Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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" (Man is by nature a social and political animal and a man who is
not a member of a society is either a God or a beast.)
I I
(Key
Words)
,
,
,
,
(City State),
(Nation State),
,
,
(Good
Governance),
,
,
,
,
(Accountability),
,
,
,
,
Page 3
.
Concept and Definition of Civics
ivi s
ivis
ivit s
ity
t t
ity st t
N tion st t
to
,
itiz nship.
(E. M. white)" ("Civics is the subject that deals with everything appertaining
h
philosophy o
itiz nship
Page 4
P g
Page 5
.
Scope and Subject-matter of Civics
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
W l r st t
(Friend, Philosopher and Guid
Good
Gov rn n
Gov rn n
L nd ll Mills
oll o
nd s r g dino
FI
H l ni
Page 10
D. K u m nn
oth rs
Good Gov rn n
-
.
o i l
nd
"
o i l En y lop di
Page 11
articipatory
rocess
ransparency
-
(Legitimacy
esponsibility
-
ule of aw
-
ccountibility
fficiency
Page 12
Independent udiciary
onesty
bsence of
ender disparity
(Decentralisation
ivil society
ublic
cceptability
(Professionalism
ree
edia
Page 13
.
-
N tion t t
w l r st t
Page 14
Civics, Good Governance and Political Science
ivis
ivit s
ivit s
Polit s -
ivi s
ivis
Politi s
Polis -
Polit s
Polis
ivit s
Politi s
polis
Politi l
ivi si n
ivis
Politi s
Page 15
.
Civics, Good Governance and History
Page 16
.
Civics, Good Governance and Sociology
Page 17
.
Civics, Good Governance and Economics
Page 18
Civics, Good Governance and Ethics
-
n n v r b
politically right.)
Int rn l
tions
or
Ext rn l
tions
Page 19
G opoliti s
Page 20
Civics. Good Governance and Population, Development Studies
Page 21
Civics, Good Governance and Human Rights, Gender Studies
-
G nd r
s x
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
(MCQ)
.
.
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. Civics
.
ivis
, Civies
. Civitas
ivi s
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8 I Civis
Civitas
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ivi s
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ii. Civitas
iii. CivicS
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Page 42
]
ivi s
ivis
ivit s
. .
.
.
webster's International Dictionary
Encyclopaedia Britanica
-
Page 43
G. Biln y
M
orn y
- .
Page 44
Page 45
Page 46
Gov rn n
Good Gov rn n
(concept)
(Good Governance)
M
ount bility
orn y
L gilim y
r nsp r n y
(rule o l w
(Good Governance)
(Key words):
,
,
intervention)
,
,
st t
Page 47
Lack of Political
(Lack of
bsence or
ccountability of the
ule of
.
ovt
aw
.
(Mismanagement of Govt
Page 48
ailure to
ontrol
orruption
N
Lack of
culture in the
olitical
ommitment
ack of Democratic
olitical arty
-
(Military intervention in
olitics
-
apotism
-
(Lack of People's
articipation
Disrunctional
arliament
Page 49
(Poverty
(weakness of local
bsence of
overnment
eoples awareness
(Absence of Free
eutral
lection
commission
bsence of reedom or
ack of
ommunal
ress
armony
Page 50
Page 51
Page 52
Page 53
Page 54
bedience to aw
egular
ayment of
axes
ublic service
o
articipation in Development
ctivities
Page 55
rotect
ublic
roperty
Publi
Prop rty
o abide by constitution
agerness of
ood governance
-
selection of iberal
rogressive
olitical
arty
Page 56
Page 57
(McQ)
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Page 58
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(key words)
(values),
values),
(social
(Democratic
values),
(Rule of Law),
,
Governance)
(Good
,
(Criminal Law),
(Liberty),
,
,
Page 60
-
Values
on ption
nd D inition
.
tu rt
. Dodd
H.D. st in -
M . . willi m -
lyd
Kluokhon -
Ni hol s
s h r -
(Social value embraces arrange of qualities for a place such as spiritual, traditional, economic,
political or national qualities which are valued by the majority or minority group of the place.)
F.E. M ri
(A social value may be
defined as a pattern of belief whose maintenance is considered important to group welfare.)
-
Characteristics of Values
.
Page 61
Page 62
. .
. . Di y
Classification of Values
-
social values
.
.
-
Page 63
olitical values
-
kk
kBBB BB B
Democratic values
-
(Religious values)
(Cultural values) :
-
oral values
conomic values
-
Page 64
spiritual values
spiritu l Pow r
odern values
Page 65
Democratic Values
concept
--
Page 66
--
Page 67
L g
L w
-
Page 68
hom s Hobb s
Pro . Hol nd " (A Law is a general rule of
external action orced by the sovereign political authority.)
John ustin
(Law - the command of the political superior i.e. sovereign to the political inferior.)
vigny
Histori l
hool
Pro .
Pro . G tt
lmond " (Only those rules which the state creates or which as
(Law is that portion of the established thought and habit which has gained distinct and formal
recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authority and power of the government.)
Sources of Law
Page 69
ustom
eligion
-
favors
udicial Dicision or
djudication
Judg -M d
l w
cientific Discussion
- quity
egislature
ublic opinion
dministrative declaration
Page 70
onstitution
Classification of Law
Muni ip l L w
Int rn tion l L w
Publi
L w
dministr tiv
Priv t
L w
L w
onstitution l L w
(Criminal Law) |
unicipal aw
International
aw
Page 71
onstitutional
aw
-
dministrative aw
riminal aw
.
Reasons for Obeying Law
Lord
Bry
-
Morality
Mor lity
Mor lity
virtu
Mor lit s
is knowl dg
knowl dg
ignor n
m s
m s
Mor ls
(Jonathan Haidt)
Mor lity
Page 72
L w do s not
nd
n not
ov r
-
Law and Morality
Page 73
Page 74
Definition of Liberty
Lib rty
Lib rty
Lib r
John
tu rt Mill
H rb rt
p n r
Pro . H. J. L ski " (By liberty I mean the absence of restraints upon the existence of
those social conditions which in modern civilization are the necessary guarantees of individual
happiness.)
g r m int n n
th t
tmosph r
in whi h m n h v
By lib rty I m n th
opportunity to b th ir b st s lv s.
-
Forms of Liberty
Page 75
Individual or
ivil iberty
(Natural
iberty
oo
M n is born
but
v rywh r
is in
h in.
(Legal liberty
social
so o
o oo o tos o
iberty
olitical iberty
Politi l lib rty m ns th
.
pow r to b
bl
in th
irs o st t .
conomic iberty
ational liberty
Page 76
Safeguards of Liberty
aw
esponsible
overnment
ule of aw
-
.
separation of
ower
Page 77
Independence of
(Decentralisation of
udiciary
ower
(social ustice
quality
onstitutional
overnment
eople
vigilant
ublic opinion
Et rn l
Page 78
-
Relation between Law and Liberty
.
h mor
th r is o th
on
th
l ss th r
is o th
oth r.
Page 79
-
Definition and Meaning of Equality
qu lity o
opportuniti s
Pro . L ski
(Natural Equality)
Page 80
social
quality
olitical
quality
-
conomic quality
- -
egal
quality
Individual quality
-
Importance of Equality in Liberty
ol
bs n
onomi
qu lity is held to be a
mere myth.)
. H.
wn y Pro . Poll rd
Page 81
h r
is only on
Page 82
(MCQ)
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Low
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Lib rty
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L g
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Lib rty
Lib rty
Page 92
Page 93
Page 94
- >
-
,
(transparency),
,
.
(Key Words)
, ,
Concept of E-Governance
Gov rn n -
El troni
int r tion
Page 95
world B nk
. .
Page 96
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Characteristics of E-Governance
El troni
Gov rnm nt
Page 98
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(MCO)
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Governor
Government
Governance
Governing
.
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Good
Good
Good
Good
-
Government
Governor
Gang
Governance
.
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M oM -
Page 105
Page 106
M n
born
nd
lw ys
ontinu
nd
qu l in r sp t to th ir
rights
ey Words
ight
(Legal rights
ivil rights
(Political rights),
Duti s
(Allegiance
to
the
state)
(Human Rights)
(Fundamental rights)
Page 107
L . Hobhous (Genuine rights are conditions of social welfare)
Pro . Holl nd ights r on m n s
influencing the acts of another by means of the opinion and force of the society).
p ity o
Ev ry st t
is known by th
rightsit
maintains) l
Characteristics of Right
univ rs l
-
Page 108
Classification of Rights
oral
ights
-
Di tion ry o so i l s i n
" (Moral rights which are dependent
on the ethical feelings of man and they are not guaranteed by any legal authority.)
egal
ights
Rights),
E onomi
(Cultural Rights),
ights
)
(Religions Rights)
(Civil
(Political Rights)
(Personal
Rights).
ivil
ights
ight to life
ight to liberty
ight to thought and speech
(Right to movement):
Page 109
reedom to ress
(Right to contract
(Right to equality before the eye of law) ;
ight to
roperty
ight to
eligion
ight to organise family
ight to education
(Right to fame)
conomic
ights
ight to work
(Right to reasonable wages
ight to est
(Right to form trade union):
Page 110
olitical
ights
ight to residence
(Right to election) ;
(Right to Petition
ight to hold
ublic office
ight to criticise
cultural
owerment
ights
(Religious
ights
ersonal
ights
Page 111
Safeguard of Rights
aw
Democracy
(Declaration of Fundamental Rights):
ule of
aw
(Independence of fudiciary):
itiz n
Page 112
.
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Page 113
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Page 114
IW
Prop rty
Int ll tu l
ight
Page 115
Page 116
Page 117
ul o L w
H b us orpus
Page 118
should observe.)
State.)
Pro . H rold J. L ski
Pro . Hobhous
Page 119
(If I
have the right to walk also the street without being Pashed off the Pavement, yeur duty is to give
me reasonable room.)
-
Classification of Duties
social Duties
(Political Duties
conomic Duties
oral Duty
-
egal Duty
Page 120
-
Duties of Citizens
bedience to aw
ight to
onest ranchise
ublic service
other Duties
Page 121
Duty towards
-
amily
(Rights imply
duti s
Page 122
-
Human Rights
(Rousseau)
M n is born r
-
oot t
NO -
Pro .
. .
pp dori
.P. Huntington
.
.
Page 123
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Human Rights
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Page 138
(Key Words):
,
,
(BiParty system),
(Multi-Party
system),
,
(Good
Governance),
(Leadership),
,
(Charismatic leadership),
. . .
Page 139
Jos ph
p rty is
or politi l pow r.
group whos
hump t r -
m mb rs propos
to
t in
on rt in th
omp titiv
struggl
Edmund Burk
(Party is a body of
men, united for the purpose of promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some
particular principle on which they are all agreed.)
E rn st B rk r
p rty is
p rti ul r body o opinion
which is nonetheless concerned with the general national interest and which forms and presents to
the choice of the electorate, a programme of general national scope and width.)
(Gette)
(Disraeli)(A party is a group o m n b nd d tog th r to pursu
rt in prin ipl s.
p rty is
ommunity
Page 140
F tion
(Clique)
.
.
.
.
.
.
Page 141
Int r st group
ssioso
(Interest articulation)
Page 142
Page 143
yst m
so oso
Bi-P rty
yst m
or
o osot
(one-Party system
erits
Page 144
(Demerits):
(Conservative Party)
-
erits
L bour P rty
- -
Page 145
Pro . H. J. L ski
Demerits
bin t di t torship
Page 146
erits
- -
:
-
Demerits
Page 147
lr d
Gr zi r -
ll n
B li
" (A Pressure group can be defined as a group
whose members hold share attitude.)
Page 148
ivil
o i ty
Page 149
-
Leadership & Conception and Definition
l d rship
l d
l d r.
L d rship
L d
l d r
H. O. Dun
. W. Gouldn r
Page 150
Kimb l
oung -
-
Classification of Leadership
Page 151
ot lit ri n
-
Essential Qualities of Leadership
-
- -
Page 152
Page 153
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(N.G.O)
. . .
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. . .. . .G.O.
N.G.O.
Page 154
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ii.
iii.
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Page 167
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Page 168
.
.
--
.
.
Page 169
Page 170
Page 171
Page 172
STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
(Key Words):
Gov rnm nt
D mo r y
publi
onstitution l
Mon r hy
P rli m nt ry Govt.
(Presid nti l Govt.
(Faderation),
(Unitary
Govt.)
(Legislature)
(Executive),
(Judiciary),
(Theory of
Separation of Povers and checks and
Balances) |
Government
.
is a spokesman to the st t
Gov rnm nt
rgo
ssioso
Classification of Government
-
Page 173
onstitution l Mon r hy
publi
P rli m nt ry or
Page 174
Democracy
Definition and
Kr ti
eaning
D mos
Kr tos
D mo r y oil
Kr ti
Demos
Kr tos
H rodotus
ir John
ly
" (Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.)
" (Democracy is a system
government by discussion.)
of
Pro . Di y
" (Democracy is a form of government in which the
governing body is a comparatively large fraction of the entire population.)
. F. trong
" (Democracy implies that government which shall reston active consent of the
governed.)
Page 175
br h m Lin oln
(Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.)
Pro . M lv r D mo r y is not
w y o gov rning wh th r by w y o m jority or
otherwise, but primarily a way of determining who shall govern and broadly, to what ends.)
-
Characteristics of Democracy
Types of Democracy
(Indirector Representative Democracy)
Dir t D mo r y
Page 176
eferendum
Initiative
ecali
lebiscite
-
Merits of Democracy
Page 177
Page 178
Demerits of Democracy
ult o
In omp t n
Page 179
Page 180
Page 181
John
tu rt Mill
.
.
.
The Republic
Dictatorship
Page 182
N wm n
(By dictatorship we understand the rule of a person or group of persons who arrogate to
themselves and monopolise power in the state, exercising it without restraint). A Dictionary of
Politi l hought
og r s ruton
Characteristics of Dictatorship
th
st t
non
g inst th
st t
non
st t .
Page 183
Et rn l
W r is to m n wh t m t rnity is to wom n.
nd immut bl
l w o li .
Merits of Dictatorship
Demerits of Dictatorship
Page 184
v n th
nobl st o thos
who
Pow r
x r is
it.
orrupts m n
F
nd
bsolut
Pow r
Page 185
Page 186
Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government
v. Di y -
Pro . Gr v s (In
Parliamentary system, the government is the master of country and Prime Minister is the master of
the gov rnm nt.
sponsibl
Gov rnm nt
Page 187
Characteristics of Parliamentary Form of Government
.
Merits of Cabinet Form of Government
Page 188
"
Pro . J.W.
G rn r
" (Presidential form of
government is a government in which the executive is independent of the legislature as regards its
tenure and to a large extent as regards its policy and acts)
Page 189
Pro . F. .
l y -
h Pr sid nti l
form of government is basically based on the will of the President elected by the people directly or
indirectly in ademocracy.) |
.N. Gil hrist
.
Merits of Presidential Form of Government
Page 190
Page 191
Page 192
Page 193
Page 194
Page 195
Pro . H. Fin r
Pro . Di y
(A federal state is a political contrivance intended to
reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of states rights.)
Pro . K.
. Wh r
By th
deral principle, I mean the method of dividing powers so that the general
(central) and regional governments are each within a sphere, coordinate and independent.)
-
Methods of Formation of Federal Government
.
-
Page 196
Page 197
ntrip t l t nd n y
(Centrifugal tendency)
Page 198
.
Merits of Federal Government
Page 199
Page 200
Monarchy
Page 201
bsolut
or
o o
ssi
or unlimit d Mon r hy
Limit d or
onstitution l Mon r hy
Characteristics of Monarchy
Page 202
Merits of Monarchy
Demerits of Monarchy
Socialist Government
Page 203
Do trin
o L iss z- ir
Page 204
Page 205
Military Government
hi
ML
Page 206
Theocracy
-
Page 207
Page 208
Page 209
Page 210
.
Different Organs of Government : Legislature, Executive and Judiciary
ul
ppli tion Fun tions
djudi tion
.
m king un tions
ul
(Rul
.
Page 211
The Legislature
Page 212
Unicameral Legislature
-
h
singl
hamber
assembly seems best to answer the needs of the modern state.)
and
magnificient
legislative
Page 213
Bi-cameral Legislature
Bi-cameral
legislature is , that which has two house. The first one is known as the lower house and the
second one as the upper house.)
.
.
.
.
Arguments in Favour of Bi-cameralism
Page 214
|"
.
-
.
Arguments Against Bi-cameral Legislature
,
,
,
.
,
,
(If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is superfluous; if
disagrees, it is pernicious.)
.
,
,
Page 215
.
.
.
,
:
,
.
Organisation of Legislature in Parliamentary and Presidential of Govt. System
,
Page 216
,
.
Organisation of Legislature in Socialist System
,
,
,
,
,
Nature of Legislature in Dictatorship and Military Government
,
|
.
Powers and Functions of the Legislature
Page 217
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
Page 218
.
The Executive
( )
(Political
Executive)
( )
(Non-Political Executive)
,
,
,
(reigns but does not govern)
Page 219
.
,
,
,
(Plural executive)
.
,
,
.
Powers and Functions of the Executive
Page 220
,
.
(Department
of External Affairs)
.
(ordinace)
,
.
,
,
.
The Judiciary
(Sidgwick)
"
Page 221
, "
" (In
determining a nation's rank in political civilisation, no test is more decisive than the degree in
which justice, as defined by law, is actually realised in its judicial administration.)
.
Organisation of the Judiciary
,
.
( )
( )
"
Page 222
"
.
Methods of Appointment of Judges
;
,( )
( )
( )
.
,
,
" (of all methods of appointment, that of election by the people at large,
is without exception the worst.)
.
.
,
.
Functions of the Judiciary
.
Page 223
,
,
(Judge-made laws)
.
'
,
" (we are under a
,
constitution, but the constitution is what the judges say it is.)
.
,
,
.
Separation of Judiciary from the Executive
,
-
Page 224
.
.
.
Independence of the Judiciary
(Kent)
(A. Hamilton)
(Sidgwick)
,
!" (There is no better test of the
excellence of a government than the efficiency of its judicial system.)
,
;
,
-
Page 225
.
Safeguards of the Independence of Judiciary
.
,
,
.
(Impeachment motion)
Page 226
,
. .
- ( )
,
, ( )
, ( )
,( )
,( )
( )
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Page 227
'
(Cheaks and Balance)
.
Separation of Power : Theoritical Explanation
,
.
Exponents of Separation of Power Theory and Their Views
,
,
( )
(Deliberative), (
(Magisterial), ( )
(Judicial)
,
,
,
,
The Spirit of Laws
,
,
-
Page 228
,
" (The three powers
then must be separated, exercised by different individuals in such a way as to act as checks
and balances againstone another.)
,
" (When legislative and
executive power are united in the same person or the governing body there can be no
freedom; nor is there freedom where the power to adjudicate is not separated from the
legislative and executive power.)
,
,
(Whenever the
right of making and enforcing the law is vested in the same man or the somebody of men,
there can be no public liberty.)
,
(Madison)
;
.
.
Criticism of Separation of Power Theory
.
.
,
.
Page 229
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
"
.
Theory of Separation of Powers and Theory of Checks and Balances
,
Page 230
),
.
,
,
,
'
Page 231
(Act)
Page 232
.
(
(MCQ)
)
?
.
.
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?
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,
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,
,
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,
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,
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Page 233
;
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-
Page 234
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?
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,
,
?
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,
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,
-
Page 235
(Demos)-
.
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?-
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,
?
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,
?
.
,
,
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,
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-
Page 236
?
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,
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,
?
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,
,
?
,
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.
.
,
.
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.
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,
,
.
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-
Page 237
?
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,
,
.
?
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,
,
,
?
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,
?
,
,
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,
,
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-
Page 238
.
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,
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,
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,
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:
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
Page 239
,
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,
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?
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,
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,
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,
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-
Page 240
.
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,
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Page 241
,
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,
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,
,
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
-
,
Page 242
.
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?
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,
,
,
,
?
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?
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Page 243
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,
?
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,
,
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,
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?
,
,
:
,
?
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,
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/
.
-
Page 244
.
,
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,
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,
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,
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-
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Page 245
,
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:
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Page 246
,
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,
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,
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i.
ii.
iii.
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Page 247
?
.i
. ii
iii
.i
ii
.i
iii
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
iii
.i
ii
. iii
ii
. i, ii
iii
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
iii
. ii
iii
.i
ii
. i, ii
iii
'
i.
ii,
iii.
?
.i
ii
.i
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Page 248
. iii
. ii
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
ii
.i
iii
. ii
iii
. i, ii
iii
i,
ii
iii.
?
.i
. ii
ii
.i
. i, ii, iii
i,
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Page 249
ii.
iii.
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.i
. ii
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. i, ii iii
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,
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Page 250
,
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'
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Page 252
,
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,
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,
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Page 253
.
,
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?
?
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Page 254
.
?
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?
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?
-
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?
-
Page 255
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
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?
?
?
-
Page 256
?
'
?
Page 257
?
?
?
?
,
-
?
Page 258
'
Page 259
(Key Words):
(Public opinion),
(Good
Governance),
(Political
culture),
(Political idea),
(Political attitude),
(Inherent expression),
(Cognitive
Orientations)
.
Coception and Definition of Public Opinion
'
,
'
(L, W. Doob),
" (Public opinion refers to peoples attitudes onan issue when
they are members of the same social groups.)
.
Page 260
(Kimbal Young)
,
" (Public opinion consists of the opinions held by a public at a certain time.)
(Lord Bryce)-
(The aggregate of the views men hold regarding matters that affect the interest of the
Community.)
.
(E.M. Sait)-
,
" (In order that an opinion may be public a majority is not
enough and unanimity is not required.)
,
,
(Public
,
.
Features of Public Opinion
,
.
.
.
.
Page 261
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
Methods or Media of Forming Public Opinion
.
,
,
-
Page 262
.
,
.
Public Opinion and Democracy
Page 263
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
Political Culture : Conception and Definition
(G.A. Almond)
Page 264
(Allan R. Bal)-
,
(Apolitical
culture is composed of the attitudes, beliefs, emotions and values of society that relate to the
political system and to political issues.)
,
(Sidney verba)
,
"
,
(Lw. Pye)-
"
(Dennis Kavangh)-
"
.
Characteristics of Political Culture
(Political Mirror)
8.
Page 265
(Cognitive Orientations) :
,
,
,
,
,
,
Page 266
(MCQ)
(
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
. . .
. . .
. .
,
,
,
,
,
?
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
Page 267
.
.
?
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,
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,
,
,
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,
,
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,
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?
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,
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,
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,
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,
,
,
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.
,
?
-
Page 268
.
.
,
,
,
.
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,
.
.
.
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,
,
,
?
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.
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,
.
,
.
,
i.
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
-
Page 269
. iii
. i, ii
iii
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. Iii
. i, ii
iii
i.
ii.
iii.
?
. i iii
. ii iii
. iii
. i ii
i,
ii.
iii.
.i
. ii.
. Iii
. i, ii
iii
,
i,
ii.
iii.
-
Page 270
?
.i
. ii
. iii
. I
iii
?
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. Iii
. I
ii
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
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,
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Page 271
,
,
,
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,
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,
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Page 272
,
,
,
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?
. .
?
?
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?
?
?
,
-
?
Page 273
?
?
?
?
?
'
'_
Page 274
(Key words):
(Bureaucracy),
(Bureaucrat),
(Hierarchy),
(Appointment and Promotion),
(Training),
(Formality),
(Skill),
(Neutrality),
(Legal & rational model),
(Red Tapism),
(Public Isolation),
(Public
Service),
(Accountability),
(Responsibility)
Bureaucracy.
(Bureaucracy)
(Kratein)
' (Bureau)
'
'
(Desk)
Desk Government
,
(Legal and
rational model)
(Ideal Bureaucracy)
(Prof. Priffner and Presthus)-
,
Page 275
(Poul. H. Apperby)
(Prof Finer)
(ogg)
(The body of the civil servants is an expert, professional, nonpolitical, permanent and subordinate staff.)
,
.
Characteristics or Features of Bureaucracy
.
,
.
(Hierarchical)
.
.
Page 276
(Conditions of service)
(Parliament)
,
,
.
Functions of Bureaucracy
.
.
,
,
Page 277
.
.
.
Public Isolation and Red Tapism in Bureaucracy
"
Red Tapism'
,
(Formal)
-
Page 278
.
Public Service
,
,
,
,
.
Accountability of Bureaucracy and good governance
(
Page 279
(Red Tapism)
(Bad governance)
,
"
The
,
,
(formal)
Page 280
,
,
Page 281
(MCQ)
. Mobocracy
. Bureaucracy
. Bureaucraty
. Bureaucrat
Bureau
.
.
,
,
?
. Desk Government
. Table Government
. Chair Government
. Permanent Government
?
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
?
.
-
Page 282
,
.
.
?
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
?
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
?
.
,
,
.
?
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,
.
.
?
,
.
.
,
Page 283
,
,
.
.
?
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,
,
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,
,
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
,
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.
Page 284
,
.
?
,
,
,
,
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,
,
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?
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,
.
,
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
.i
ii
. ii
iii
i,
ii,
iii,
?
.i
iii
-
Page 285
. ii iii
. i ii
. i, ii iii
i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
,i
ii
. i, ii iii
?
i
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. iii
. i ii
i,
ii.
iii.
. . .
?
. i, ii
. iii
.I
. i, ii
iii
.
-
Page 286
,
.
,
,
?
?
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,
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,
,
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?
Page 287
.
.
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?
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?
(
Page 288
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Page 289
' (People)
(Nationality)
' (Nation)
,
(Nation State)
,
,
(Key Words):
(Nation),
(Nationality),
(Nation State),
(Racial unity),
(Spritual
unity),
(Patriotism),
(Language movement)
'
'
Nationality
"Nation
Natio
"Natus
Nationality'.
,
Nation'
born"
Page 290
(one
nation-one state)
.
Conception and Definition of Nation
Nation
,
(zimmern)
"
(Anation is a body of people who feel themselves to be naturally linked together by certain
affinities which are so strong and real for them that they can live happily together, are
dissatisfied when disunited and can not tolerate subjection to peoples who do not share these
ties.)
,
(Melver),
,
.
(J. H. Hayes)-
,
" (A Nationality by acquiring unity and
,
" (Nation is a state plus something else; the
Page 291
state looked at from a certain point of view, viz., that of the unity of the people organised in
one state.)
(Stalin),
.
Conception and Definition of Nationality
,
,
(John Stuart Mill)-
,
" (A portion of mankind may be said to constitute a nationality if
they are united among themselves by common sympathis which do not exist between them
and any others which make them cooperate with each other more willingly than with other
pepole desire to be under the same government and desire that it should be government by
themselves, or a portion of themselves exclusively.)
(Renan)
,
.
(H. J. Laski),"
.
Relation between Nation & Nationality
Natio'
Natus
Page 292
(People)
(J. H. Hayes)
,
,
,
,
.
Growth of Nationalism
,
,
,
,
Page 293
.
Nation State
,
'
(ethnic minorities)
,
,
,
.
Elements of Nationality
(Fichte)
-
,
Page 294
,
,
,
,
,
(Common Religion)
,"
"
(Nomadic Group)
,
,
,"
(Burns)
"
Page 295
Economic Aspirations)
"
(Renan)
(The elment of nationalism is neither biological nor linguistic unity, but a spiritual unity.)
(Prof Zimmern)
,
" (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a
nationality)
(Prof. Laski)
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Determining Policy of Nationality : Cultural and Geographical
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Page 296
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Patriotism
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Relation between Patriotism and Nationality
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Page 297
(Nation State)
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Page 298
(MCQ)
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Page 299
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Natio
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Natus
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Page 306
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Page 307
Page 308