EME3233

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT

TRANSFER
ASSIGNMENT 1
Student Name
Student ID

: Shakil Ahmed
: SCM - 022732

Date of submission : 6/11/2015

Lecturer
Programme
Engineering

: Dr. Yau
: B.Eng (Hons) Mechanical

X= 7
Using 7 in all the answers
A1.
Solution
T1=32
A= 27 m2
Thickness = 0.30 m
Sample calculation

Table 1 : Heat loss Q (W) and Outside wall temperature (

Outside wall
temperature (

) values

Heat loss Q (W) for

thermal conductivity
=1

Heat loss Q (W) for

thermal conductivity
=0.75

Heat loss Q (W) for

thermal conductivity
=1.25

-8

3600

2700

4500

-3

3150

2362.2

3937.5

2880

2160

3600

2700

2025

3375

12

1800

1350

2250

17

1350

1012.5

1687.5

22

900

675

1125

27

450

337.5

562.5

32

37

-450

-337.5

-562.5

45

-1170

-877.5

-1462.5

Heat loss Q (W) vs. Outside wall temperature T2()

5000
4000

Heat loss Q (W)

3000

Y-Values

2000

y2
y3

1000
-20

0
-10
0
-1000

10

20

30

40

50

-2000
oUTSIDE WALL TEMPERATUE T2()

(b) Assumptions :
1.
2.
3.
4.

One dimensional conduction in the x direction

Steady state conditions
Constant properties
Outside wall temperature is that of the ambient air

As looking at the results from graph and table, observing that q x varies linearly
with T2 , and the steeper temperature gradient is larger the heat transfer rate.
The magnitude of the heat rate increases with increasing thermal conductivity
for the same T1 and T2
For steady state conditions with constant thermal conductivity, the temperature
in a plane wall will be linear , since from Fouriers law , dT/dx is a constant

A2
Solution:
(a)Assume the heat flow is positive if it is from the surface to the fluid. From
Newtons law of cooling

h=

457 w /m
=17.48 W /m2 K
(0.032 m)(307 47)

in which P=q/L is the heat loss per unit length. The above equation may be used
to calculate the value of h at each velocity, and the results are shown in the
table and the figure below.
Air velocity, V(m/s)

Power, P (W/m)

457

665

990

1514

1970

Convection coefficient, h
W/m2K

17.48

25.44

37.86

57.92

75.56

h (W/m2.K) vs. V (m/s).

80
70
60
50

Coefficient, h (W/m^2.K) 40
30
20
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Air velocity V (m/s)

Graph . graph of h (W/m2.K) vs. V (m/s).

(b)
plotting h vs. V on log-log coordinates. Selecting C =17.38 W/m2 K(s/m)n ,
assuring a match at V = 1.7, and easily find the exponent n from the slope of the
h vs. V curve. With different values of n = 0.8, 0.6 and 0.5, choosing n = 0.6 is
a valid choice because it over laps original curve . Hence, C = 17.38 and n = 0.6.
1000

100
Linear ()
n=0.5

Coefficient . h (W/m^2.K)

Power (n=0.5)
n=0.6

10

Linear (n=0.6)
n=0.8
Linear (n=0.8)

1
1

10

100

Air velocity V (m/s)

Graph of h (W/m2.K) vs. V (m/s).

A3
i) The process of heat transfer from the kitchen air to the refrigerated space is
transient as the thermal activity in the kitchen change with time. But we would
see this situation as a steady heat transfer problem if the conditions are changed
such as thermostat settings are lowest and very high temperature of kitchen.
The Heat transfer in the refrigerated space is 3D because heat will enter from all
six sides of the refrigerator. But the heat transfer takes place in the direction
normal to the surface, and thus it can be described as one-dimensional. This
problem can also be solved by taking heat transfer from all the six sides, and
then lastly can add up all the values and give a total heat transfer.

ii) Heat transfer of an oven through the walls, door, the top and bottom parts is
transient in general since the thermal conditions in kitchen and oven, change
with time. But we can analyze this problem as a steady heat transfer problem if
the conditions are changed such as the highest temperature setting for the oven
and lowest temperature of the kitchen. The Heat transfer in the oven is 3D
because heat will enter from all six sides of the refrigerator. But the heat transfer
takes place in the direction normal to the surface, and thus it can be described
as one-dimensional. This problem can also be solved by taking heat transfer from
all the six sides, and then lastly can add up all the values and give a total heat
transfer.

iii) Assumptions
1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-dimensional.
2 Thermal conductivity is given to be constant.
3 There is no heat generation in the medium.
4 The top surface at x = L is subjected to convection and the bottom surface at x
= 0 is subjected to uniform heat flux.
Lets start with the general heat conduction equation

We are told that the process is steady and one-dimensional so we can ignore the
time, y and z derivative terms. We are also told that there is a heat input of 1257
W from an electric heater of which 92% enters the bottom of the pan

Then the differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat
conduction problem can be expressed as

A4

(a)
Assumptions:

Steady state heat conduction

No contact resistance at interfaces
No radiation heat transfer in the system

Analysis (a) The representative surface area is A = 7.12 x 15 = 106.8 m2.

The thermal resistance network and the individual thermal resistances are

KA = KF = 9

KB = 15

KC = 27

h = 7.12m

L = 15m

t = 7.22m

KD = 22KE = 42

Area for section B and C: A2 = 15 x (7.12/3) = 35.6m2

Area for section D and E: A3 = 15 x (7.12/2) = 53.4m2

RA

L
)
kA

RB

L
)
kA

RC

L
)
kA

RD

L
)
kA

RE

L
)
kA

0.328
)
(9)(106.8)

= 0.00034 K/W

1.641
)
(15)(35.6)

= 0.003 K/W

1.641
)
(27)(35.6)

= 0.0017 K/W

3.282
)
(22)(53.4)

= 0.0028 K/W

3.282
)
(42)(53.4 )

= 0.0015 K/W

RF

L
)
kA

1.942
)
(9)(106.8)

= 0.002 K/W

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R ' RB RC RC

1
1
1
=
+
R ' ' RD

1
1
+
0.0028 0.0015

1
1
1
+
+
0.003 0.0017 0.0017

= 0.00066 K/W

= 0.000977 K/W

Rtotal = RA + R + R + RF = 0.00034 + 0.00066 + 0.000977 + 0.002

= 0.00198 K/W
Q'=

T 1T 2
R total

=
5

Qtotal=(1.01 x 10 )

643443
0.00198
7.12 x 15
106.8

= 1.01 x 105 W
= 1.01 x 105 W

(b)
Rtotal = RA + R + R + RF = 0.00034 + 0.00066 + 0.000977 + 0.002
= 0.00198 K/W
Q'=

T 1T 2
R total

Qtotal=(1.01 x 105 )

643443
0.00198
7.12 x 15
106.8

= 1.01 x 105 W
= 1.01 x 105 W

Rtotal = RA + R = 0.00034 + 0.00066 = 0.001 K/W

Q'=

T 1T
Rtotal

=> T = T1 (Q)(Rtotal) => 643 (1.01 x 105)(0.001) =

542K
(c)
Q =

T
RF

=>

T =

(Q)(RF) => (1.01 x 105)(0.002) = 202K

A5

Properties: The thermal conductivity of fiberglass insulation is given to be

k = 0.035 W/m.C.
(a)

Ao DL= ( 0.1 )( 50 ) =15.71m

Qbare = hoA(Ts Tair) ( 20 ) (15.71 ) ( 15015 )=42,412 W

(b)

Loss per year

Q=Q ' t=42,390 ( 365 ) ( 24 ) ( 3600 )=1.336 x 109 KJ/Year

Gas consumption at 75% efficiency

Qgas =

1.336 x 10
0.75

1therm

( 105,500 KJ ) = 16,885 therms/Year

Annual Cost = 16,885 (0.52) = 8780 MYR /Year

Assumptions
1. Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change
with time.
2. Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry
about the center line and no variation in the axial direction.
3. Thermal conductivity is constant.
4. The combined heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface remains
constant even after the pipe is insulated.
In order to save 90% of the heat loss and thus to reduce it to 0.1 x 42,412
= 4241 W, the thickness of insulation needed is determined from

T s T air
R 0+ R

Qinsulated =

insulation

T s T air
r2
ln ( )
1
r1
+
ho A o 2 kL

(15015)
r2
)
1
0.05
+
20(2 r 2)(50) 2 ( 0.035)(50)
ln (

4241 w

r 2=0.0692 m
Then the thickness of insulation becomes t insulation = r2
r1 = 6.92 5 = 1.9 cm