ata 31

Radio altimeter
It transmits the frequency modulated signal
Time between transmitted frequency and
received frequency is proportional to the
aircraft height.
It comprises two independent systems
Radio height data is shown on pfd
With failure of both radio altimeters, red ra
warning msg will come on in place of radio
height information
Pilot sets dh on mcdu.
When the aircraft height is lower than dh, dh
amber warning msg will shown at the bottom
of the attitude sphere.
Radio altimeter can be tested only on the
ground.
It is the frequency difference used to determine
the aircraft height
Height = 492 t, t being in microsecond
Both frequency modulation and pulse
transmission are used

Aids aircraft integrated data system

 Its main function is to convert critical flight

parameters into a recordable form and then
recorded parameters are stored.
Fdimu flight digital interface and
management unit

Mach number
Sound speed varies with temperature and
therefore location, lss
Mach number is the ratio of true air speed and
local sound speed
Mach meter consists of pressure altimeter and
asi
Lss at mean sea level is 661 knot and at 36000
ft is 571 knot
vsi
Vsi is rcdi ( rate of climb indicator)

Engine vibration transducer

It is mounted on fan case or turbine case
It is a crystal assembly
Evmu receives signals from accelerometer and
n1 and n2 speed sensors
N1 vibration on mils (1/1000 of an inch ) and
n2 vibration on ips (inch per second)
It is sensitive to radial oscillations

QNE
1013.25 mb or hPa or 29.92 inch of mercury
Shows pressure altitude, altitude above the
pressure datum
Used for flying at flight level
QNH
It is mean sea level pressure (998 hPa)

 It shows airfield elevation from mean sea level

if the aircraft is on the ground

Altitude and elevation are measured from

mean sea level and height is measured from
specified datum.
Tied gyro spin axis is tied to particular
direction
Degree of freedom of precession is equal to
number of gimbals
Drift or wander is deviation of horizontally
aligned spin axis and topple is deviation of
vertically alighed spin axis.
Real or random drift is due to friction and
unbalance and it is a spatial deviation and is
very small
Direction gyro
Attached to inner gimbal is threaded spindle
and latitude nut to correct apparent wander by
applying constant force.

 Gps altitude is less accurate than barometric

altitude.
In vor, 1 dot is 5 degree deviation
Sat is also known as oat
Tat ram rise tem is equal to coat
Adc outputs are air density and mach
Adc outputs go to gpws, stall warning, cabin
pressurization, thrust management, flight
management and flight recorder
Direct reading compass has turning and
acceleration error
Gyro magnetic compass is slaved gyro
compass
Magnetic bearing = relative bearing plus
aircraft heading
Flux detector gives heading wrt magnetic
north, because it uses earth magnetic field

 Resolver synchro has rotor and stator, each

having two coils in phase quadrature. Ac is
applied to one rotor coil
Pendulous vane erection unit air will be
exhausted from one port and there will be
reaction in opposite direction
Ball type erection unit uses stell balls
Gyro horizon erectrion- two torque motors on
outer gimbals
Leveling switch has three electrodes, mercury
and inert gas to prevent arching
Torque motor has reference winding and
control winding, control winding is connected
to outer electrodes.
In normal operation, current flows through
reference winding only
Roll mercury switch on pitch axis and pitch
mercury switch on roll axis
Arthwartship aix is lateral axis

 Rate gyro has one gimbal and no erection

device
If overbanked, then centrifugal force is less
than gravitational force and ball is in the lower
part of the tube
In turn coordinator, gyro is mounted in such a
way that axis is at thirty degree to longitudinal
axis of the aircraft\
Rate integrating gyro highly accurate, no
friction, 24000 rpm , can shaped gimbal, pick
off coils

Ring laser gyro

It functions due to sagnac effect
Light takes longer time if the path is rotating in
the same direction
Piezoelectric dietherto motor in the center of
the unit to prevent lock in of the
counterrotating beams at low speed
Its solid state device, longer service life and
virtually no maintenance
Coherent light means single frequency

 Dadc usually receive data in digital format

Flight director is an auto pilot without servos
Vsi of large aircraft 1000 ft per min and small
aircraft 100ft per min
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 100 kpa
Gyro pneumatic drive is engine driven vacuum
pump maintaining 4 in of hg and in light
aircraft a ventury tube
At the lowest point of each vent line, a self
draining non return valve
Aircraft heading is the angle between true
north and longitudinal axis
Gyro precession is obstinate characteristics
In ivsi, there is time lag due to hysteresis of the
capsule
Dead weight tester- brahms principle

 On ehsi, distance to go to next waypoint ,

heading, lateral and vertical deviation scale,
wind direction
On eadi, ground speed, selected dh, radio
altitude, marker beacon and slip indicator,
altitude alert
Attitude indicator vertical gyro, and spin axis
is maintained earth vertical using force of
gravity and gyro has movement about all three
axes
Vacuum value required for instrument
operation is thre and half to four and half inch
of mercury
Dynamic pressure is proportional to square of
airspeed
In asi, capsule responds only to dynamic
pressure
Hair springs are flat coil type and for anti
backlash function

 Asi square law compensation for linear scale

are rocking lever/sector arm, banana slot and
ranging or tuning spring /ranging screw
Isogonic lines mean equal variation
In pneumatic attitude indicator, acceleration
error due to erection mechanism. It swings
rearward due to inertia during acceleration.
Vsi or vvi vertical velocity indicator
Vsi metering unit forms part of static pressure
connection and is a restrictor and capillary
tube which prevents pressure surge reaching
the capsule. Being a restrictor, it reduces
pressure and increases velocity
Compass swinging is comparing aircraft
heading and compass reading, then compass
reading is adjusted by compensation device.
Remaining small angular difference is residual
deviation. Compensation devices are
mechanical and electromagnetic
Altitude switching unit for altitude alert
Mach warning is aural warning or clacker

Autothrust it ensures the following functions

through the control of following functions
Speed hold
Mach hold
Thrust hold
Thrust reduction during flame out
Alpha floor protection

Tcas or acas airbone collision avoidance system

Tcas II provides ra and analyzes the projected
flitghtpath of approaching aircraft. It is required
on aircraft above 30 seats or 15000 kg
Pilot is required to follow tcas ra over atc

Trimmable horizontal stablixzer

Mechanical input has priority over elac input

Mach trim system

It has trim coupler unit and actuator. An
actuator is single phase motor with screw type
shaft

Yaw damping
Yaw damping is more responsive at high speed.
Sudden gust or uncoordinated rudder
deflection produces yawing motion which in
turn intiates dutchroll
Yaw orders for turn coordination and yaw
damping
Yaw damper actuator orders are added to those
of pilots
There is no feedback to rudder pedals from
yaw damping and turn coordination
Faster rate of response when flaps are down
Yaw damper coupler contains a rate gyroscope
which precesses

Auto thrust

 It is available over full flight regime from take

off to touch down
Take off mode, speed control mode and go
around mode

Loran means long range aid to navigation

Line of sight communication are vhf and uhf
Gpws envelope are flap and under carriage
Trsb

 Magde means microwave aircraft digital

guidance equipment
Irs or strapdown has three ring laser gyros
Tcas iii is under development
Tcas I provides proximity warning only
Tcas ii provides ta and ra in vertical direction
Mode s transponder discretely addresses one
aircraft
Tcas display are white diamond, amber circle
and red square
Fms

 In vor, 50 khz separation to keep the

atmospheric interference minimum but limits
the line of sight use
Vor transmitter produces signals for 360
degree radials
Vor information on rmi , ehsi and eadi

Ins
Latitude is distance travelled north south
Departure is distance travelled east-west
Before moving the aeroplane from pier, present
position must be entered in terms of latitude
and longitude of the pier
Stable platform is azimuth gimbal, there are
two roll gimbals to prevent gimbal lock in
platform
Ins track wrt magnetic north
Msu modes standby, align, nav, att ref

Wind speed is vector addition of tas and gs

Ins self alignment with true north
Gyro compassing phase takes six to ten
minutes and is a process of aligning platform
with local meridian
Air data inputs to ins
Function of iru is to sense linear acceleration
and angular turning rates. Iru consists of three
laser gyros and three acceleratometers
Flight director is used during ils
Rate gyro
Spring is used to balance out precession
produced at the appropriate rate of torque
input
Rate gyroscope has advantage that it can
rapidly detect small change in attitude
Rate gyro damping methods are eddy current,
fluid, air dashpot and shaped feedback
networks
Displacement gyro has two degree freedom

Vor
30 Hz reference signal is phase compared with
30 Hz variable signal, phase difference is giving
bearing of the aircraft
Vor station produces infinite radials
Variable phase is directional and less strong
than reference
Reference signal is omnidirectional,
horizontally polarized and it has same phase on
all bearing
Magnetic bearing from the station is called
radial
To/from indicator is white triangle

Marker beacon

Autopilot can be engaged on ground conditions

if all engines are stoped
In flight, ap engagement possible five seconds
after lift off

Localizer antenna at 1000 ft away from then

end of the runway
Fmcs doesnt normally utilize adf and it utilizes
ils, dme and adc\

ATA 21
.4 pound per person per minute and 10 cubic
feet per minute per crew
Humidity is thirty to fourty percent
Variable orifice type valve has acron valve
Spill valve reduces compressor load also
Catalytic convertr is covered with fireproof
material
Vapour cycle it has expansion control valve
before evaporator
Turbo fan precooler is ahead of compressor
Surface heat exchanger
Water separator- condensation principle and it
is always online, it has relief valve also
Hyperventilation- a high level of carbodioxide
in the blood causes rapid breathing

At 8000 feet, air pressure is 11psi

Safety valves on aft pressure bulkhead
Ram air inlet flap follows the outlet flap
During take off and landing , ram air doors are
closed
Pack flow control valve is ventury type,
butterfly valve
Anti ice valve is used to stop ice formation
downstream of turbine, which opens due to
pressure difference
Heat exchanger is aluminium alloy , plate and
fin type
Emergency ram air valve operates when both
packs fail and altitude should be below 10000
feet and pressure dif below 1 psi and outflow
valves get 50 percnt open
Cpc use data from fmgs and adirs

Ata 24

 In ac reactive load sharing, over voltage and

under voltage protection circuits, sharing of
reactive load depends on relative magnitudes
of their output voltages
In ni cd battery, distilled or deminaralized
water should be added at the end of charge,
but still charging.

Bpcu
Elcu connects galley loads and electrically
driven hydraulic pumps
Load shading is controlled by bpcu which trips
ubr and elcu
Generator brush beding should not be done on
the aircraft
Max bat temp is 144 degree fah
Battery charge limiter
Increasing the real load primarily decrases the
frequency

 Reverse current cut out relay consists of two

coils, core, armature and contact assembly
Undervolt condition occurs when the generator
is being shutdown
Dc generator is rated in kw only
In vibrating type voltage regulator, volts coil in
parallel with output and a resistor in parallel
with the points
Ni cd battery

ATA 21
At sea level, oxygen pressure is 3 psi
Compsite cylinders have placards rather
thand stamps

Solid or chemical oxygen, one third as

heavy as gaseous oxygen, use of sodium
chlorate candle
Pressurization modes are isobaric and
constant differential , constant differential
mode above certain altitude

ATA 29
Phosphate easter may be green , amber or
pink and seals are Teflon, ethylene propylene
and butyl rubber
In hand pump, non return valves at inlet and
outlet port
Cut out valve in fixed volume pump and
accumulator is also required
Priority valve or pressure maintaining valve
Pressure reducing valve
Open center hydraulic system = only one
service can be operaed at a time and selector
valves are in series

Rat extends automatically when the aircraft

speed is above 100 knot
It is possible to retract the rat on ground only
and hydraulic power is required
Rat has stall protection device and deicing
device

ATA 25
Emergency ligts- cabin switch overrides the
flight deck switch
Berth for slip crew in long distance aircraft
Jimmy or fire axe

 Seat belts- 77kg person, factor of safety 1.33

and 9g forward acceleration, proof test load
should be half of certified strength
Elt transmit three frequencies
Ribbon heaters get constant low heat power
Drain mast has two temperature setting, low
on ground and high on air
Vacuum flush automatically cuts out at 1600
feet

ATA 26

Jet cal analyzer for testing fire detectors

Clamp is aluminium and grommet is rubber
Bend radius is three inch
Apu fire in flight, crew must operate the
extinguishing manually and on ground system
operates automatically
Passive fire protection is obtained through
design precautions
Loops are parallel to fdu, and gate used
Lavaratory fire ext = it has fusible plug on
discharge tube which melts at 80 degree
centigrade

ATA 27
MACH NUMBER IS a measure of
compressibility.
Q pot to reduce range of movement as speed
increases
Push pull rods free from backlash and for short
run
Flight controlls are instinctive
Cable tension regulators give relatively
constant system tension irrespective of
changes in temperature
Stick shaker or stick nudger
Stick pusher is a device connected to elevator
control system, which can be overridden by
pilot
Control stops are adjustable and automatically
movable to control the range of movement
Torque tubes to change linear motion to rotary
and vice versa
Q feel force uses dynamic pressure and
increases with altitude and decreases with
altitude

 Balance tab has fixed rod attached to

mainplane and automatic in operation
Spring tab- at lower speed, controll system
moves the control surface directly
Mass balance weights should be dense such as
steel, tungsten and lead\
Cg of control surface should be within limit
spanwise and chordwise for mass balance
Pressure balance beak and small gap
Inset hinge complete leading edge is forward
of hinge line
Spoilers are fail safe and operate quickly
Slab is all flying tailplane with no elevators
Spoilers provide improved lateral control
Ground effect spoilers extend automatically to
sit the aircraft firmly on the ground
Speed brake is inhibited when flaps full
configuration and angle of attack protection
Ground spoiler partial extension
Ground spoiler max defection is fifty degree
and rate is thirty degree per second
Load alleviation function is inhibited if flps are
not retracted and speed less than two hundred
know
Laf accumulators

 Movable slat- spring loaded to closed position

at low angle and at high angle, negative
pressure causes the slat to pull forward.
Pantograph linkage on leading edge devices
Vortex generators weaken the shock wave and
reduce shock drag
Wing fence on front of control surface
Fixed spoiler is stall wedge
Wash out angle of incidence decreases
towards wing tip
Thicker the boundary layer , slower the airflow
Induced drag is greatest at high angle of attack
Cg is forward of cp, creating nose down couple

Optimum aoa is cruise angle and equal to

angle of incidence
Thrust line is lower than center of drag
Neutral dynamic stablility is under damped
Dynamically unstable is negatively damped
Dutch roll has low frequency upto 2 hz
Yaw damper is in series with rudder
Swept back tip stall and nose up, which is
reduced by wash out
Delta wing poor lift at low speed and high aoa
required at landing and take of
Turbulence will occur behind shock wave and
affect tail plane

 As speed increases, transition point moves

forward and boundary layer gets thicker.
Shock drag is made up of wave drag and
boundary layer drag
On swept wing, shock wave is caused by
chordwise flow
Swept wing aircraft has high landing speed
Mach angle is the ratio of aircraft speed to
sound speed
Kinetic heating is due to air compression, shock
wave and skin friction
At low speed, skin friction is low
To reduce kinetic heating, avoid sharp coners
Heavy landing causes hogging of the aircraft
Cs 25 about large aircraft
Fail safe means prevention of crack
propagation
Secondary structures are damage tolerant
Redundant structure has several loadpaths
Spars, ribs, frames and landing gear
attachment fittings from 7010/7050
Wing top skin 7150 and bottom skin is 2024
Tube resists bending in all directions
Blow out pressure of 1 psi

 Decompression panels on cargo hold wall

linings
Second digit is subzone
Major zones have subzones and subzones have
zzones
Buttock line is center line of fuselage
310 is tail section, 320 is vertical stab
410 is left engine, 820 is cargo door
Nose area is 100 and flight compartment is 200
Aluminium alloy structure has higher
coefficient of linear expansion than glass
windscreen
Butrol or vinyl interlayer
Windows are of air sandwich type
Type A exit is 42and 72
Chute or escape slide
Cargo pallet or container
Drive wheel and ball panel on cargo hold
Tail skid has shock strut, swing arm and rubber
shoe
Box spar wing, internal volume for fuel storage
Control surface mass balance is static balance
and mass balance weights are steel. Lead and
tungsten and placed ahead of hinge line
Machined skin or integral construction by
milling or chemical etching
Stiffness is resistance to deformation

 Doubler plate also provides fail safe

construction
Rigging position when longitudinal and lateral
lines pass through cg position
Pigments of paint give color, solidity and
hardness

ATA 28
Fuel tank must have at least two vents

ACE AND RAIN PROTECTION

Vibrating rod, as mass increases, resonant
frequency decreases
Hot rod or black rod
Rotary or napier or serrated rod ice detector at
right angle to airflow, clearance is 0.05 mm
Beta particle ice detection
Heater mats are rated in watt per square meter
Supply for heater is ac or dc, voltage is
reduced on ground to prevent overheating
Misting / fogging on inside and frosting on
outside of windscreen
Windshield heating operates at low power on
ground
Windscreen wipers are operated hydraulically
or electrically
DTD 900/4907 is capable of removing ice and
snow and delaying deposits reforming. It
should be mixed with water.
Kilofrost ABC is also deicing fluid
Hot fluid spray, holding the nozzle close to the
skin to prevent heat loss
Fluid de icing on windscreen, methyl alcohol
based fluid is used

 Vibrating rod, probe heater is on for set period

of time
Engine air intake ice protection operates
independently from aircraft pneumatic system
Probes heating and windshield heating
automatically energized when first engine
started
Engine inlet ice protection selected only in
icing conditions

ATA 32
Bogie more than two wheels are attached in a
strut
Snubbing device to prevent rebound from
compression
Camber is the alignment of main wheel in
vertical plane, which can be checked by bubble
protactor
Maxaret is mechanical anti skid
Anti skid- wheel speed unit may supply either
ac or dc depending the type of system being
used, which is voltage sensitive

 Tacho probe wheel speed sensor produces

pulsed dc, frequency of which is dependant on
speed of excitor ring

ATA 33 LIGHTS
Beta radiation from tritium gas
On flight deck, fifty percent lamps as spare
Control of flight deck lighting by altering the
voltage
Green and red light at least 5 candela
White light at least 5 candela
Red anti collision light and white strobe light
are of 20 candela
Strobe light has flash tube and parabolic
reflector
Microlambart is unit of selfreflecitveness of
emergency light
Fluorescent tube has mercury vapor at low
pressure

ATA 45 (ON BOARD MAINTEANNCE)

Bite are start up, interruptive and continuous
Maintenance memo when failures are
insignificant and memo massage are reminders
of the system that are running for aircrew
Flight leg is a sector, current sector is flight leg
zero and one before is minus one