Statement

Noun clause as subject

Noun clause as object

The word is round

That the world is round is a fact

It is a fact that the world is round

She doesnt understand Korean

That she doesnt understand Korean is

obvious

It is obvious (that) she doesnt

understand Korean

Learning point:
1. Jika digunakan sebagai subjek, that tidak boleh
dihilangkan.
2. Namun bila digunakan sebagai objek, that dapat
dihilangkan. Terutama dalam percakapan.