Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Identify which of the following items is NOT needed for muscle contraction.
A) carbon dioxide
B) calcium ions
C) oxygen
D) myofibrils
E) creatine phosphate
Answer: A
2. The earthworm has partitioned segments that allow muscles to coordinate in inflating
or elongating each segment; this is use of what type of support system?
A) an exoskeleton
B) and endoskeleton
C) a calcium carbonate shell
D) a hydrostatic skeleton
E) a skeleton of spicules
Answer: D
3. Which statement about skeletons is NOT true?
A) The skeleton of a vertebrate is an endoskeleton.
B) The skeleton of an arthropod is an exoskeleton.
C) The skeleton of a clam is an exoskeleton.
D) All exoskeletons must be shed as the animal grows.
E) An earthworm has a fluid-filled cavity that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.
Answer: D
4. Which statement is NOT true about the insect exoskeleton?
A) It is made of chitin.
B) It is jointed and movable.
C) It grows with the organism.
D) It is made of a complex form of carbohydrate.
E) It has muscles attached to it from the inside of the body.
Answer: C

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

5. Which statement is NOT true about the skeleton of a clam?
A) It has two separate shells.
B) It grows with the organism.
C) It is made of calcium carbonate.
D) It is used mainly to allow movement of the organism.
E) It has muscles attached to it from the inside of the body.
Answer: D
6. Which is NOT a function of the human skeletal system?
A) protects internal organs
B) acts as a storage site for calcium salts
C) acts as the site of blood cell production in adults
D) acts as a structure against which muscles can contract
E) provides the ATP for muscles to use in contraction
Answer: E
7. If your bones were "pulled out" you would perhaps resemble a large pancake with
eyes bulging out. Besides shape, what other function(s) would you lack?
A) substantial body movement (walking, etc.)
B) storage of calcium, phosphorus and fat
C) blood cell production
D) protection of brain and other soft organs
E) All of the choices would be lacking.
Answer: E
8. What is the nature of bone tissue?
A) Bone is active, growing tissue with an extensive blood supply.
B) Bone is similar to cartilage, nearly inert, and with little blood supply.
C) Bone is active and living when formed by osteoblast but dies after it hardens.
D) Bone is nonliving calcium deposits.
E) The outer compact bone is nonliving calcium, but the bone marrow is active living
tissue.
Answer: A

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

9. Which is NOT a correct association of bone structures and functions?
A) osteoblasts--cells that build up bone tissue
B) osteoclasts--cells that break down bone tissue
C) osteons--tubular units of compact bone
D) periosteum--holes through which blood vessels run
E) lacunae--tiny chambers in concentric circles around a central canal
Answer: D
10. Bone-forming cells are termed
A) chondrocytes.
B) blood cells.
C) osteoclasts.
D) osteocytes.
E) osteoblasts.
Answer: E
11. Bone-absorbing cells are called
A) menisci.
B) chondrocytes.
C) osteoclasts.
D) osteoblasts.
E) osteocytes.
Answer: C
12. ___ will take calcium from the blood, whereas ___ will deposit calcium into the blood,
respectively.
A) Osteoclasts, osteoblasts
B) Osteocytes, osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes, osteoblasts
D) Osteoblasts, osteocytes
E) Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Answer: E

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

13. The Greek root words meaning "bone" and "cell" are the basis for the term
A) osteoblast.
B) osteoclast.
C) osteocyte.
D) osteon.
E) hydrostatic.
Answer: C
14. Which statement is NOT true about the development of bone in humans?
A) Bone breakdown and replacement occur throughout life.
B) A primary ossification center forms in the middle of a long bone.
C) A secondary ossification center forms at the end of a long bone.
D) Bones may form within a cartilage model or within a membrane matrix.
E) A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary and secondary ossification
centers until old age.
Answer: E
15. The type of bone tissue that has lacunae, concentric circles around osteons, and is
found in the middle portion of a long bone is
A) spongy bone.
B) compact bone.
C) red marrow.
D) yellow marrow.
E) fibrous membrane.
Answer: B
16. Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the axial skeleton?
A) ribs
B) skull
C) sternum
D) scapula
E) vertebrae
Answer: D

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

17. Which is NOT a correct association of facial bones?
A) zygomatic bones--bridge of the nose
B) mandible--lower jaw
C) maxillae--upper jaw and hard palate
D) frontal--forehead
E) All of these are correct associations.
Answer: A
18. Which of the following is NOT true about the vertebrae?
A) They are part of the appendicular skeleton.
B) They form a dorsal backbone.
C) They help form 4 curvatures of the spine.
D) They are separated by intervertebral disks.
E) They help protect the spinal cord.
Answer: A
19. The correct order of regions of vertebrae from top to bottom is
A) thoracic--lumbar--sacrum--cervical-coccyx
B) cervical--lumbar--sacrum--thoracic-coccyx
C) cervical--thoracic--lumbar--sacrum-coccyx
D) lumbar--sacrum--cervical--thoracic-coccyx
E) sacrum--cervical--thoracic--lumbar-coccyx
Answer: C
20. Which one of the following is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?
A) ribs
B) fibula
C) humerus
D) patella
E) radius
Answer: A

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

21. Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the pectoral girdle and its
appendages?
A) humerus
B) carpals
C) phalanges
D) ulna
E) tibia
Answer: E
22. If you change your hands from a position where they are folded together to where they
are cupped to collect a handful of water, you have mainly rotated which arm bone(s)?
A) humerus
B) scapula
C) ulna
D) radius
E) carpals
Answer: D
23. The radius is to the ulna as the
A) tibia is to the femur.
B) fibula is to the ulna.
C) fibula is to the tibia.
D) humerus is to the femur.
E) femur is to the tibia
Answer: C
24. Which of the following would NOT be found in the pectoral girdle and associated
appendages?
A) clavicle
B) scapula
C) humerus
D) tibia
E) phalanges
Answer: D

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

25. Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the pelvic girdle and its appendages?
A) radius
B) patella
C) fibula
D) phalanges
E) femur
Answer: A
26. The largest bone in the body is the
A) coxal bone.
B) femur.
C) clavicle.
D) humerus.
E) tibia.
Answer: B
27. The bones of the wrist are called the
A) tarsals.
B) metatarsals.
C) carpals.
D) metacarpals.
E) phalanges.
Answer: C
28. The pelvic bone is also known as the
A) coxal bone.
B) femur.
C) clavicle.
D) humerus.
E) tibia.
Answer: A

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

29. The elbow or knee is an example of a/an ______ joint.
A) immovable
B) fibrous
C) cartilaginous
D) hinge
E) ball-and-socket
Answer: D
30. In_______, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens; degenerative
changes take place that make the joint immovable and painful.
A) arthritis
B) bursitis
C) bone cancer
D) muscular dystrophy
E) tendonitis
Answer: A
31. Which of the following attach muscle to the bone?
A) ligaments
B) joints
C) tendons
D) adipose tissue
E) sarcomere
Answer: C
32. The crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage between the bones in the knee are called
A) ligaments.
B) tendons.
C) spongy bone.
D) marrow.
E) menisci.
Answer: E

Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

33. The joints found between the vertebrae are classified as being
A) immovable.
B) slightly movable.
C) freely movable.
D) synovial joints.
E) discoidal.
Answer: B
34. ___ is a condition in many older women in which the bones become weak and thin.
A) Rheumatoid arthritis
B) Bursitis
C) Osteoarthritis
D) Osteoporosis
E) Meningitis
Answer: D
35. Which statement is NOT true about the muscular system?
A) It contains three kinds of muscle tissue.
B) Muscles work in antagonistic pairs across a joint.
C) Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
D) Muscles can move a bone by pushing or pulling it as they contract.
E) Tetanus and tone are features of normal muscle tissue.
Answer: D
36. Actin and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region called the
A) A band.
B) Z line.
C) H zone.
D) I band.
E) M band.
Answer: A

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Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

37. In contraction the
A) thin filaments become shorter.
B) thin filaments become longer.
C) thick filaments become shorter.
D) thick filaments become longer.
E) None of these are true.
Answer: E
38. Which of these would you NOT expect to find in a long bone?
A) compact bone
B) spongy bone
C) sarcomeres
D) cartilage
E) medullary cavity
Answer: C
39. The muscle action potential will cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium
ions when stimulated directly by the
A) sarcolemma.
B) neuromuscular junction.
C) tropomyosin.
D) axon bulb.
E) T tubule.
Answer: E
40. Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of terms concerning a muscle cell?
A) thin filament--actin
B) thick filament--myosin
C) sarcomere--the entire muscle cell or muscle fiber
D) sarcolemma--extensive plasma membrane
E) Z-lines--stie of actin attachment
Answer: C

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Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

41. Calcium ions bind to
A) tropomyosin.
B) troponin.
C) actin.
D) myosin.
E) cross bridges.
Answer: B
42. According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction,
A) actin binds ATP and breaks it apart as actin pulls against myosin.
B) calcium ions are released from myosin as the filaments slide by.
C) none of the thick or thin filaments changes its length during this process.
D) an accordion-like pleat is formed as the myosin and actin interact.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Answer: C
43. A maximal sustained muscle contraction is called a
A) twitch.
B) threshold.
C) tetanus.
D) tone.
E) summation.
Answer: C
44. Which of the following will increase during strenuous muscular activity?
A) oxygen
B) carbon monoxide
C) lactic acid
D) liver glycogen
E) myosin
Answer: C

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Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

45. Which molecule will be used to supply energy to regenerate ATP?
A) ADP
B) glucose
C) lactate
D) creatine phosphate
E) tropomyosin
Answer: D
46. Oxygen debt may be associated with
A) low oxygen demand by the cells.
B) lactic acid buildup.
C) too much oxygen in the body.
D) too little carbon dioxide in the body.
E) failure to convert potential energy into kinetic energy.
Answer: B
47. The source of energy for bonding between myosin and actin is
A) ATP.
B) ADP.
C) creatine phosphate.
D) lactate.
E) glycogen.
Answer: A
48. An oxygen debt occurs when
A) there is too much oxygen in the muscle tissues.
B) ATP is depleted, and the body starts to use creatine phosphate to supply new ATP.
C) ATP is depleted, and the body starts breaking down actin and myosin to allow
muscle contraction to occur.
D) there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration, and the body must use lactic acid
fermentation to produce ATP.
E) None of the choices is correct.
Answer: D

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Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

49. The conversion that supplies the required energy for muscle contraction might be
illustrated as follows:
A) ATPADP + ;P.
B) AMPATP.
C) glucosewater + lactic acid.
D) O2lactic acid + CO2.
E) glucose + O2water + lactic acid.
Answer: A
50. A correct description of the movement of actin-myosin fibers is:
A) binding with ATP shortens the muscle fiber; reverse binding elongates the fiber.
B) the energy from ATP?ADP + ;P is used to convert actin into myosin
C) the calcium ions are used as energy to split ATP which released more energy to
shorten the fiber.
D) when ADP and ;P split, the actin-myosin bridge moves the filaments to shorten the
muscle fiber.
E) actin filament heads breakdown ATP and then attach to a myosin filament forming
cross-bridges.
Answer: D
51. Muscle contraction is begun or triggered
A) when high levels of oxygen and sugar are released by the sarcolemma.
B) by release of surplus ATP by nerve motor unit.
C) by release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse that directly causes actin and myosin
to slide.
D) by the nerve releasing a neurotransmitter, which triggers a flow of calcium that
attaches to actin filaments and exposes the myosin binding sites.
E) by the nerve releasing a neurotransmitter, which triggers a flow of calcium that
releases ATP and begins the actin filaments sliding across the myosin binding
sites.
Answer: D
52. Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released at the axon bulb.
A) sodium ions
B) calcium ions
C) ATP
D) creatine phosphate
E) acetylcholine
Answer: E
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Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

53. A nerve impulse to a set of muscle cells causes the flow of calcium ions throughout
this unit by way of extensive plasma membranes called
A) myofibrils.
B) myosin filament cross-bridges.
C) a neuromuscular junction.
D) the sarcolemma.
E) menisci.
Answer: D
54. The ribs of the rib cage
A) protect the heart.
B) assist breathing.
C) protect the lungs.
D) connect with the thoracic vertebrae
E) All of the choices are true of the ribs.
Answer: E
Use the following to answer questions 55-58:

55. The troponin molecule is labeled ____.

Answer: B
56. The tropomyosin molecule is labeled_____.
Answer: C

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Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems

57. What molecule will bind to D?
A) actin
B) myosin
C) troponin
D) z-line protein
E) ATP-ase
Answer: B
58. What was the source of calcium in this diagram?
A) axon terminal
B) synaptic vesicle
C) sarcolemma
D) T-tubules
E) sarcoplasmic reticulum
Answer: E
Essay Questions
59. Locomotion in vertebrates demonstrates the integration of several systems in order to
produce coordinated movement. Describe how the nervous, skeletal and muscular
systems all function in creating a voluntary movement such as flexing the elbow joint.
Be sure to include the molecular events causing muscle contraction.
Answer:
Depending on which muscle is involved, the brain sends a signal by way of a motor
neuron to the appropriate muscle or muscles. At the axon terminal a neurotransmitter
is released- usually acetylcholine. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
which relays the impulse to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases calcium ions.
Calcium binds to troponin molecules which removes the tropomyosin from the myosin
binding sites present on the actin. Myosin can now bind to the actin and, with the use
of ATP, creates the power stroke that pulls the Z-lines of the sarcomere closer together.
This contracts the muscle. Still, without a skeletal system, coordinated movement
cannot occur. The muscles need a fixed surface to pull against in order to create
movement. The skeletal system provides the fixed surface needed for voluntary
movements. In the case of the elbow joint, the biceps pull on the radius bone of the
arm to flex the joint.

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