Bharat Ratna

Bharat Ratna (Hindi: , Hindi pronunciation:

[bart rt n]; Jewel of India)[1] is the highest civilian award
of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954,
the award is conferred in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award was
originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature,
science and public services but the government expanded
the criteria to include any eld of human endeavour in
December 2011. Recommendations for the Bharat Ratna
are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with
a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year.
Recipients receive a Sanad (certicate) signed by the
President and a peepal-leafshaped medallion; there is no
monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna
recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence,
but are constitutionally prohibited from using the award
name as a title.

to accept the award. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communiqu announcing Boses award
was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred.

1 History

On 2 January 1954, a press communique was released

from the oce of the secretary to the President of India announcing the creation of two civilian awards
Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the threetier Padma Vibhushan, classied into Pahela Warg
(Class I), Dusra Warg (Class II), and Tisra Warg
The rst recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] A year
Rajagopalachari, scientist C. V. Raman and philosopher later on 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reSarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who were honoured in 1954. classied into three dierent awards; the Padma VibSince then, the award has been bestowed on 45 individ- hushan, the highest of the three followed by the Padma
uals including 11 who were awarded posthumously. The Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]
original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards
but were amended in January 1955 to permit them. In There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat
1966, former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri be- Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to
came the rst individual to be honoured posthumously. a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and
In 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, aged 40, became to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaar Khan of Pakformer South African president
the youngest recipient while social reformer Dhondo Ke- istan in 1987 and the late [4]
Nelson
Mandela
in
1990.
Sachin Tendulkar, at the age
shav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though
of
40,
became
the
youngest
person and rst sportsperusually conferred on Indian citizens, the Bharat Ratna has
[5]
son
to
receive
the
honour.
Dhondo
Keshav Karve was
been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa
awarded
on
his
100th
birthday
on
18
April 1958 in a
in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Pakistan national Khan
[6][lower-alpha 1]
special
ceremony.
As
of
2014,
the award
Abdul Ghaar Khan in 1987 and former South African
has
been
conferred
upon
45
people
with
12
posthumous
President Nelson Mandela in 1990. Most recently, In[9][10]
dian government has announced the award to freedom declarations.
ghter Madan Mohan Malaviya (posthumously) and for- The award was briey suspended twice in its history.[11]
mer Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 24 Decem- The rst suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was
ber 2014.
sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India in 1977.
The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil hon- His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13
recipients were asked not to use the
ours, was briey suspended from July 1977 to January July 1977 and past
[12][13]
awards
as
a
title.
The suspension was rescinded on
1980 during the change in the national government and
25
January
1980
after
Indira Gandhi again became the
for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995
[14]
The
civilian awards were suspended
Prime
Minister.
when several public-interest litigations challenged the
again
in
mid-1992
when
two Public-Interest Litigations
constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the govwere
led,
one
in
the
Kerala
High Court and another in
ernments decision to confer the award posthumously on
Madhya
Pradesh
High
Court,
challenging the conthe
Subhash Chandra Bose met with controversy. Due to the
[11]
stitutional
validity
of
the
awards.
The awards were
debate surrounding Boses death, the posthumous menSupreme
Court
of
India in Decemreintroduced
by
the
tion of Bose was much criticised, and his family refused
ber 1995 following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][15]
1

5 CONTROVERSIES

Regulations

The Bharat Ratna is conferred in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order,[16] and
was originally conned to the arts, literature, science and
public services, per the 1954 regulations.[2] But, in December 2011, the rules were changed to include any eld
of human endeavour.[17] The 1954 statutes also did not
allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modied in the January 1955 statute and Lal Bahadur Shastri
became the rst recipient to be honoured posthumously
in 1966.[3][18]
Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime
Minister of India to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. The recipient receives a Sanad (certicate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of
India,[lower-alpha 2] the recipients cannot use the award as
a prex or sux to their name, although recipients may
use either the expressions Awarded Bharat Ratna by the
President or Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[16] The
holders of the Bharat Ratna rank 7th in the Indian order
of precedence.[20]

has a diameter of 5 8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading

out from 5 6 inch (21 mm) to 1 2 inch (13 mm) from the
center of the Sun. The words Bharat Ratna on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the
emblem of India and Satyameva Jayate on the reverse
side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to
the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][21] In
1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished
bronze.[2][22]

4 List of recipients
5 Controversies
The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had
been led against the conferral of the award.
Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

As with many ocial announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for ocial government
notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of
the award is not considered ocial. Recipients whose
awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are also registered in
the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked
are required to surrender their medal, and their name to
be struck from the register.[2][3]

Specications

The original 1954 specications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 3 8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with
a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text
Bharat Ratna, in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the
upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the
lower edge. A platinum Emblem of India was placed in
the centre of the reverse side with the national motto of
India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.
A year later, however, the design was modied to the
form that is currently in use. The current medal is in the
shape of a Peepal leaf, about 2 5 16 inches (59 mm) long,
1 7 8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1 8 inch (3.2 mm) thick
and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design,
also made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal

In 1992, a press release was published to confer the award

posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme
Court of India in 1997.

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the

Presidents Secretariat to confer the award posthumously
on Subhash Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much
criticism and a Public-Interest Litigation was led in the
Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[71] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and
its posthumous mention of Bose saying that honouring a
personality higher than the award is ridiculous and was
an act of carelessness to classify such a person with past
and future recipients. It also said that the award cannot

3
be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government
of India had not ocially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner also requested the whereabouts
of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee
and the 1970 Khosla Commission. The family members
of Bose also expressed their unwillingness to accept the
award.[72][73]
To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court of India
formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V.
Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General of
India noted that to confer the award per the appropriate
regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of
the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President of India.[2] It was also
noted that only an announcement had been made by press
communique but the government had not proceeded to
confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette
and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the
then presidents of India, R. Venkataraman (198792) and
Shankar Dayal Sharma (199297), had not conferred a
Sanad (certicate) with their signature and seal.[72]

such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400
research papers was physically impossible. The suit
also stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he
should not be presented with the award but rather should
be annulled.[75] The PIL led against Tendulkar to the
Election Commission of India under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat
Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct.
The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian
National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha,
the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would inuence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh and Mizoram where the election process
was underway at the time.[76] Another PIL was led
against Tendulkar and a few ministers, alleging a conspiracy to ignore an Indian eld hockey player Dhyan
Chand.[77][lower-alpha 6]
On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission of India
rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on
people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[78] Other High Courts of India also rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[79]

On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court of India delivered

an order that since the award had not been ocially con- 6 Criticism
ferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press
communique be treated as cancelled. The court declined
Several awards of the Bharat Ratna have spurred much
to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of
criticism as they have been considered political awards
[72][74]
Bose and his death.
to persons who have not necessarily merited the honour.
As the recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by
Constitutional validity (1992)
the Prime Minister of India to the President, the then
Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru (194764) and Indira
In 1992, two PILs were led in the High Courts of In- Gandhi (196677, 198084) have been criticised for
dia; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 honouring themselves with the awards in 1955 and 1971
by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh respectively.[57][80]
High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya
In 1988, then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi
Pal Anand. Both petitioners raised a question about the
(198489) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on
civilian awards being Titles per an interpretation of
lm actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
[lower-alpha 2]
Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India.
On
M. G. Ramachandran in a bid to inuence voters prior
25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued
to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[81][82]
[13]
a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A
The decision was also criticised for awarding RamachanSpecial Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India
dran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and
was formed comprising ve judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J.,
Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in
Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S.
1990 and 1991 respectively.[83]
Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judge- While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the
ment that the Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not award,[57] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously
honour K. Kamaraj was said to have been aimed at placattitles under Article 18 of the Constitution of India.[15]
ing Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in
1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was also
C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013)
criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar
[80][81]
Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. to please Dalits.
N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the
Bharat Ratna, multiple Public-Interest Litigations were
led challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL
led against Rao declared that other Indian scientists,

A few of the conferments have been criticised for

honouring personalities only after they received global
recognition.[84] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel

Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the
same year.[85][86] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the
Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize
in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by President K. R. Narayanan to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who agreed to the proposal.[87][88]

Popular demands

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the

recommendations for the award can only be made by
the Prime Minister to the President,[16] there have been
several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singhs predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[33][89] This was
immediately followed by the Communist Party of India
(Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former
Chief Minister of West Bengal.[38] Basu, Indias longestserving chief minister, said that he would decline the
honour, even if awarded.[90] Similar such demands include the Telugu Desam Party leader N. Chandrababu
Naidu for N. T. Rama Rao, Bahujan Samaj Party leader
Mayawati for Kanshi Ram and the Shiromani Akali Dal
for Parkash Singh Badal.[91]
Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however a revision of the
rules in December 2011 made eligible any eld of
human endeavour.[17] Subsequently, several sportspersons names were discussed; among the most talkedabout of these was eld-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who
was recommended multiple times for the posthumous
honour.[92] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chands name for the award to the Prime Ministers Oce (PMO). In January 2012, the Ministry of
Youth Aairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this
time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist
shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[93] Bindra had also been recommended for the award
in May 2013 by the National Rie Association of India.[94] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended
Dhyan Chand.[93][95] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the rst sports-person
to receive the honour.[5] The decision to honour Tendulkar before Chand gathered much criticism for the
government.[96]

Explanatory notes

[1] The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati

Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at
Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his
100th birthday on 18 April 1958.[7][8]

REFERENCES

[2] Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition

of titles, no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.[19]
[3] In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the
fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation
was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[48]
[4] Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in
the oce of Prime Minister for it being worthless and
politicized.[53]
[5] Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna
while he was Education Minister of India (194758) citing that the selection committee members should not
themselves be recipients.[55][56][57]
[6] The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union
home department.

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11 FURTHER READING
Sainty, Guy Stair (2011). World Orders of Knighthood and Merit. University of Michigan Press.
ISBN 978-0-9711966-7-4.
Taneja, V. R.; Taneja, S. (2000). Educational
Thinkers. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 97881-7156-112-4.
Thakur, Pradeep (2010). Indian Music Masters of
Our Times- i. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-81-908705-66.
Weber, Thomas (2004). Gandhi as Disciple and
Mentor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781-139-45657-9.

11

Further reading

Murthi, R.K. (2005). Encyclopedia of Bharat Ratnas. Pitambar Publishing. ISBN 978-81-209-13073.

12
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