BIOLOGY SEMESTER 1 PST MODUL 1 KOLEJ

MATRIKULASI PERAK
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
1.
THE BASICS OF CELL DIVISION
- It is based on modern cell theory which
states that all living cells arise from preexisting cells by cell division. ( Rudolf
Virchow)
2.
PROKARYOTES
- Known as binary fission = DNA replication
& elongation + splitting of cell.
- Important in asexual reproduction for
bacteria and archae.
3.
EUKARYOTES
- More complex
- Consists of karyokinesis (division of
nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of
cytoplasm)
- Divide in 2 ways which are mitosis and
meiosis
- Mitosis is important in asexual reproduction
such as budding and vegetative
propagation (protist and fungi)
- Repair of damaged cells and tissues,
replacement of old cells and growth of
organism
4.
THE CELL CYCLE

- Definition : An ordered sequence of events

in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and
nuclear division
- Consists of interphase and mitotic phase
5.
INTERPHASE
- Preparation stage
- Has G1 , S and G2 stage
6.
G1 STAGE
- High cell metabolic activity
- Cell increase in size
- Organelle is doubled (mitochondria and
chloroplast)
- Synthesis of proteins needed for DNA
synthesis
7.
S STAGE
- Before this phase, chromosomes are in the
form of thin uncoiled strands called
chromatin
- It then condenses to form chromosomes
- Replication of DNA occurs
8.
G2 STAGE
- Spindle fibres begins to form
- Cell synthesises microtubules for cell
division
- Extra organelle synthesis
- Chromosomes start to condense
9.
MITOTIC PHASE
- Involves mitosis and cytokinesis
- Produces 2 daughter cells
10. MITOSIS
- Has prophase , metaphase, anaphase and
telophase

- The division of the cells nucleus resulting

in 2 daughter nuclei each with the same
number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Occurs in somatic cells
11. PROPHASE
- Chromosomes condenses and become
shorter and thicker and visible under light
microscope
- Centrioles move to the opposite poles of
the cells
- Nucleolus disappears
- Nuclear membrane disintegrates
12. METAPHASE
- Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
- Spindle fibres are attached at both sides of
the centromere
13. ANAPHASE
- Centromeres split
- Sister chromatids separate and move to
the opposite poles of the cell
- By shortening of spindle fibre
14. TELOPHASE
- Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
- Daughter nuclei appear
- Chromosome uncoils
- Spindle fibre disappears
- Nuclear envelope reforms
15. CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELLS
- Generally is the splitting of cytoplasm to
separate 2 daughter nuclei to form 2 new
individual daughter cell.

- Process called cleavage

- An indentation called cleavage furrow
forms in the plasma membrane = contains
actin microfilaments
- The furrow deepens inwards until it reaches
the centre of the cell, completely dividing
the cell into 2
16. CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS
- Cannot form cleavage furrow because has
cell wall
- Vesicles derived from Golgi body line up at
equator
- Vesicles later fuse to form a cell plate
- New cellulose is laid down between
membranes
- New cell wall fuses with existing cell wall
17. SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
- Genetic stability = daughter chromosomes
is exactly the same as the parent cell =
same no. of chromosomes = genetically
identical = no variation
- Growth = no.of cell increases by mitosis
- Cell Replacement = replace damaged cells
& tissues
- Regeneration = production of new body
parts (planaria & starfish)
- Asexual reproduction = budding =
production of new individuals of a
species(hydra)
18. MEIOSIS

- A type of nuclear division that gives rise to

4 gametes each with half the chromosome
no. of the parent cell
19. TERMINOLOGY
- a)Diploid (2n) = a cell that contains 2
homologous sets of chromosomes , one set
inherited from each parent
- b)Haploid(n) = a cell that contains a single
set of chromosomes
- c)Homologous chromosomes = 2
chromosomes that make up a matched pair
in a diploid cell = same length = has genes
4 the same characteristics at loci
- d)Sister chromatids = one of 2 genetically
identical chromosomal units that are the
result of DNA replication
- e)Synapsis = pairing of homologous that
occurs during prophase 1
- f)Bivalent = pair of 2 homologous
chromosomes formed by synapsis
- g)Tetrads = the 4 chromatids in each
cluster during synapsis
- h)Crossing over = exchange of genetic
material between non-sister chromatids of
a pair of homologous chromosomes during
prophase 1
- i)Chiasma = regions of crossing over at
which 2 non-sister chromatids are joined
20. PROPHASE 1

-Chromosome condense to become thicker

and visible
21. Centrosomes move to the opposite poles
- Synapsis occurs
- Crossing over occurs
22. METAPHASE 1
- Homologous chromosomes line up at the
metaphase plate
- Spindle fibre is attached at only one side of
the centromere
23. ANAPHASE 1
- Homologous chromosomes separate and
move to the opposite poles
- By shortening of spindle fibres
24.
TELOPHASE 1
- The separated homologous chromosomes
arrive at the opposite poles
- Nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis causes halving of no. of
chromosomes
25.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
- Sexual reproduction = produces haploid
gametes = 2 haploid fuses to form diploid
zygote.
- Genetic variation = through crossing over
and independent assortment =
homologous chromosomes orient randomly
at metaphase 1 = each pair of
chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal

homologues into daughter cells

independently of the other pairs
26.
THINGS TO DISCUSS ABOUT THE
DIFFERENCE
- where it occurs??
- no.of nuclear division??
- no.of cytokinesis??
- no.of cells produced??
- presence of synapsis??
- presence of crossing over??