DAFTAR PUSTAKA TAMBAHAN

Corey, RL. Update Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B and C.

th

Pharmacotherapy Self-Assessment Program, 6 edition; 2008.

Stanford School of Medicine. 2009. FAQ about Hepatitis B.

http://liver.stanford.edu/education/whatishepb.html . Diakses pada 22 Februari
2015.

Zein, LH. Hepatitis B dan Permasalahannya. Medan: Universitas Sumatra

Utara; 2006.

Dienstag, JL. Hepatitis B Virus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine

2008; 359 (14):14861500. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801644. PMID 18832247.

Pramoolsinsup C. Management of viral Hepatitis B. Journal of

Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2002;17(Suppl):S12545.
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.3.x. PMID 12000599.

Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ, et al; Taiwan Hepatoma Study Group.
Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis B vaccinees: a
20-year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:134855.

Ni YH, Chang MH, Wu JF, Hsu HY, Chen HL, Chen DS. Minimization of
Hepatitis B infection by a 25-year universal vaccination program. J Hepatol
2012; 57: 73035.

Merck Sharp dan Dohme Corp. 2014. RECOMBIVAX HB Hepatitis B

vaccine (recombinant) suspension for intramuscular injection.
www.merck.com/product/patent/home.html. Diakses 19 Februari 2015.

Trepo C, Chan H, dan Lok A. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 2014;

384:2053 63.

Wilson NS, Behrens GM, Lundie RJ, Smith CM, Waithman J, Young L, et al.
Systemic activation of dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor ligands or malaria
infection impairs cross-presentation and antiviral immunity. Nat Immunol
2006; 7:16572

Fosdick A, Zheng J, Pflanz S, Frey CR, Hesselgesser J, Halcomb RL,

Wolfgang G, Tumas DB. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties
of GS-9620, a Novel TLR-7 Agonist, Demonstrates ISG Induction without
Detectable Serum Interferon at Low Oral Doses. JPET 2013; as
DOI:10.1124/jpet.113.207878

34

Seeger C dan Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
2000; 64:5168.

Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci A, Hauser S, Loscalzo eds.

Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicince. Edisi 18. USA: McGraw-Hill

Companies Inc; 2012.

Pollicino T, Cacciola I, Saffioti F, dan Raimondo G. Hepatitis B virus PreS/S

gene variants: Pathobiology and clinical implications. Journal of Hepatology
2014; 61:408 417.

Murray P, Rosenthal K, dan Pfaller M. Medical Microbiology. Edisi Ke-7.

USA : Saunders; 2013.

Locarnini S dan Zoulim F. Molecular genetics of HBV infection. Antiviral

Therapy 2010; 3(15):314.

Zhang YY, Zhang BH, Theele D, Litwin S, Toll E, Summers J. Single-cell

analysis of covalently closed circular DNA copy numbers in a
hepadnavirusinfected liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:12372
12377.

Bruss V. Hepatitis B virus morphogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2007;

13:6573.

Chang MH. Hepatitis B virus infection. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal

Medicine 2007; 12:160 167

Rehermann B, Nascimbeni M. Immunology of Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis

C virus infection. Nature Reviews Immunology 2005; 5:215-229.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Hepatitis B information for
health professionals: Hepatitis B FAQs for health professionals.
http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HBV/index.htm. Diakses 20 Februari 2015.

Nebbia G, Peppa D, Maini MK. Hepatitis B infection: current concepts and

future challenges. QJM 2012; 105(2):109-13.

Te HS, Jensen DM. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C viruses: a global

overview. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14(1):1-21, vii.

Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic Hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;
50(3):661-2.

35

Sorrell MF, Belongia EA, Costa J, Gareen IF, Grem JL, Inadomi JM, et al.
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement:
management of Hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150(2):104-10.

Godkin A, Davenport M, dan Adrian VS. Molecular Analysis of HLA Class II

Associations With Hepatitis B Virus Clearance and Vaccine
Nonresponsiveness. Hepatology 2005; 41(6):1383 -1390.

Busca A dan Kumar A. Innate immune responses in Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

infection. Virology Journal 2014; 11(22):1-8.

Das A dan Maini MK. Innate and adaptive immune responses in Hepatitis B
virus infection. Dig Dis 2010; 28(1):126132.

Medzhitov R dan Janeway C Jr . Innate immunity. N Engl J Med 2000;

343(5):338344.

Thompson AJ dan Locarnini SA. Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like RNA

helicases and the antiviral innate immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 2005;
85(6):435445.

Han Q, Zhang C, Zhang J, Tian Z. The role of innate immunity. Semin

Immunopathol 2013; 35:2338 DOI 10.1007/s00281-012-0331-y.

Rehermann B. Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differential roles of T

cells and NK cells. Nature Medicine 2013; 19:859868.

Wursthorn K, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H. Natural history: the importance of

viral load, liver damage and HCC. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;
22(6):1063-79.

New York State Department of Health. Hepatitis B virus. New York, NY: New
York State Department of Health; 2008. http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?
id=12812. Diakses 20 Februari 2015.

Trinchet JC, Chaffaut C, Bourcier V, Degos F, Henrion J, Fontaine H, et al.

Ultrasonographic surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a
randomized trial comparing 3- and 6-month periodicities. Hepatology. 2011;
54(6):1987-97.

36

World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological record (WER): global

routine vaccination coverage. 2011; 86(46):509-20.
http://www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8646/en/index.html. Diakses 20 Februari
2015.

LeFevre ML. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Nonpregnant

Adolescents and Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 2014.

Rajbhandari R, Chung RT. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Public

Health Imperative. Ann Intern Med 2014.

Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Khangura J, Zakher B. Screening for

Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: A Systematic Review to
Update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Ann Intern
Med 2014.

Barclay L. USPSTF Shifts Course, Favors Hepatitis B Screening. Medscape

Medical News; 2014. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/825948. Diakses
20 februari 2015.

Han YF, Zhao J, Ma LY, Yin JH, Chang WJ, Zhang HW, et al. Factors
predicting occurrence and prognosis of hepatitis-B-virus-related hepatocellular
carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(38):4258-70.

Kim BK, Han KH, Ahn SH. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in

patients with chronic Hepatitis B virus infection. Oncology 2011; 81 Suppl
1:41-9.

Farazi PA, DePinho RA. Hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis: from genes

to environment. Nature Reviews Cancer 2014; 6:674-687.

van Zonneveld M, Flink HJ, Verhey E, Senturk H, Zeuzem S, Akarca US, et

al. The safety of pegylated interferon alpha-2b in the treatment of chronic
Hepatitis B: predictive factors for dose reduction and treatment

discontinuation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21(9):1163-71.

45. WHO. 2014. Hepatitis B.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/. Diakses 17 Februari
2015.

37

Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, dan Pillai S (eds) . Cellular and Molecular
Immunology. Edisi ke 8. Chapter 4 : 51-86. USA : Elsevier Inc; 2015.

Takeda K, Kaisho T dan Akira S. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol

2003; 21: 335376 .

Olive C. Pattern recognition receptors: Sentinels in innate immunity and

targets of new vaccine adjuvants. Expert Review of Vaccines 2012; 11(2):23756. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.11.189.

Kawai T dan Akira S. Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat

immunol 2006; 7:131-137.

Menne S, Tennant BC, Liu KH, Ascenzi MA, Baldwin BH, Bellezza CA, Cote
PJ, Zheng X, Wolfgang G, and Tumas D. Anti-viral efficacy and induction of
an antibody response against surface antigen with the TLR-7 agonist GS-9620
in the woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection. J Hepatol 2011; 54
(S1):S441.

Tumas D, Zheng X, Lu B, Rhodes G, Duatschek P, Hesselgesser J, Frey C,

Henne I, Fosdick A, Halcomb R, Wolfgang G. Preclinical characterization of
GS-9620, a potent and selective oral TLR-7 agonist. Journal of Hepatology
2011; 54:S363S534.

Zoulim F, Luangsay S, Durantel D. Targeting Innate HBV Immunity: A New

Step in the Development of Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B;
GS-9620, an oral agonist of Toll-like receptor-7, induces prolonged
suppression of Hepatitis B virus in chronically infected chimpanzees.
Gastroenterology 2013.

Wang YI, et al.. Immunizations with hepatitis B viral antigens and a TLR-7/8
agonist adjuvant induce antigen-specific immune responses in HBV-transgenic
mice. International Journal of Infectious Diseases

2014; 29:3136.

Qu C, Nguyen V, Merad M, Randolph G. MHC class I/peptide transfer

between dendritic cells overcomes poor cross-presentation by monocytederived APCs that engulf dying cells. J Immunol 2009;182:36509

38

Akira S, Uematsu S, dan Takeuchi O. 2006. Pathogen recognition and innate

immunity. Cell 2006; 124:783801

Pniewski T, et al. 2010. Low-dose oral immunization with lyophilized tissue

of herbicide-resistant lettuce expressing Hepatitis B surface antigen for
prototype plant-derived vaccine tablet formulation. J Appl Genetics 2011;
52:125136.