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You are here: UK Essays Essays Social Work Number System Is Used In It Applications Social Work Essay
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Binary Numbers
Binary numbers are mostly used when there are only two options available so if one is false then
the other is true. Examples of binary system can be their usage to represent bits in a computer
which can have only 0 or 1 value a switch in a electric circuit which can be either on (1) or off (0).
Binary system is widely used to represent situations in everyday normal life as well for example for
electronic gates in electricity circuits, false or true statements can also be displaced in terms of
binary digits where 0 represents false and 1 represents true states.
Denary Numbers
Denary numbers are frequently used in everyday life in accounting, calendar systems, financial
systems or daily routine counting. The main benefits of Denary number system is that they are
easier to use as compared to other number systems and have more number to present different
situations though Hexadecimal number system has more representations but that representation
can include characters in them as well which makes them more difficult to understand and use as
compare to denary system. Denary number systems are so frequently used that a person even do
not need to have a formal education to know or use them. One of the reasons can be that it is
frequently use in daily life accounting. Other number systems are used in more specified fields
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Octal Numbers
Octal numbers are not that commonly used as compared to other numbers and are mostly used in
computing graphics, text and famous operating system such as UNIX also uses octal numbers for
their file protection system. Octal numbers have total of 8 unique representations which can be
combined together to make more octal number representations. Octal numbers are difficult to
understand for a normal person who has limited number of understanding about the number
system. As after 7 different numbers are used to represent numbers from 7 onwards and hence
they seem physically bit difficult to comprehend. The number system needs to use a subscript of 8
with is number to represented they are not Denary but octal number otherwise confusion can easily
occurred.
Whilst the above gives uses of the binary, octal and hex
number systems in different areas of IT and while some
example are given the manager encourages you to
research a wide range of examples for him to look at.
Binary Number System used in ASCII table and IP
Address
Binary number system are also used in the ASCII table to represent different codes for different
characters which then can be used into computing as well. ASCII number is more like a combination
of binary numbers. Binary numbers are also used in IP addressing system again which is a
combination of Binary number and are used in computing field. These IP addresses are of two
different versions now one is known as IP 4 and other one is known as IP 6. These IP addresses
are further sub divided into different classes such as class A, B and C where each class has a
different number of hosts and network address.
The ASCII character set, each binary value between 0 and 127 is given a specific character. Most
computers extend the ASCII characters set to use the full range of 256 characters available in a
byte. The upper 128 characters handle special things like accented characters from common
foreign languages.
In ASCII character set, each character is represented by 7 bits when stored in the computer and in
an extended ASCII character set, each character is represented by 8 bits. Say for example:
ASCII
0000000 represents NULL
Similar the word HELLO' if converted into binary using the ASCII to binary conversation could be
represented as follows.
01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100 01001111(in decimal 72 69 76 79)
Please refer an ASCII character table for further understanding of this conversion.
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Read Access
Write Access
Execute Access
Permissions are defined for three types of users:
The owner of the file
The group that the owner belongs to
Other users
Thus, UNIX file permission are nine bits of information (3 types x 3 type of users), each of them may
have just one of two values: allowed or denied.
Simply put, for each file it can be specified who can read or write from/to the file. For programs or
scripts it also can be set if they are allowed to be executed.
Textual representation like -rwxrr
It is used in UNIX long directory listings. It consists of 10 characters. The first character shows the
file type. Next 9 characters are permissions, consisting of three groups: owner, groups, others.
Each group consists of three symbols: rwx (in this order), if some permission is denied, then a dash
-is used instead. For example
-rrwxr--r
0123456789
Symbol in the position 0 (-) is the type of the file. It is either d if the item is a directory or l if it is
a link, or "-" if the item is a regular file.
Symbols in positions 1 to 3 ("rwx") are permissions for the owner of the file.
Symbols in positions 4 to 6 ("r--") are permissions for the group.
Symbols in positions 7 to 9 ("r--") are permissions for others.
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Octal
digit
Text
equivalent
Binary
value
Meaning
---
000
--x
001
-w-
010
-wx
011
r--
100
r-x
101
rw-
110
rwx
111
Everything is allowed
According to the above table we can see that 1 stands for execute only, 2 stands for write only,
4stands for read only. To combine the permission you can simply add 1, 2 and 4 to get a needed
combination. For instance, to get read and write permission, you add 4 (read) and 2 (write), thus
getting 6 (read and write). To get read and execute permissions, you add 4 (read) and 1 (execute),
this getting 5 (read and execute).
Example:
755 on a file would mean rwx r-x r-w permission on the file. Simply convert the octal number to the
binary equivalent and enable the permission where the bits are 1.
755 would mean 111 101 101
In addition there is one more octet representing the Set user ID, set group ID, sticky bit which works
in a similar way.
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
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111
Each IP in a V4 IP addressing consists of 32 bits. These 32 bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits
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each. An IP address is represented like this: 172.12.12.46. A computer can understand only binary
values and therefore each IP is stored in binary.
Each octet is represented as follows. For example if the value of the first octet is 128, it would be
represented as follows:
128
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0
21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A
IPv6 representation can be further simplified by removing the leading zeros within each 16-bit
block. However, each block must have at least a single digit. The following example shows the
address without the leading zeros:
Javascript:CodeSnippet_CopyCode(CodeSnippetContainerCode3');
21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
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F0000
+ FFFD
-----FFFFD or 1,048,573(decimal)
The Segment: Offset addressing was introduced at a time when the largest register in a CPU was
only 16-bitslong which meant it could address only 65,536 bytes (64 KB) of memory, directly. But
everyone was hungry for a way to run much larger programs! Rather than create a CPU with larger
register sizes (as some CPU manufacturers had done), the designers at Intel decided to keep the
16-bit registers for their new 8086 CPU and added a different way to access more memory: They
expanded the instruction set, so programs could tell the CPU to grouptwo 16-bit registers together
whenever they needed to refer to an Absolute memory location beyond 64 KB.
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