Chap 009

Chapter 09 - Muscular System
Chapter 09
Muscular System
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Functions of muscles are for
A. the heartbeat.
B. muscle tone.
C. distribution of heat.
D. moving bones.
E. all of the above.
Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Learning Outcome: 09.01
Topic: Muscular System
2. The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the

A. epimysium.
B. perimysium.
C. endomysium.
D. sarcomysium.
E. myomysium.

9-1
3. Myofibrils are composed primarily of

A. actin and myosin.
B. ATP and ADP.
C. troponin and tropomyosin.
D. fascia and tendons.
E. perimysium and endomysium
4. The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from the

A. transverse tubule pattern.
B. sarcoplasmic reticulum network.
C. sarcomere organization.
D. cisternae placement.
E. distribution of mitochondria.
Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

5. Transverse tubules
A. store sodium ions for the action potential at the cell surface.
B. transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.
C. store calcium ions.
D. connect actin and myosin.
E. transmit nerve impulses out of the muscle.

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6. The severe pain of compartment syndrome is caused by

A. tears in the compartment wall.
B. too much fluid in the compartment.
C. damaged muscle tissue.
D. stretched tendons.
E. lack of fluid in the compartment.
7. The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to

A. excess myofibrils.
B. separated tendons.
C. severed nerves.
D. ruptured blood vessels.
E. torn ligaments

8. A tendon is ______, whereas an aponeurosis is ______.

A. cordlike and connects bones to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that
connects muscles to muscles
B. a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles; cordlike and
connects bones to bones
C. cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that
connects muscles to muscles
D. found in humans; found in apes.
E. none of the above

9-3
9. Muscle fibers are basically a collection of

A. muscles.
B. sarcomeres.
C. connective tissue fibers.
D. alpha and beta subunits.
E. synapses.
10. Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in

A. smooth muscle fibers.
B. skeletal muscle fibers.
C. cardiac muscle fibers.
D. motor neurons.
E. nervous muscle fibers.

11. The functional unit of muscle contraction is

A. the muscle.
B. the muscle fiber.
C. the myosin cross-bridge.
D. the sarcomere.
E. the myomere.

9-4
12. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in

A. myofibrils.
B. motor units.
C. motor end plates.
D. motor neuron endings.
E. sarcomeres
13. The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylcholine to

A. bond to actin.
B. be secreted from the motor end plate.
C. decompose.
D. form cross-bridges.
E. none of the above.

14. creatine phosphate

A. decomposes ATP.
B. decomposes ADP.
C. supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP.
D. supplies energy for the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
E. binds to Ach receptors.

9-5
15. The amount of oxygen liver cells require to react lactic acid to produce glucose or the
glycogen glycogen is the
A. refractory quantity.
B. oxygen debt.
C. anaerobic concentration.
D. aerobic conversion.
E. lactate debt.
16. Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps
are most likely due to a temporary deficit of
A. actin.
B. myosin.
C. ATP.
D. ADP.
E. endorphins.

17. Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than nonathletes because they
A. convert glucose to lactic acid.
B. tolerate high concentrations of carbon dioxide.
C. make more efficient use of ATP.
D. produce less lactic acid.
E. do not care about fatigue or pain.
Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze

9-6
18. At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a

A. motor neuron.
B. neurotransmitter.
C. motor unit.
D. motor end cup.
E. motor end plate.
19. The toxin that causes botulism

A. prevents release of acetylcholine.
B. promotes release of acetylcholine.
C. decomposes acetylcholine.
D. prevents decomposition of acetylcholine.
E. binds to acetylcholine.

20. Rigor mortis affects skeletal muscles a few hours after death, due to
A. increased ATP and decreased permeability to calcium.
B. decreased ATP and increased permeability to calcium.
C. increased ATP.
D. nerve impulses that contract the muscles excessively.

9-7
21. At a neuromuscular junction

A. actin and myosin filaments slide past one another.
B. troponin and tropomyosin exchange places.
C. neurotransmitters are released.
D. intercalated discs are synthesized.
E. neurotransmitters are synthesized.
22. The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that

A. the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber
through transverse tubules.
B. acetylcholine diffuses across a gap at a neuromuscular junction.
C. acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron.
D. calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin
molecules.
E. morphine is released from the end of the motor neuron.

23. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments.
B. Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.
C. Cross-bridges form between actin and sarcolemma filaments.
D. Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another.
E. Myosin and actin alternate to form filaments.

9-8
24. The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a
A. myoma
B. fascia
C. neuroma
D. dendrite
E. synapse
25. __________ degrades acetylcholine, keeping it from accumulating in the synapse.

A. ATPase
B. Myosinase
C. Actinase
D. Acetylcholinesterase
E. DNase

26. Arrange the following steps for contraction in the correct sequence.
1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released.
2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments.
3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites.
4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules.
5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts.
6. Tropomyosin molecules bind to exposed active sites, linking actin and myosin
A. 6, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
B. 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6
C. 4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5
D. 3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4
E. 4, 2, 6, 5, 3, 1

9-9
27. A shift in metabolism that breaks down pyruvic acid to lactic acid is called
A. aerobic threshold.
B. anaerobic threshold.
C. pyruvic acidosis.
D. glycogenic threshold.
E. glycolysis
28. Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of

A. the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal
muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two.
B. the inability of myoglobin molecules to store enough oxygen when skeletal muscles are
used strenuously for a minute or two.
C. too much oxygen used in forming pyruvic acid when skeletal muscles are contracted
strenuously for a minute or two.
D. too many mitochondria utilizing oxygen to synthesize ATP when skeletal muscles are
contracted for a minute or two.
E. too high a concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere.

29. The relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that

A. ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate.
B. creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
C. both having three phosphate groups.
D. both are required to stimulate a muscle to contract.
E. they are the same.

9-10
30. A motor unit is

A. many myofibrils in a sarcolemma.
B. many motor end plates at a neuromuscular junction.
C. a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it.
D. the functional unit of a muscle fiber.
E. a type of recreational vehicle.
31. In muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for

A. creatine phosphate synthesis.
B. glycogen synthesis.
C. cellular respiration.
D. enzyme activity.
E. myofilament movement.

32. Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that

A. the more active they are, the more heat is used up.
B. the more active they are, the more heat is released.
C. they produce more actin and myosin in hot weather.
D. they conserve actin and myosin in cold weather.
E. excess myosin is quickly metabolized to yield heat.

9-11
33. Threshold stimulus is the

A. maximum stimulus to contract a muscle.
B. amount of acetylcholine required to contract a muscle.
C. maximum stimulus required to contract a muscle.
D. minimal amount of energy required to contract a muscle fiber.
34. A myogram is
A. a chart that shows how many muscle cells a neuron synapses with.
B. a recording of the events of a twitch.
C. a measurement of muscle tone.
D. a depiction of the results of a stress test.
E. an instrument that detects the pattern in which neurons contact muscles.

35. A plank position is part of a yoga/Pilates workout. The person supports the body on the
floor in a prone position with the arms and feet supporting the body. It is a little like the "up"
position of a push-up, held for 30 to 60 seconds. Contraction of the abdominal muscles in a
plank is most likely
A. isotonic.
B. eccentric.
C. isometric.
D. isotopic.
E. plurimetric.

9-12
36. An example of a partial but sustained contraction is

A. knee jerking.
B. a titanic contraction.
C. a twitch.
D. eye blinking.
E. muscle tone.
37. Which of the following is not true?

A. Red fibers contract more slowly than white.
B. Red fibers contain more myoglobin than white.
C. Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.
D. Red fibers fatigue more slowly than white.
E. Red roosters have red fibers and white chickens have white fibers.

38. In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the
time the muscle responds is called the
A. refractory period.
B. relaxation period.
C. latent period.
D. contraction period.
E. stimulus period.

9-13
39. The very brief moment following stimulation when a muscle remains unresponsive to
additional stimulation is called the
A. refractory period.
B. relaxation period.
C. latent period.
D. contraction period.
E. refractory index.
40. Smooth muscle lacks

A. actin and myosin.
B. transverse tubules and striations.
C. gap junctions.
D. nuclei and mitochondria.
E. myofibrils.

41. Smooth muscle has ___________ and not troponin.

A. calmodulin
B. acetylcholine
C. norepinephrine
D. titin
E. fibronectin

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42. Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

A. contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly.
B. contracts more slowly and relaxes more rapidly.
C. contracts more rapidly and relaxes more slowly.
D. contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly.
E. contracts and relaxes at about the same rate.
43. The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under
involuntary control is
A. skeletal muscle.
B. smooth muscle.
C. cardiac muscle.
D. striated muscle.
E. exercised muscle.

44. Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are

A. smooth muscle fibers.
B. skeletal muscle fibers.
C. cardiac muscle fibers.
D. motor neurons.
E. adipocytes.

9-15
45. Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect

A. smooth muscle contraction.
B. skeletal muscle contraction.
C. synthesis of actin and myosin.
D. exercise tolerance.
E. percentage of different twitch types.
46. The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are

A. herniated discs.
B. neuromuscular junctions.
C. intercalated discs.
D. desmosomes.
E. neuromuscular discs.

47. Cardiac muscle

A. contracts as a syncytium.
B. excites itself.
C. responds in an all-or-none manner.
D. is only in the heart.

9-16
48. Bones and muscles function as mechanical devices called

A. lifts.
B. levers.
C. syncytia.
D. ladders.
E. monkey bars.
49. The movable end of a muscle is its

A. origin.
B. fulcrum.
C. insertion.
D. twitch.
E. source.

50. The muscle primarily responsible for an action is the

A. biceps.
B. antagonist.
C. prime mover.
D. origin
E. activator.

9-17
51. A muscle that assists a prime mover is a(n)

A. antagonist.
B. agonist.
C. lever.
D. synergist.
52. The buccinator muscle is in the

A. buttocks.
B. ankle.
C. bladder.
D. cheek.
E. chest.

53. The muscle that adducts and flexes the arm is the
A. coracobrachialis.
B. pectoralis minor.
C. levator scapulae.
D. teres major.

9-18
54. The linea alba is

A. a muscle extending from the ischial spine to the coccyx and sacrum.
B. a curved, broad muscle on the side of the chest.
C. a muscle beneath the skull.
D. a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach.
E. a muscle attached to the symphysis pubis.
55. The soleus is a muscle that forms part of the

A. calf.
B. buttocks.
C. thigh.
D. abdomen.
E. shoulder.

56. Which of the following is not a muscle of mastication?

A. Medial and lateral pterygoid
B. Masseter
C. Temporalis
D. Mandibular
E. All of the above

9-19
57. Which of the following is unique in that its insertion is to fascia and not bone?
A. palmaris longus
B. extensor carpi ulnaris
C. flexor digitorum profundus
D. extensor digitorum
58. The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to hear sounds of respiratory organs, is
located near the border of the
A. pectoralis major and pectoralis minor.
B. trapezius and latissimus dorsi.
C. latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior.
D. pectoralis major and serratus anterior.
E. gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus.

59. A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a waddling limp, is usually caused by a
disorder of the
A. gluteus maximus and gluteus medius.
B. gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus.
C. gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
D. gluteus gluteus and gluteus transverses.

9-20
60. A sign of aging of the muscular system is

A. expansion of muscle fiber diameters.
B. decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles.
C. excess ATP.
D. fewer red fibers.
61. Regina began an exercise program six months ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs
and lower limbs are more prominent. Exercise can lead to formation of new muscle by
A. stimulating synthesis of myoglobin.
B. stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide,
producing more muscle cells.
C. stimulating satellite cells to release IL-6, which stimulates fibroblasts to differentiate as
muscle cells.
D. stimulating motor neurons to divide and innervate more muscle cells.
E. stimulating connective tissue to differentiate as muscle tissue.

62. Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is caused by reduction in

A. ATP.
B. myoglobin.
C. the sizes of muscle fibers.
D. creatine phosphate.

9-21
63. People with myasthenia gravis lack

A. titin.
B. troponin.
C. about two-thirds of the normal number of acetylcholine receptors
D. sarcomeres.
E. dystrophin.
Boxed Reading: Clinical Application 9.1
64. Myasthenia gravis is

A. an autoimmune disorder.
B. a bacterial infection.
C. a form of cancer.
D. the result of injury.
E. a muscle in the lower limb.

65. Weightlifting, in which a muscle exerts more than 75% of its maximum tension,
stimulates
A. an increase in slow, fatigable white fibers.
B. muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.
C. shrinking of skeletal muscle.
D. conversion of skeletal to smooth muscle.
E. conversion of smooth to skeletal muscle.

9-22
66. Fibers of muscles whose motor neurons are severed

A. hypertrophy.
B. may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue.
C. cannot ever be reinnervated.
D. die.
67. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome causes

A. insomnia.
B. ringing in the ears.
C. backache.
D. clicking sound from the jaw.

True / False Questions

68. Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers.
TRUE

9-23
69. Layers of dense connective tissue that separate skeletal muscles from each other are called
fascia.
TRUE
70. A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit.
TRUE

71. During muscle contraction, calcium ions combine with tropomyosin, and this exposes
active sites for cross-bridge formation.
FALSE

72. ATPase is located in myosin cross-bridges.

TRUE

73. Anaerobic respiration occurs primarily in mitochondria.

FALSE

9-24
74. Liver cells convert lactic acid to ATP.

FALSE
75. The minimal strength of stimulation needed to elicit a muscle contraction is called the
threshold stimulus.
TRUE

76. If a muscle contracts and its fibers shorten, the contraction is isometric.
FALSE

77. The latent period is the time when the muscle is relaxed.
FALSE

78. White muscles have an increased capacity to carry on aerobic respiration.

FALSE

9-25
79. Metabolic processes can use only about 25% of the energy released by cellular
respiration.
TRUE
80. Motor unit recruitment refers to the fact that some motor neurons can recruit new skeletal
muscle fibers with which they connect.
FALSE

81. The two major types of smooth muscles are intercalated muscle and cardiac muscle.
FALSE

82. Cardiac muscle is voluntary.

FALSE

83. Muscles and bones function as levers.

TRUE

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84. The masseter muscle functions in mastication.

TRUE
85. Exercise can lead to new muscle filament formation, even in an older person.
TRUE

Fill in the Blank Questions

86. A broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches the coverings of adjacent muscles
is called an ______.
aponeurosis

87. The pigment responsible for the reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is ______.
myoglobin

9-27
88. In order to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, motor neurons release the neurotransmitter
______.
acetylcholine
89. During anaerobic respiration, glucose molecules are converted into molecules of ______
______.
pyruvic acid

90. A forceful, sustained muscle contraction is called a ______ ______.

tetanic contraction

91. Muscle fatigue is most likely due to an accumulation of ______ ______.

lactic acid

92. The combining of a series of twitches to produce a sustained contraction is called ______.
summation

9-28
93. The rhythmic, wavelike motion produced by smooth muscles in tubular visceral organs is
called _______.
peristalsis
94. The ______ ______ at the ends of cardiac muscle cells help to join cells.
intercalated discs

95. Muscles that assist a prime mover are called ______.

synergists

96. The muscle that covers the upper part of the cranium is the _______________.
epicranius

9-29

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Chapter 09 - Muscular System

Multiple Choice Questions

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

2. The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

3. Myofibrils are composed primarily of

4. The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from the

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

6. The severe pain of compartment syndrome is caused by

7. The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

8. A tendon is ______, whereas an aponeurosis is ______.

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

9. Muscle fibers are basically a collection of

10. Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

11. The functional unit of muscle contraction is

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

12. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in

13. The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylcholine to

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

14. creatine phosphate

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

18. At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a

19. The toxin that causes botulism

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

21. At a neuromuscular junction

22. The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

23. Which of the following statements is correct?

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

25. __________ degrades acetylcholine, keeping it from accumulating in the synapse.

Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand

Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

28. Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

29. The relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

30. A motor unit is

31. In muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for

Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create

32. Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that

Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

33. Threshold stimulus is the

Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze

Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze

Chapter 09 - Muscular System

8. A tendon is , whereas an aponeurosis is .