Deforestation

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOTSPOT IN INDONESIA
Study Case : Kalimantan and Sumatra during El-Nio and La-Nia Period
2009-2010
Advanced Geoinformatics
Nugraha Widyatmono
1191261013
Environmental Remote Sensing
Udayana University
Fires occur on Indonesian peatlands and peatswamp forest (PSF) in the dry season and,
unsurprisingly, are worse in drier years. The
Indonesian climate is strongly influenced by the
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): in El Nino
years, dry-season rainfall can be less than half
of normal and severe El Nino events have long
been associated with fire
ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

POST GRADUATE STUDY PROGRAM
MASTER PROGRAM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has roughly 22 million hectares of peatlands, which equals 5% of the global
peatland area. The area covered by peatland in Indonesia is roughly half the size of Sweden.
Peatlands cover around 3% of the globe, but store one-third of the total global soil carbon. Peat is
partially decayed vegetation that accumulates over thousands of years, growing at a rate of about
one millimeter annually. Peatland-related greenhouse gas emissions are an Indonesia-specific
challenge, as Indonesia accounts for almost 60% of global emissions from peat decomposition.
Fire from land-clearing is the main source of peat related emissions in Indonesia.
Deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere, after fossil fuel combustion. Following a budget reanalysis, the contribution from
deforestation is revised downwards, but tropical peat lands emerge as a notable carbon dioxide
source.
Within the science and policy communities, carbon emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation have been estimated to account for about 20% of global anthropogenic CO2
emissions. Deforestation is the long-term reduction of tree canopy cover6 to below 1030%. In
practice, deforestation is associated with the conversion of forest to other types of land use, such
as cropland or pasture. Forest degradation is typically considered partial deforestation, with more
than 1030% of forest cover remaining (for example, through selective logging).
Land degradation that does not involve changes in tree cover density, such as oxidation and
combustion of deforested and drained tropical peatlands may also involve substantial carbon
emissions. In addition to the emissions assessment of the IPCC Working Group I (The Physical
Science Basis), an independent assessment was carried out by the IPCC Working Group III
(Mitigation of Climate Change), based on carbon emissions released by fires in tropical forest
areas. This approach assumed that half of the total CO2 emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation come from forest fire, whereas the remainder can be attributed to respiration of
leftover materials. Carbon emissions from tropical peat land burning and oxidation in Southeast
Asia8, mostly in Indonesia, were included in their assessment. Combined with deforestation and
forest degradation, this estimate of the contribution of forest and peat land decline amounted to

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23% of total CO2 emissions (or 17% of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases released into the
atmosphere.
Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties such
as speed of propagation, the combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire.
Heat waves, droughts, cyclical climate changes such as El Nio, and regional weather patterns
such as high-pressure ridges can increase the risk and alter the behavior of wildfires
dramatically. Years of precipitation followed by warm periods can encourage more widespread
fires and longer fire seasons. Kalimantan has a fairly extensive forest of several islands in
Indonesia. Kalimantan entered ranked the 2nd largest forest in Indonesia, and Sumatra ranked
3rd.
Sumatra and Kalimantan forest fire caused by the farmer that burning peatland for clearing
activity. They clear the area to prepare the area for farm plantation. But this irresponsible activity
make many problems to environment like pollution, human respiratory infection and the haze
from the fires can extend to Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, shrouding them in smoke and
affecting transport and economic activities for millions more people, resulting in billions more
dollars of economic losses. Clearly, the economic losses associated with uncontrolled fires are
contributing to poverty and restraining development in the region.

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Chapter 2
SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT
1.
Global Climate Condition

El- Nio and La-Nia
El Nio is a severe atmospheric and oceanic disturbance in the Pacific Ocean that
occurs every seven to fourteen years. Warm surface waters flow from the central Pacific
towards the eastern Pacific, suppressing the cold, nutrient-rich upwelling of the Humboldt
Current off the coast of South America. This disturbance leads to a fall in the number of
plankton, wreaking havoc upon the entire ocean food chain and devastating the fishing
industry. The influence of these currents also leads to a complete reversal of the trade
winds, bringing torrential rain, flooding, and mudslides to the usually dry coastal areas of
Peru and Ecuador. Another result is the collapse of the monsoons in Asia, which can bring
severe drought to Indonesia and northern Australia. The phenomenon also causes severe
weather disturbances in other parts of the world, such as droughts in areas of Africa and
central North America.
To determine the anomaly of El-Nino and La-Nina, we can use The Southern
Oscillation and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Index. The Southern Oscillation is the
atmospheric component of El Nio. This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure
between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters. The strength of the
Southern Oscillation is measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The SOI is
computed from fluctuations in the surface air pressure difference between Tahiti and
Darwin, Australia. El Nio episodes are associated with negative values of the SOI,
meaning that the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin is relatively small.
Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs
over cold water, in part because deep convection over the warm water acts to transport air.
El Nio episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean. This results in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a
reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia. During El-Nio, the weather in
Indonesia area, are warmer and drier than average.
SOI is computed using monthly mean sea level pressure anomalies at Tahiti (T) and
Darwin (D). The SOI [T-D] is an optimal index that combines the Southern Oscillation into
one series. The SOI noise [T+D] series is a measure of small scale and/or transient
phenomena that are not part of the large scale Southern Oscillation. These SOI values are
similar to those calculated by the Climate Prediction Center in that they have been derived
using normalization factors derived from monthly values.

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Figure 1. SOI Index, Source: http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/catalog/climind/soi.html
SOI showed that the El Nino occurred in June 2009-March 2010. And La Nina
occurred in June 2010-March 2011. Sea Surface Temperature index is the comparison sea
surface temperature between Middle Pacific and East Pacific (Nino 3.4). When the SST
index above +0.5 its mean the anomaly is El-Nio and when the SST index is negative (-)
below -0.5, the anomaly is La-Nia. Because the El-Nio is the warm phase in Middle
Pacific and East, whereas La-Nia is cold phase in those place.
Figure 2. SST index, Source: iri.columbia.edu
In that period, the peak of El Nio occurred on November 2009 to January 2010. In this
condition, the top of El-Nio occurred in December 2009. The strong La-Nia occurred on
October and November 2010. This condition increase rain intensity in Indonesia.

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2.
Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatra

Based on fire spot data (2009-2010) that collected from Fire Information for Resource
Management System and plotting the data to Kalimantan and Sumatra map from Indonesia
base map then overlay with land cover data, used to analysis the fire spot.
a. Fire Spot during El-Nio Period
JUNE 2009
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Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
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BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
NANGG ROE AC EH DARU SSALAM
NUSA TEN GGARA BARAT
NUSA TEN GGARA TIMUR
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
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Source : Fire Information for

Resource Management System
1000 Miles
Figure 3. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at June 2009

JULY 2009
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Legend :
Kalimantan
96
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
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GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 4. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at July 2009

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2009
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BANGK A B ELITUN G
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100
Fire Spot
-6
98
Legend :
Kalimantan
96
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
118

1000 Miles
Figure 5. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at August 2009

SEPTEMBER 2009
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98
Legend :
106
108
110
500
112
114
116
-8
118
1000 Miles
Fire Spot
-6
96
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
Kalimantan
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BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 6. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at September 2009

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER 2009
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Kalimantan
# #
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Legend :
Fire Spot
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
-2
-4
#
#
-6
-6
-8
96
98
100
102
104
500
106
108
110
112
114
-8
116
118
500

1000 Miles
Figure 7. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at October 2009

NOVEMBER 2009
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
6
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-8
500
98
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110
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112
114
116
Fire Spot
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96
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 8. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at November 2009

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DECEMBER 2009
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
Sumatra
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
#
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BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
#
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-2
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-6
-6
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96
98
100
102
104
500
106
108
110
112
114
-8
116
500
Fire Spot
##
#
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###
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Legend :
##
Kalimantan
##
#
118

1000 Miles
Figure 9. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at December 2009

JANUARY 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
#
#
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Sumatra
####
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Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
#
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-6
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-8
96
500
98
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108
110
500
112
114
116
Fire Spot
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-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 10. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at January 2010

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

FEBRUARY 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
6
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Sumatra
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Fire Spot
# #
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Legend :
#
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BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
#
# # ## # #
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Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
#
#
-4
-4
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##
#
#
##
#
-6
-6
-8
96
98
100
102
104
500
106
108
110
112
114
-8
116
500
118

1000 Miles
Figure 11. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at February 2010

MARCH 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
6
#
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Sumatra
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-2
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-4
-4
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-6
W
-6
E
-8
96
500
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
500
112
114
116
Fire Spot
Legend :
#
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-2
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Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
#
#
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-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 12. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at March 2010

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
b. Fire Spot during La-Nia Period

JUNE 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
Sumatra
#
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Fire Spot
#
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# ##
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
#
##
##
#
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#
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Legend :
Kalimantan
-2
## #
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Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
#
#
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-2
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-4
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-6
-6
-8
96
98
100
102
104
500
106
108
110
112
114
-8
116
500
118

1000 Miles
Figure 13. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at June 2010

JULY 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
8
#
Sumatra
#
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-2
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-4
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-6
W
-6
E
-8
96
500
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
500
112
Fire Spot
#
#
#
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-4
#
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#
#
Legend :
Kalimantan
# #
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### #
# ##
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#
#
-2
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
114
116
-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 14. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at July 2010

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

AUGUTS 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
## ##
##
#### # #
# #
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Sumatra
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-2
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-4
-6
-6
-8
98
100
102
104
500
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
96
Fire Spot
#
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Legend :
-4
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Kalimantan
##
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Udayana University
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1000 Miles
Figure 15. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at August 2010

SEPTEMBER 2010
96
98
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Udayana University
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1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 16. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at September 2010

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
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116
118
6
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BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA
#
#
108
110
112
114
-8
116
118
500
Fire Spot
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Legend :
# #
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96
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University

1000 Miles
Figure 17. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at October 2010

NOVEMBER 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
Sumatra
#
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110
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112
114
116
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#
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Legend :
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##
96
Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 18. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at November 2010

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DECEMBER 2010
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
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# ##
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Legend :
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#
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Nugraha Widyatmono
Udayana University
112
114
500
116
-8
118
1000 Miles
BANGK A B ELITUN G
BANTEN
BENGK ULU
GORO NTALO
JAMBI
KALIMAN TAN B ARAT
KALIMAN TAN SELATAN
KALIMAN TAN TENGAH
KALIMAN TAN TIMUR
KEPU LAUAN RIAU
LAMPUN G
RIAU
SU MATERA BAR AT
SU MATERA SELATAN
SU MATERA UTARA

Figure 19. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at December 2010
c. Chart of burned area comparing with El Nio phenomenon

Based on ministry of Forestry data and Global Climate data, we can saw the largest
area that burned during El-Nio and La-Nia period.
1. El-Nio Period
Burned Area (Hectare)
a. Sumatra
400
339 340
350
300
250
200
150 100
100
50
0
NAD
Sumut
Sumbar
Riau
Jambi
30
Bengkulu
Sumsel
Bangka Belitung
Month
Lampung
Chart 1. Amount of area burned in El-Nio period

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
b. Kalimantan
1600
1402
1400
1200
1000
1000
Kalimantan Barat
800
Kalimantan Tengah
600
400
200
Kalimantan Selatan
371,56
Kalimantan Timur
11
3,8
El Nio (scale)
0,7
March
Feb
Jan
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sept
Aug
July
June
Month
Chart 2. Amount of area burned in El-Nio period
2. La-Nia Period
a. Sumatra
90
80
NAD
70
Sumut
60
Sumbar
50
Riau
40
Jambi
30
Bengkulu
20
Sumsel
10
Bangka Belitung
Lampung
Month
Chart 3. Amount of area burned in La-Nia period
La-Nia (scale)

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
b. Kalimantan
90
80
70
60
Kalimantan Barat
50
Kalimantan Tengah
40
Kalimantan Selatan
30
Kalimantan Timur
20
La-Nia (scale)
10
0
Month
Chart 4. Amount of area burned in La-Nia period
In general, the burned area are commonly peat area, the area was burned by irresponsible
people. For the sample, in Riau, with plotting fire spot to the land cover map, we can saw the
peat area that was burned. In this report, I choose July and August in El-Nio period, because in
this three month, the burning area in Sumatra is the larger then another month.
Figure 20. Fire Spot in Riau at August 2009

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
Figure 21. Fire Spot in Riau at September 2009

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
Chapter 3
ANALYSIS
In general, the main factor of the fire can be classified into 2 groups, namely the trigger
fires and supporting conditions. The fires trigger is a factor that directly affects the occurrence of
fire ignition. Human activity is the largest portion of fire ignition, compared to naturally. Derived
from coal fires are burning, lightning or friction of dry twigs extremely rare. Ignitions of fire by
humans are also grouped into two components, namely intentionality and carelessness. Although
often a major fire started from a deliberate effort and due to ignorance about the condition of the
existing burners, so the carelessness that caused the fire spread to other places.
1. Denman, K. L. et al. in IPCC Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (eds
Solomon, S. et al.) 499587 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007)
2. Gibbs, H. K. & Herold, M. Env. Res. Lett. 2, 045021 (2007).
3. Schrope, M. Nat. Rep. Clim. Change 3, 101103 (2009).
4. Houghton, R. A. in TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, 2008); available at
<http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/ landuse/houghton/houghton.html>.

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
5. Hansen, M. C. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 94399444 (2008).
6. Andres, R. J. et al. Tellus B 51, 759765 (1999).
7. Joint Research Centre/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Emissions
Database for Global Atmospheric Research 4.0 (2009); available at
<http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu>.
8. Barker, T. et al. in IPCC Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change (eds Metz,
B. et al.) 2593 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).
9. Nabuurs, G. J. et al. in IPCC Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change (eds
Metz, B. et al.) 541584 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).
10. van der Werf, G. R. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 2035020355 (2008).
11. Olivier, J. G. J. et al. Environ. Sci. 2, 8199 (2005).
12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service.
Chronological List of U.S. Billion Dollar Events [cited 2009-02-04].
13. Climate glossary - Southern Oscilliation Index (SOI)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). 2002-0403. Retrieved 2009-12-31.

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Deforestation

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HOTSPOT IN INDONESIA

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

Global Climate Condition

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

Figure 1. SOI Index, Source: http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/catalog/climind/soi.html

Figure 2. SST index, Source: iri.columbia.edu

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatra

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 3. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at June 2009

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 4. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at July 2009

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 5. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at August 2009

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 6. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at September 2009

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 7. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at October 2009

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 8. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at November 2009

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 9. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at December 2009

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 10. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at January 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 11. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at February 2010

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 12. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at March 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

b. Fire Spot during La-Nia Period

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 13. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at June 2010

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 14. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at July 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 15. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at August 2010

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 16. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at September 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING CONCENTRATION

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 17. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at October 2010

SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN FIRE SPOT

Source : Fire Information for

Figure 18. Fire Spot in Kalimantan and Sumatera at November 2010