Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
Itraconazoleisanazoleantifungalmedicationusedtotreatavarietyoffungalinfections.
OTHERUSES:Thissectioncontainsusesofthisdrugthatarenotlistedintheapprovedprofessional
labelingforthedrugbutthatmaybeprescribedbyyourhealthcareprofessional.Usethisdrugfora
conditionthatislistedinthissectiononlyifithasbeensoprescribedbyyourhealthcareprofessional.
ThisdrugmayalsobeusedtopreventcertainfungalinfectionsinpatientswithHIV
Uses
Itraconazoleisanazoleantifungalmedicationusedtotreatavarietyoffungalinfections.
OTHERUSES:Thissectioncontainsusesofthisdrugthatarenotlistedintheapprovedprofessional
labelingforthedrugbutthatmaybeprescribedbyyourhealthcareprofessional.Usethisdrugfora
conditionthatislistedinthissectiononlyifithasbeensoprescribedbyyourhealthcareprofessional.
ThisdrugmayalsobeusedtopreventcertainfungalinfectionsinpatientswithHIV
Nooneeversaidthatacareerinmedicinewasgoingtobeeasy.Althoughclinicianscanandshould
shareinthejoysandthesorrowsoftheirpatientsandpracticeinamannerthatplacesapremiumon
patientcenteredcare,itcanbedifficulttomaintainequanimityandempathy.Everyonewhohas
workedinhealthcareforanymeaningfullengthoftimehasexperiencedanabusivepatient.
Verbalabusefrompatientscertainlyoccursmorefrequentlyinspecifichealthcaresettings,including
thepsychiatricinpatientunit.StewartandBowersevaluatedthephenomenonofverbalabusein
psychiatricunitsinastudypublishedintheApril2013issueoftheJournalofPsychiatricandMental
HealthNursing.[1]Theresearchfocusedon522inpatientsfrom84centers.Amongthesepatients,1398
incidentsofaggressivebehaviorwerereportedduringthefirst2weeksofadmission.Halfofthestudy
samplewasverballyaggressiveatsomepointduringthisperiod.
Themostcommontypesofverballyaggressivebehavior,indescendingorderoffrequency,were
abusivelanguage,shouting,threats,expressionsofanger,andracistcomments.However,alarge
numberofchartentriesdidnotspecifythetypeofverbalaggression.Mostofthecommentswere
directedathospitalstaffasopposedtoclinicians.Ahistoryofviolentbehaviorandsubstanceabuse
werepatientvariablesmostassociatedwithverbalaggression.
Althoughnotthemostcommoncategoryofverbalaggressioninthisstudy,thedatastillshowthat
racistcommentsfrompatientsoccurwithsomeregularity.Thereareanumberofethicalandlegal
issuesintreatingracistpatients,andthisisalsoacriticalareaforjobsatisfactionandburnoutamong
healthcareproviders.
DrPaulEmilewroteanarticlefortheUCLALawReviewaboutthisissuefromthelegalperspective
severalyearsago.[2]Severalphysicianssincethenhaveaskedhertoaddressitinamedicaljournal,so
sheand3othersnowpresentaframeworkforhowtoconsiderthesesituationsinaperspectivepiece
publishedintheFebruary25issueoftheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.[3]
"Apatient'srefusalofcarebasedonthetreatingphysician'sraceorethnicbackgroundcanraisethorny
ethical,legal,andclinicalissuesandcanbepainful,confusing,andscarringforthephysicians
involved,"DrPaulEmileandcolleagueswrite.
Evenifsuchasituationdoesnotoccuroften,"itcausesalotofheartachewhenitdoes,"coauthor
AliciaFernndez,MD,fromtheDivisionofGeneralInternalMedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia,
SanFrancisco,toldMedscapeMedicalNews.DrFernndezherselfexperiencedsuchasituationasa
resident.
Nooneeversaidthatacareerinmedicinewasgoingtobeeasy.Althoughclinicianscanandshould
shareinthejoysandthesorrowsoftheirpatientsandpracticeinamannerthatplacesapremiumon
patientcenteredcare,itcanbedifficulttomaintainequanimityandempathy.Everyonewhohas
workedinhealthcareforanymeaningfullengthoftimehasexperiencedanabusivepatient.
Verbalabusefrompatientscertainlyoccursmorefrequentlyinspecifichealthcaresettings,including
thepsychiatricinpatientunit.StewartandBowersevaluatedthephenomenonofverbalabusein
psychiatricunitsinastudypublishedintheApril2013issueoftheJournalofPsychiatricandMental
HealthNursing.[1]Theresearchfocusedon522inpatientsfrom84centers.Amongthesepatients,1398
incidentsofaggressivebehaviorwerereportedduringthefirst2weeksofadmission.Halfofthestudy
samplewasverballyaggressiveatsomepointduringthisperiod.
\
SomewomenwithrecurrentBVmaybenefitfromevaluationortreatmentofGvaginaliscolonization
intheirsexualpartner(controversial)
Patientsshouldbeadvisedtostopdouchingorusingbubblebathoranyotheroverthecounter
vaginalhygieneproducts
Patientsshouldwashonlywithhypoallergenicbarsoapsornosoapatallandshouldavoidliquid
soapsandbodywashes
Surgeryisnotindicated
Testingforotherinfections(eg,Ngonorrhoeae,Ctrachomatis,orherpessimplexvirus[HSV]1)
maybeappropriate
Therapywithmetronidazoleorclindamycinmayalterthevaginalfloraandpredisposethepatient
todevelopmentofvaginalcandidiasis
GeneralprinciplesoftreatmentofBVincludethefollowing:
Antibioticsarethemainstayoftherapy
DataontheefficacyofdietarysupplementationwithLactobacillus(acidophilus)are
conflicting
AsymptomaticwomenwithGvaginaliscolonizationdonotneedtreatment
BVoccurringinpregnantwomenshouldbetreated
Treatmentbeforecesareandelivery,totalabdominalhysterectomy,orinsertionofanIUDis
alsorecommended
Uncomplicatedcasestypicallyresolveafterstandardantibiotictreatment
BVthatdoesnotresolveafteronecourseoftreatmentmaybecuredbygivingasecondcourse
ofthesameagentorbyswitchingtoanotheragent(eg,frommetronidazoletoclindamycinor
fromclindamycintometronidazole)
Apa saja Penyebab Mual dan Muntah ? Kondisi medis atau penyakit
penyebab Mual dan muntah, antara lain: Mabuk kendaraan (motion
sickness) Hamil muda (mual terjadi pada sekitar 50% -90% dari
seluruh kehamilan, muntah pada 25% -55%) Obat pencetus muntah
Rasa sakit yang sangat Stres emosional (seperti rasa takut) Makan
berlebihan (kekenyangan) Penyakit kandung empedu, misalnya Batu
Empedu Keracunan makanan Infeksi virus saluran cerna (diare)
Reaksi terhadap bau tak sedap atau bau tertentu Radang
tenggorokan (anak-anak) Serangan jantung Gegar otak atau cedera
otak
DosisRanitidin
Dosisdanjangkawaktupenggunaanranitidintergantungkepadakondisiyangdiobatidantingkat
keparahannya.Padaumumnyaranitidindikonsumsisebanyak300mgperhari.Dosisinibisadiminum
sekaligusataudibagimenjadidua.Ranitidinbisadiberikanselama212minggu,tergantungpada
kondisidanresponspasienterhadappengobatan.
Ranitidindalambentuktablettersediadalamukurandosis75mg,150mg,dan30mg.Ranitidindalam
bentuksiruptersediadalamukurandosis15mg/ml.Sedangkanranitidindalambentukcairanuntuk
disuntikantersediadalamukurandosis1mg/mldan25mg/ml.Cairansuntikantersebutdapat
disuntikanlangsungkedalampembuluhdarahataukedalamotot.
Dosisranitidinuntukorangdewasaialah150mgduakalisehariatau300mgsekalisehari.Untuk
peradangankerongkongan,ranitidindapatdiberikanhingga150mgtigakalisehari.Dosisuntukanak
anakialah24mg/kgberatbadanduakalisehari.Dosismaksimaluntukanakanakialah300mg
sehari.
Ranitidindalambentuktablettersediadalamukurandosis75mg,150mg,dan30mg.Ranitidindalam
bentuksiruptersediadalamukurandosis15mg/ml.Sedangkanranitidindalambentukcairanuntuk
disuntikantersediadalamukurandosis1mg/mldan25mg/ml.Cairansuntikantersebutdapat
disuntikanlangsungkedalampembuluhdarahataukedalamotot.
Dosisranitidinuntukorangdewasaialah150mgduakalisehariatau300mgsekalisehari.Untuk
peradangankerongkongan,ranitidindapatdiberikanhingga150mgtigakalisehari.Dosisuntukanak
anakialah24mg/kgberatbadanduakalisehari.Dosismaksimaluntukanakanakialah300mg
sehari.