STREAMS

Streams, the channelized flow of continental surface water, represent the most important
geologic agents. They do more work than any other agent and perhaps more work than all other
agents combined. Even in arid regions where few permanent streams flow, the bulk of swdiment
undergoes removal during those short period when running water occupies the otherwise dry
channels, known locally as arroyos or washes in the southwestern United States and as
wadies in the Middle East and North Africa.
Stream Systems
A stream is a body of water that carries rock particles and dissolved ions and flows down
slope along a clearly defined path, called a channel. Thus streams may vary in width from a few
centimeters to several kilometers. Streams are important for several reasons
Streams carry most of the water that goes from the land to the sea, and thus are an important part
of the water cycle.
Streams carry billions of tons of sediment to lower elevations, and thus are one of the main
transporting mediums in the production of sedimentary rocks.
Streams carry dissolved ions, the products of chemical weathering, into the oceans and thus
make the sea salty.
Streams are a major part of the erosional process, working in conjunction with weathering and
mass wasting. Much of the surface landscape is controlled by stream erosion, evident to anyone
looking out of an airplane window.
Streams are a major source of water and transportation for the world's human population. Most
population centers are located next to streams.
Streams and Rivers
A river system consists of a river and all of its tributaries.

River System is a stream and all its tributaries

Tributary is a smaller stream that empties into a larger stream
Watershed is the land area drained by a river system
Divide is a high point that separates river systems
River Channels and Drainage

There are different types of river channel patterns and river drainage patterns.
1. Dendritic
2. Radial
3. Rectangular
4. Trellis

Dendritic Network
A drainage network whose interconnecting streams
resemble the pattern of branches connecting to a
deciduous tree

Rectangular Network
A drainage network in which the streams join each other at right angles because of a rectangular
grid of fractures that breaks up the ground and localizes channels.

Radial Network
A drainage network in which the streams flow
outward from a cone-shaped mountain, and define
a pattern resembling spokes on a wheel.

Trellis Network
A drainage system that develops across a landscape of parallel valleys and ridges so that major
tributaries flow down the valleys and join a trunk stream that cuts through the ridge; the resulting
map pattern resembles a garden trellis.

Stream Erosion and Deposition

Rivers wear down Earths surface and erode and deposit materials. A river may carry materials
in solution, in suspension, and in its bed load.

Stream Load
A stream can carry its load in three different ways:
1.solution material is dissolved
2.suspension particles are held up by streams moving water
3.bed load material pushed or rolled along the streams channel

Stream Discharge
Discharge is the amount of water that flows past a point in a certain amount of time.
Discharge is dependent upon velocity, depth, and width of the stream.
Discharge = velocity x depth x width
Stream Erosion and Deposition
Velocity and discharge affect how much material a river can transport. When river
velocity greatly decreases, sediment drops out of the water to form a delta or alluvial fan.

Stream Stages
Youthful:
Rapids
Waterfalls
Fast-moving water
Steep slope

Old:

Broad floodplain
Meanders
Oxbow lakes
Meander Scars

Classifications of Streams:

1. Perennial Streams

Perennial streams flow all year except during severe drought. Perennial streams are mostly
gaining systems and have base flow during dry periods. Perennial streams are shown as solid,
blue lines on topographic maps.

2. Intermittent Streams

Intermittent streams flow only during certain times of the year from springs or from runoff s.
They can be either losing or gaining systems. During times of dry weather, intermittent
streams may dry up to a series of disconnected pools but still sustain aquatic life. Intermittent
streams are shown as dashed, blue lines on topographic maps.

3. Ephemeral Streams
Ephemeral streams have water in them only during and immediately after a rainstorm or
snowmelt. They are losing streams because they are above the water table. Ephemeral
streams are often found in the headwaters of a stream system. Ephemeral streams are usually
not identified on topographic maps.
Types of Deposits Made by Streams
1. Bar deposit:
A stream deposit consisting of sand or gravel deposited in the center of the channel. Bars
form when the streams velocity or discharge decreases and its bedload is dropped.
Braided stream: A streams that has many bar deposits. Braided streams are wide, shallow, and
heavily loaded with sediment. Braided streams are characteristic of deserts and mountainous
regions where sand and gravel are abundant.
2. Meandering Stream:
A stream that is sinuous. They develop in areas with low gradients (lower energy than
braided streams).Meandering streams carry a lot of silt and clay and look muddy.
Water in meandering streams moves faster on the outside of the meander than on the
inside of the meander. Erosion occurs on the outside of the curve while deposition occurs
on the inside. The sediment in the inside of curves produces point bars.
As meanders become extremely sinuous, there is more and more chance that the river
will choose a shorter path and cut thru a meander (meander cutoff). The isolated
meander then becomes a crescent-shaped oxbow lake.

3. Floodplain Deposits
Floodplain: The area on both sides of a stream channel. Typically this area is dry, but in times of
flood the stream will overflow its bank and the floodplain will be covered with water.
As the water recedes, it leaves behind silt and clay. Thus, floodplain deposits build successive,
horizontal layers of silt and clay.
The coarsest sediment is deposited directly adjacent to the stream and may form a natural levee.
4. Delta Deposits
Delta is a deposit where a stream flows into a large body of water and is forced to drop
its load. Deltas often have a triangular shape in map view, like the Greek letter delta, D.
Deltas are sand-rich and can be braided, just like braided streams.
5. Alluvial Fan Deposits
Alluvial fan is a large fan-shaped pile of sediment that forms where a stream emerges from a
narrow mountain canyon.
The stream loses it energy as it emerges from canyon and drops its gravelly sediment load. As
the fan builds outward, the stream will move out over the fan, depositing more sediment. Braided
stream channels cover the top of the fan Deposition on the fan is discontinuous due to infrequent
rainstorms. Alluvial fans are best preserved in the deserts of the southwestern U.S.
Flooding
Flooding is beneficial in the sense that it replenishes nutrients on the floodplain and provides
fertile planting ground. Flooding can also be detrimental to towns built along the streams.
Urbanization contributes to flooding by paving land with concrete. The concrete reduces
infiltration and increases runoff.
PHILIPPINE STREAMS:
Name

Type

Latitude

Longitude

Ababo River

Stream

13.8

122.966667

Abaca Creek

Stream

10.333333

123.7

Abaca River

Stream

10.333333

123.7

Abaca River

Stream

16.039167

121.359167

Abacan River

Stream

15.068611

120.724167

Abacan

Stream

15.068611

120.724167

Abaca

Stream

16.039167

121.359167

Abaga River

Stream

7.8

123.883333

Abaga River

Stream

8.948889

125.998889

Abaga

Stream

8.948889

125.998889

Abanagan River

Stream

11.078333

124.383889

Abanagan

Stream

11.078333

124.383889

Abangan River

Stream

10.716667

119.45

Abangay Creek

Stream

11.033333

122.466667

Abatan River

Stream

9.714167

123.861389

Abatan

Stream

9.714167

123.861389

Abbot Creek

Stream

18.533333

120.8

Abbucay Creek

Stream

17.783333

121.466667

Aberawan River

Stream

11.036944

119.416389

Aberawan

Stream

11.036944

119.416389

Abiaan Creek

Stream

10.566667

123.116667

Abian Creek

Stream

16.433333

121.116667

Abilao River

Stream

15.9

121.566667

Abinoleng River

Stream

16.083333

120.416667

Abis Creek

Stream

9.791389

122.919722

Abit River

Stream

16.983333

120.75

Abitonan River

Stream

15.858333

121.543889

Abitonan

Stream

15.858333

121.543889

Abla de Ilog River

Stream

13.466667

120.75

Abo-Abo River

Stream

14.633333

120.533333

Aboabo River

Stream

9.155833

118.126389

Aboabo

Stream

9.155833

118.126389

Aboat River

Stream

16.383333

121.083333

Abobo River

Stream

13.8

122.966667

Abohan River

Stream

125.516667

Abongan River

Stream

10.716667

119.45

Abongon River

Stream

10.716667

119.45

Aborlan River

Stream

9.427778

118.552778

Aborlan

Stream

9.427778

118.552778

Aboyon-on River

Stream

8.983333

125.516667

Abra River

Stream

17.513056

120.395833

Abra

Stream

17.513056

120.395833

Abtelel Creek

Stream

6.1

125.15

Abu Creek

Stream

10.75

124

Abuac Creek

Stream

11.2

122.9

Abuan River

Stream

17.1

121.966667

Abucay River

Stream

14.716667

120.55

Abucayan Creek

Stream

10.5

123.7

Abucayan River

Stream

9.683333

118.716667

Abugan River

Stream

15.266667

121.35

Abugui Creek

Stream

18.35

121.65

Abulog River

Stream

18.451111

121.456944

Abulug River

Stream

18.451111

121.456944

Abulug

Stream

18.451111

121.456944

Abunabun River

Stream

7.471111

124.136111

Abunabun

Stream

7.471111

124.136111

Abung River

Stream

13.766667

121.433333

Abungabung River

Stream

6.482222

121.904167

Abungabung

Stream

6.482222

121.904167

Abuyo River

Stream

15.816667

121.216667

Abuyoc River

Stream

12.933333

124.033333

Achang River

Stream

12.8

121.266667

Aclan River

Stream

8.990556

125.306667

Aclan River

Stream

11.728889

122.363333

Aclan

Stream

8.990556

125.306667

Acliang River

Stream

12.683333

121.333333

Adanon River

Stream

8.763333

125.765833

Adanon

Stream

8.763333

125.765833

Addalam River

Stream

16.539444

121.672222

Addalam

Stream

16.539444

121.672222

Adgaoan River

Stream

8.322222

125.886389

Adgaoan

Stream

8.322222

125.886389

Adlayan Creek

Stream

8.427222

125.947778

Adtulaon River

Stream

8.25

125.25

Afaapa River

Stream

8.594167

126.11

Afaapa

Stream

8.594167

126.11

Afusing River

Stream

17.8

121.616667

Aga River

Stream

13.8

122.916667

Agalan Creek

Stream

17.783333

121.516667

Agamanay River

Stream

17.289167

120.680278

Agamanay

Stream

17.289167

120.680278

Aganan River

Stream

10.766667

122.533333

Agasalin Creek

Stream

13.416667

121.116667

Agbalili River

Stream

11.566667

122.483333

Agbaliti River

Stream

13.516667

120.433333

Agbalo River

Stream

11.5

122.783333

Agbaogo River

Stream

10.983333

124.4

Agbocboc River

Stream

13.5

120.35

Agbuyi Creek

Stream

13.416667

120.983333

Agcawayan Creek

Stream

11.083333

122.916667

Agcayan River

Stream

11.083333

122.916667

Agdangan River

Stream

13.855

121.919444

Agdangan

Stream

13.855

121.919444

Aggalan Creek

Stream

17.783333

121.516667

Agnoknok River

Stream

12.333333

121.933333

Agogbon River

Stream

12.375

122.091667

Aklan River

Stream

11.728889

122.363333

Aklan

Stream

11.728889

122.363333

Alcan River

Stream

11.728889

122.363333

Andanon River

Stream

8.763333

125.765833

Baay River

Stream

17.58

120.774444

Baay

Stream

17.58

120.774444

Baaz River

Stream

17.616667

120.716667

Babac River

Stream

12.018611

120.176389

Babalion River

Stream

11.583333

122.3

Babangod River

Stream

14.75

120.9

Babaon River

Stream

15.016667

121.866667

Babatngon River

Stream

11.416667

124.833333

Babayuan Creek

Stream

18.316667

121.633333

Babuyan River

Stream

14.433333

120.566667

Bacabac River

Stream

15.966667

120.216667

Bacacao River

Stream

11.033333

119.4

Bacaclio River

Stream

15.35

120.266667

Bacaco River

Stream

11.941944

124.738056

Bacaco

Stream

11.941944

124.738056

Bacalan River

Stream

11.532778

122.080278

Bacalan

Stream

11.532778

122.080278

Bacan River

Stream

10.866667

124.716667

Bacantian River

Stream

11.473611

123.103056

Bacantian

Stream

11.473611

123.103056

Bacao River

Stream

11.941944

124.738056

Bacao River

Stream

11.55

124.883333

Bacarra River

Stream

18.266667

120.566667

Bacauan River

Stream

10.633333

122.2

Bacawan River

Stream

10.633333

122.2

Bacay River

Stream

10.85

122.783333

Bacbac River

Stream

12.018611

120.176389

Bacbac

Stream

12.018611

120.176389

Baccaradal River

Stream

16.633333

121.666667

Baccardal River

Stream

16.633333

121.666667

Baclad River

Stream

14.933333

120.716667

Baco River

Stream

13.351667

121.113333

Bacolod Creek

Stream

17.883333

121.683333

Bacolod River

Stream

12.8

124

Bacon River

Stream

11.408056

122.051389

Bacong River

Stream

13.634167

122.200278

Bacong River

Stream

11.408056

122.051389

Bacong

Stream

9.273333

123.300556

Bacong

Stream

13.634167

122.200278

Bacon

Stream

11.408056

122.051389

Bacoor River

Stream

14.455833

120.926389

Bacoor

Stream

14.455833

120.926389

Bacoyao River

Stream

13.083333

120.783333

Baco

Stream

13.351667

121.113333

Bactas River

Stream

14.067778

122.983333

Bactas

Stream

14.067778

122.983333

Bacuag River

Stream

9.6

125.65

Bacule Creek

Stream

17.966667

121.65

Baculi Creek

Stream

17.966667

121.65

Baculod Creek

Stream

17.883333

121.683333

Baculud Creek

Stream

17.883333

121.683333

Bacun River

Stream

7.2

124.3

Bacung River

Stream

5.225278

119.972778

Bacungan River

Stream

9.893056

118.740556

Bacungan

Stream

9.893056

118.740556

Bacung

Stream

5.225278

119.972778

Badajoz River

Stream

12.566667

122.116667

Badbaran River

Stream

11.309444

122.661667

Badbaranah River

Stream

11.309444

122.661667

Badbaranan River

Stream

11.309444

122.661667

Badbaran

Stream

11.309444

122.661667

Baddong River

Stream

15.033333

120.066667

Badian River

Stream

13.025

123.308611

Badiang Creek

Stream

10.55

122.983333

Badiang Creek

Stream

10.966667

122.766667

Badiang River

Stream

11.133333

124.816667

Badiangan Creek

Stream

11.583333

122.3

Badian

Stream

13.025

123.308611

Badio Creek

Stream

11.7

122.1

Badio Stream

Stream

11.7

122.1

Badoc Creek

Stream

13.183333

121.283333

Badoc River

Stream

17.9575

120.473889

Badoc

Stream

17.9575

120.473889

Badtok Creek

Stream

7.7

124.933333

Badyangon River

Stream

8.966667

125.533333

Baetan River

Stream

17.5

120.4

Bagaan River

Stream

12.233333

121.183333

Bagabba Creek

Stream

17.45

121.783333

Bagac River

Stream

14.6

120.383333

Bagacay Creek

Stream

10.75

122.983333

Bagacay Creek

Stream

12.316667

123.583333

Bagacay River

Stream

9.85

125.983333

Bagacay River

Stream

10.05

122.8

Bagacay River

Stream

10.383333

125

Bagacay River

Stream

10.6

125.166667

Bagacay River

Stream

11.766667

125

Bagacay River

Stream

11.95

123.95

Bagacay River

Stream

12.983333

123.916667

Banalo River

Stream

14.455833

120.926389

Bangtod River

Stream

12.8

124

Bani Creek

Stream

16.233333

120.4

Barcadero River

Stream

16.220833

119.968333

Big Pamatiyg River

Stream

12.483333

122.1

Bito River

Stream

10.351389

125.25

Bocaccio

Stream

15.35

120.266667

Bongbon River

Stream

10.316667

124.94

Bongquirobon River

Stream

10.335

124.906667

Buae River

Stream

10.383333

125

Bucan River

Stream

10.866667

124.716667

Bulac River

Stream

10.383333

125

Ca-ayongen River

Stream

9.431111

125.904167

Ca-ayongen

Stream

9.431111

125.904167

Caaluhan River

Stream

13.803333

123.321944

Caaluhan

Stream

13.803333

123.321944

Caangalan River

Stream

12.166667

123.283333

Caangalangalan River

Stream

12.166667

123.283333

Caba River

Stream

16.433333

120.333333

Caba River

Stream

17.284722

120.685

Cababao Creek

Stream

15.183333

120.866667

Cabacanan River

Stream

18.583333

120.783333

Cabacjanan Creek

Stream

12.466667

122.1

Cabacongan River

Stream

12.366667

121.95

Cabacungan River

Stream

10.3

123.116667

Cabadbaran River

Stream

9.123611

125.5225

Cabadbaran

Stream

9.123611

125.5225

Cabadiangan Creek

Stream

9.758056

122.476944

Cabadiangan Creek

Stream

10.316667

123.033333

Cabadiangan River

Stream

9.758056

122.476944

Cabadiangan

Stream

9.758056

122.476944

Cabagao River

Stream

7.416667

124.233333

Cabagonan River

Stream

9.866667

124.3

Cabal Anson

Stream

17.816667

121.566667

Cabalaan River

Stream

15.766667

120.333333

Cabalagnan River

Stream

10.633333

122.933333

Cabalangan River

Stream

11.05

122.433333

Cabalansaan Creek

Stream

17.816667

121.566667

Cabalansan Creek

Stream

17.816667

121.566667

Cabalauan River

Stream

9.833333

126.15

Cabalisiaan River

Stream

16.1

120.783333

Cabalisian River

Stream

16.1

120.783333

Cabalisiuan River

Stream

16.1

120.783333

Caballibaan Creek

Stream

18.533333

121.266667

Cabalto River

Stream

14.5

120.583333

Cabaluan River

Stream

15.714722

119.891667

Cabaluan

Stream

15.714722

119.891667

Caban Maragul River

Stream

14.883333

120.583333

Caban River

Stream

14.883333

120.566667

Cabanal River

Stream

7.833333

123.866667

Cabancaban Creek

Stream

10.233333

123.833333

Cabanga-han Creek

Stream

9.746667

122.875833

Cabanglasan River

Stream

16.316667

120.933333

Cabango-han Creek

Stream

9.746667

122.875833

Cabangtohan River

Stream

10.55

121.95

Cabano River

Stream

10.585833

122.710278

Cabano

Stream

10.585833

122.710278

Cabantian River

Stream

9.716667

124.433333

Cabantohan River

Stream

10.55

121.95

Cabaong River

Stream

14.1

121.166667

Cabariwan River

Stream

12.35

121.1

Cabarsona Creek

Stream

11.35

122.266667

Cabasan River

Stream

12.4

123.2775

Cabasan

Stream

12.4

123.2775

Cabasi River

Stream

10.666667

122.3

Cabassilan River

Stream

16.663889

120.403056

Cabassilan

Stream

16.663889

120.403056

Cabassitan River

Stream

16.663889

120.403056

Cabatan River

Stream

13.966667

121.366667

Cabatang River

Stream

9.866667

124.466667

Cabatangan River

Stream

15.781667

121.4525

Cabatangan

Stream

15.781667

121.4525

Cabatuan River

Stream

15.714722

119.891667

Cabatuan River

Stream

10.733333

122.483333

Cabay River

Stream

11.4475

125.491111

Cabayan Creek

Stream

8.454444

125.053333

Cabayan River

Stream

14

121.866667

Cabayang River

Stream

11.133333

122.066667

Cabayaoan River

Stream

11.783333

125.45

Cabaynan Creek

Stream

10.8

123.066667

Cabaynan

Stream

10.8

123.066667

Cabayoc River

Stream

14.616667

120.366667

Cabayogan River

Stream

12.033333

123.7

Cabayuan River

Stream

12.05

123.7

Cabay

Stream

11.4475

125.491111

Caba

Stream

17.284722

120.685

Cabcaban River

Stream

6.471111

121.909444

Cabeaban River

Stream

6.471111

121.909444

Cabeaban

Stream

6.471111

121.909444

Cabesa River

Stream

18.2

121.633333

Cabetican River

Stream

14.983333

120.65

Caburan Big River

Stream

5.900278

125.639167

Caburan Big

Stream

5.900278

125.639167

Cabuyao Creek

Stream

12.45

122.1

Cacawen River

Stream

14.1

121.166667

Calagunsao River

Stream

12.35

122.083333

Calogcog River

Stream

11.116667

125.033333

Calogkog River

Stream

11.116667

125.033333

Caluscos River

Stream

12.733333

124

Camp Five River

Stream

16.084722

120.429722

Camp Four River Number One

Stream

16.084722

120.429722

Camp Four River

Stream

16.084722

120.429722

Camp Six River

Stream

16.084722

120.429722

Caridad Creek

Stream

10.65

123.766667

Caridad River

Stream

10.65

123.766667

Cauayan River

Stream

7.533333

122.883333