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SYL L ABUSF ORL IF ESCIENCES

IntroductionandEligibility

CSIRUGC/NET

SYLLABUSFORLIFESCIENCES(CSIRJRF/NET)

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1.MOLECULESANDTHEIRINTERACTIONRELAVENTTOBIOLOGY
A. Structureofatoms,moleculesandchemicalbonds.
Composition,structureandfunctionofbiomolecules(carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,nucleicacidsandvitamins).
Stablizinginteractions(VanderWaals,electrostatic,hydrogenbonding,hydrophobicinteraction,etc.).
Principlesofbiophysicalchemistry(pH,buffer,reactionkinetics,thermodynamics,colligativeproperties).
Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy
transducers.
Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis,
isozymes.
Conformationofproteins(Ramachandranplot,secondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructuredomainsmotifand
folds).
Conformationofnucleicacids(A,B,ZDNA),tRNA,microRNA.
Stabilityofproteinandnucleicacidstructures.
Metabolismofcarbohydrates,lipids,aminoacids,nucleotidesandvitamins.

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2.CELLULARORGANIZATION
A. Membranestructureandfunction:Structureofmodelmembrane,lipidbilayerandmembraneproteindiffusion,
osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular
transport,electricalpropertiesofmembranes.

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B. Structuralorganizationandfunctionofintracellularorganelles:Cellwall,nucleus,mitochondria,Golgibodies,
lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure and function of
cytoskeletonanditsroleinmotility.
C. Organizationofgenesandchromosomes:Operon,interruptedgenes,genefamilies,structureofchromatinand
chromosomes,uniqueandrepetitiveDNA,heterochromatin,euchromatin,transposons.
D. Celldivisionandcellcycle:Mitosisandmeiosis,theirregulation,stepsincellcycle,andcontrolofcellcycle.
E. MicrobialPhysiology:Growth,yieldandcharacteristics,strategiesofcelldivision,stressresponse.

3.FUNDAMENTALPROCESSES
A. DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and
replicationfork,fidelityofreplication,extrachromosomalreplicons,DNAdamageandrepairmechanisms.
B. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex,
transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and termination, RNA
processing, RNA editing, splicing, polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA
transport.
C. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their
regulation,elongationandelongationfactors,termination,geneticcode,aminoacylationoftRNA,tRNAidentity,
aminoacyltRNAsynthetase,translationalproofreading,translationalinhibitors,posttranslationalmodification
ofproteins.
D. Controlofgeneexpressionattranscriptionandtranslationlevel:Regulationofphages,viruses,prokaryotic
andeukaryoticgeneexpression,roleofchromatininregulatinggeneexpressionandgenesilencing.

4.CELLCOMMUNICATIONANDCELLSIGNALING
A. Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into
animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virusinduced cell transformation,
pathogeninduceddiseasesinanimalsandplants,cellcellfusioninbothnormalandabnormalcells.
.

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B. Cell signalling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through Gprotein coupled
receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and
planttwocomponentsignalingsystems,bacterialchemotaxisandquorumsensing.
C. Cellularcommunication:Regulationofhematopoiesis,generalprinciplesofcellcommunication,celladhesion
androlesofdifferentadhesionmolecules,gapjunctions,extracellularmatrix,integrins,neurotransmissionand
itsregulation.
D. Cancer:Geneticrearrangementsinprogenitorcells,oncogenes,tumorsuppressorgenes,cancerandthecell
cycle, virusinduced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic
interventionsofuncontrolledcellgrowth.
E. Innateandadaptiveimmunesystem:Cellsandmoleculesinvolvedininnateandadaptiveimmunity,antigens,
antigenicityandimmunogenicity.BandTcellepitopes,structureandfunctionofantibodymolecules,generation
of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigenantibody interactions, MHC
molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell
receptors, humoral and cellmediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the
complement system, Tolllike receptors, cellmediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and
autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections,
congenitalandacquiredimmunodeficiencies,vaccines.

5.DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY
A. Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination
anddifferentiationmorphogeneticgradientscellfateandcelllineagesstemcellsgenomicequivalenceand
thecytoplasmicdeterminantsimprintingmutantsandtransgenicsinanalysisofdevelopment.
B. Gametogenesis,fertilizationandearlydevelopment:Productionofgametes,cellsurfacemoleculesinsperm
egg recognition in animals embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants zygote formation,
cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals
embryogenesis,establishmentofsymmetryinplantsseedformationandgermination.
C. Morphogenesisandorganogenesisinanimals:CellaggregationanddifferentiationinDictyosteliumaxesand
patternformationinDrosophila,amphibiaandchickorganogenesisvulvaformationinCaenorhabditiselegans
eyelensinduction,limbdevelopmentandregenerationinvertebratesdifferentiationofneurons,postembryonic
developmentlarval formation, metamorphosis environmental regulation of normal development sex
determination.
D. Morphogenesisandorganogenesisinplants:Organizationofshootandrootapicalmeristemshootandroot
developmentleafdevelopmentandphyllotaxytransitiontoflowering,floralmeristemsandfloraldevelopmentin
ArabidopsisandAntirrhinum.
E. Programmedcelldeath,agingandsenescence.

6.SYSTEMPHYSIOLOGYPLANT
A. Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes mechanisms of electron transport photoprotective mechanisms
CO2fixationC3,C4andCAMpathways.
B. Respirationandphotorespiration:CitricacidcycleplantmitochondrialelectrontransportandATPsynthesis
alternateoxidasephotorespiratorypathway.
C. Nitrogenmetabolism:Nitrateandammoniumassimilationaminoacidbiosynthesis.
D. Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport physiological effects and mechanisms of
action.
E. Sensory photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and
phototropinsstomatalmovementphotoperiodismandbiologicalclocks.
F. Solutetransportandphotoassimilatetranslocation:Uptake,transportandtranslocationofwater,ions,solutes
and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem transpiration
mechanismsofloadingandunloadingofphotoassimilates.
G. Secondarymetabolites:Biosynthesisofterpenes,phenolsandnitrogenouscompoundsandtheirroles.
H. Stressphysiology:Responsesofplantstobiotic(pathogenandinsects)andabiotic(water,temperatureand
salt)stressesmechanismsofresistancetobioticstressandtolerancetoabioticstress.

7.SYSTEMPHYSIOLOGYANIMAL
A. Bloodandcirculation:Bloodcorpuscles,haemopoiesisandformedelements,plasmafunction,bloodvolume,
bloodvolumeregulation,bloodgroups,haemoglobin,immunity,haemostasis.
B. CardiovascularSystem:Comparativeanatomyofheartstructure,myogenicheart,specializedtissue,ECGits
principleandsignificance,cardiaccycle,heartasapump,bloodpressure,neuralandchemicalregulationofall
above.
C. Respiratory system: Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of
gases,exchangeofgases,wasteelimination,neuralandchemicalregulationofrespiration.
D. Nervous system: Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and
peripheralnervoussystem,neuralcontrolofmuscletoneandposture.
E. Senseorgans:Vision,hearingandtactileresponse.
F. Excretory system: Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste
elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid
basebalance.
G. Thermoregulation:Comfortzone,bodytemperaturephysical,chemical,neuralregulation,acclimatization.
H. Stressandadaptation
I. Digestivesystem:Digestion,absorption,energybalance,BMR.
J. Endocrinology and reproduction: Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones and

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diseasesreproductiveprocesses,neuroendocrineregulation.

8.INHERITANCEBIOLOGY
A. Mendelianprinciples:Dominance,segregation,independentassortment,deviationfromMendelianinheritance.
B. Conceptofgene:Allele,multiplealleles,pseudoallele,complementationtests.
C. Extensions of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy,
genomicimprinting,penetranceandexpressivity,phenocopy,linkageandcrossingover,sexlinkage,sexlimited
andsexinfluencedcharacters.
D. Genemappingmethods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using
somaticcellhybrids,developmentofmappingpopulationinplants.
E. Extrachromosomalinheritance:Inheritanceofmitochondrialandchloroplastgenes,maternalinheritance.
F. Microbial genetics: Methods of genetic transfers, transformation, conjugation, transduction and sexduction,
mappinggenesbyinterruptedmating,finestructureanalysisofgenes.
G. Humangenetics:Pedigreeanalysis,lodscoreforlinkagetesting,karyotypes,geneticdisorders.
H. Quantitativegenetics:Polygenicinheritance,heritabilityanditsmeasurements,QTLmapping.
I. Mutation:Types,causesanddetection,mutanttypeslethal,conditional,biochemical,lossoffunction,gainof
function,germinalversessomaticmutants,insertionalmutagenesis.
J. Structuralandnumericalalterationsofchromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy
andtheirgeneticimplications.
K. Recombination: Homologous and nonhomologous recombination, including transposition, sitespecific
recombination.

9.DIVERSITYOFLIFEFORMS
A. Principles and methods of taxonomy: Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature,
classicalandquantititativemethodsoftaxonomyofplants,animalsandmicroorganisms.
B. Levelsofstructuralorganization:Unicellular,colonialandmulticellularformslevelsoforganizationoftissues,
organsandsystemscomparativeanatomy.
C. Outlineclassificationofplants,animalsandmicroorganisms:Importantcriteriausedforclassificationineach
taxonclassificationofplants,animalsandmicroorganismsevolutionaryrelationshipsamongtaxa.
D. Natural history of Indian subcontinent: Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins and
migrationsofspeciescommonIndianmammals,birdsseasonalityandphenologyofthesubcontinent.
E. Organisms of health and agricultural importance: Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic
animalsandcrops.

10.ECOLOGICALPRINCIPLES
A. TheEnvironment:Physicalenvironmentbioticenvironmentbioticandabioticinteractions.
B. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche niche width and overlap fundamental and realized niche
resourcepartitioningcharacterdisplacement.
C. Populationecology:Characteristicsofapopulationpopulationgrowthcurvespopulationregulationlifehistory
strategies (r and K selection) concept of metapopulation, demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age
structuredpopulations.
D. Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination,
symbiosis.
E. Communityecology:Natureofcommunitiescommunitystructureandattributeslevelsofspeciesdiversityand
itsmeasurementedgesandecotones.
F. Ecologicalsuccession:Typesmechanismschangesinvolvedinsuccessionconceptofclimax.
G. Ecosystem: Structure and function energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP) primary production and
decomposition structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic
(freshwater,marine,eustarine).
H.
I. Biogeography:MajorterrestrialbiomestheoryofislandbiogeographybiogeographicalzonesofIndia.
J. Applied ecology: Environmental pollution global environmental change biodiversitystatus, monitoring and
documentationmajordriversofbiodiversitychangebiodiversitymanagementapproaches.
K. Conservationbiology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case studies on
conservation/managementstrategy(ProjectTiger,Biospherereserves).

11.EVOLUTIONANDBEHAVIOUR
A. Emergenceofevolutionarythoughts:LamarckDarwin'sconceptsofvariation,adaptation,struggle,fitnessand
naturalselectionMendelismspontaneityofmutationstheevolutionarysynthesis.
B. Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of basic biological molecules abiotic synthesis of organic
monomersandpolymersconceptofOparinandHaldaneexperimentofMiller(1953)thefirstcellevolutionof
prokaryotesoriginofeukaryoticcellsevolutionofunicellulareukaryotesanaerobicmetabolism,photosynthesis
andaerobicmetabolism.
C. Paleontologyandevolutionaryhistory:Theevolutionarytimescaleeras,periodsandepochmajoreventsin
the evolutionary time scale origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms major groups of plants and
animalsstagesinprimateevolutionincludingHomo.

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D. MolecularEvolution:Conceptsofneutralevolution,moleculardivergenceandmolecularclocksmoleculartools
in phylogeny, classification and identification protein and nucleotide sequence analysis origin of new genes
andproteinsgeneduplicationanddivergence.
E. TheMechanisms:Populationgeneticpopulations,genepool,genefrequencyHardyWeinberglawconcepts
and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift adaptive
radiation and modifications isolating mechanisms speciation allopatricity and sympatricity convergent
evolutionsexualselectioncoevolution.
F. Brain, Behavior and Evolution: Approaches and methods in study of behavior proximate and ultimate
causation altruism and evolutiongroup selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism neural basis of learning,
memory,cognition,sleepandarousalbiologicalclocksdevelopmentofbehaviorsocialcommunicationsocial
dominance use of space and territoriality mating systems, parental investment and reproductive success
parental care aggressive behavior habitat selection and optimality in foraging migration, orientation and
navigationdomesticationandbehavioralchanges.

12.APPLIEDBIOLOGY

Microbialfermentationandproductionofsmallandmacromolecules.
Applicationofimmunologicalprinciples(vaccines,diagnostics).tissueandcellculturemethods
forplantsandanimals.
Transgenicanimalsandplants,molecularapproachestodiagnosisandstrainidentification.
Genomicsanditsapplicationtohealthandagriculture,includinggenetherapy.
Bioresourceandusesofbiodiversity.
Breedinginplantsandanimals,includingmarkerassistedselection.
Bioremediationandphytoremediation.
Biosensors.

13.METHODSINBIOLOGY
A. Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA , DNA (genomic and
plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two
dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in
bacterialandeukaryoticsystemsexpressionofrecombinantproteinsusingbacterial,animalandplantvectors
isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage,
cosmid,BACandYACvectorsinvitromutagenesisanddeletiontechniques,geneknockoutinbacterialand
eukaryoticorganismsproteinsequencingmethods,detectionofposttranslationmodificationofproteinsDNA
sequencingmethods,strategiesforgenomesequencingmethodsforanalysisofgeneexpressionatRNAand
proteinlevel,largescaleexpressionanalysis,suchasmicroarraybasedtechniquesisolation,separationand
analysisofcarbohydrateandlipidmoleculesRFLP,RAPDandAFLPtechniques.
B. Histochemicalandimmunotechniques:Antibodygeneration,detectionofmoleculesusingELISA,RIA,western
blot,immunoprecipitation,floweytometryandimmunofluorescencemicroscopy,detectionofmoleculesinliving
cells,insitulocalizationbytechniquessuchasFISHandGISH.
C. Biophysicalmethods: Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and
ESR spectroscopy, structure determination using Xray diffraction and NMR analysis using light scattering,
differenttypesofmassspectrometryandsurfaceplasmaresonancemethods.
D. StatisticalMethods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson
and normal) sampling distribution difference between parametric and nonparametric statistics confidence
interval errors levels of significance regression and correlation ttest analysis of variance X2 test basic
introductiontoMuetrovariatestatistics,etc.
E. Radiolabelingtechniques:Propertiesofdifferenttypesofradioisotopesnormallyusedinbiology,theirdetection
and measurement incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of
radioactivematerial,safetyguidelines.
F. Microscopictechniques:Visulizationofcellsandsubcellularcomponentsbylightmicroscopy,resolvingpowers
ofdifferentmicroscopes,microscopyoflivingcells,scanningandtransmissionmicroscopes,differentfixationand
staining techniques for EM, freezeetch and freezefracture methods for EM, image processing methods in
microscopy.
G. Electrophysiologicalmethods:Singleneuronrecording,patchclamprecording,ECG,Brainactivityrecording,
lesionandstimulationofbrain,pharmacologicaltesting,PET,MRI,fMRI,CAT.
H. Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns
through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat
characterizationgroundandremotesensingmethods.
I. Computational methods: Nucleic acid and protein sequence databases data mining methods for sequence
analysis,webbasedtoolsforsequencesearches,motifanalysisandpresentation.

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