Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
STANDARDS
UNS S32304
EN number 1.4362*
W.Nr. 1.4362
DIN X 2 CrNiN 23 4
SS 2327
AFNOR Z 2 CN 23.04AZ
Products standards
Plate,sheetandcoil:ASTMA240;A480
Approvals
ApprovedbytheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)Boilerand
PressureVesselCode,SectionVIII,div.1construction.
ASMEB31.3ChemicalandRefineryPipingCode
VdTVWerkstoffblatt496
NGS1607(Nordicrulesforapplications)validforSAF2304madebySandvik.
ApprovedbyDNVforgeneraluseonships
ApprovedbyRINA,registrationNoMAC/112/90
*Validforsheet/plate,strip,semifinishedproducts,bars,rodsandsectionsforgeneral
purposes(notforpressurepurposes).
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (NOMINAL) %
C
Si
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Cu
0.030
1.0
2.5
0.04
0.03
21.524.5
3.05.50
0.050.60
0.050.20
0.050.60
Plateandsheetaredeliveredinthesolutionannealedandpickledcondition.
Thesizerangesavailablearegivenbelow
Platesheetandcoil
SandvikSAF2304Plate,sheetarestockedinawiderangeofsizesaccordingtoASTM.
Detailsofourstockprogrammearegivenbelow:
SandvikAustralia'sStockProgramPlate(HRNo1Finish)
ThicknessRange5mm40mm
Widths2000mm
Sheet(CR2BFinish)
ThicknessRange2mm
Widths1500mm,
Lengths3000mm
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Thefollowingfiguresapplytothematerialinthesolutionannealedcondition.Tubeand
pipewithwallthicknessabove20mm(0.787in.)mayhaveslightlylowervalues.For
seamlesstubeswithawallthicknessbelow4mmweguaranteeproofstrength(Rp0.2)
valuesthatare50MPahigherthanthoselistedbelowat20C(68F)aswellasthose
listedathighertemperatures.Moredetailedinformationcanbesuppliedonrequest.
AT 20C (68F)
Proofstrength
a)
R p 0 . 2
Rp 1 . 0
MPa
ksi
MPa
min
min
min
58
450
c)
400
ksi
65
Tensilestrength
Elong.
Rm
A2"
b)
Brinell
MPa
ksi
min
min
min
min
max
600
87
25
25
290
1MPa=1N/mm2
a)Rp0.2andRp1.0correspondto0.2%offsetand1.0%offsetyieldstrength,respectively.
b)BasedonL0 =5.65S 0 whereL0 istheoriginalgaugelengthandS0 theoriginalcross
sectionarea.
Impact strength
SAF2304hasgoodimpactstrengthbothatroomtemperatureandatlow
temperatures,asshownbyfigure2.
Figure2.ImpactstrengthofSAF2304compaedwithcarbonsteel.
LowestvalueforaTIGjointisalsorepotedforSAF2304.Charpytest
specimens(10x10mm,0.394x0.0394in.)takenfromtube260x20
mm(10.2x0.29in.)insize.
At high temperatures
Hardness
IfSAF2304isexposedforprolongedperiodstotemperaturesexceeding280 C
o
(540 F),themicrostructurechangeswhichresultsinareductioninimpactstrength.
Thiseffectdoesnotnecessarilyaffectthebehaviourofthematerialattheoperating
temperature.Forexample,heatexchangertubesmaybeusedathighertemperatures
withoutanyproblems.ContactSandvikforadvice.
Forpressurevesselapplications,280C(540F)isrequiredasmaximumaccordingto
VdTVWb496.
Temperature
Proofstrength
Rp 0 . 2
a)
Tensilestrength
Rp 1 . 0
a)
Rm
MPa
MPa
MPa
min
min
min
100
330
380
570
150
310
350
540
200
290
320
520
250
280
310
510
300
270
300
500
ForconstructionsaccordingtoRN78(NGS1607)515%lowerdesignvaluesare
approved.
Temperature
Proofstrength
Rp 0 . 2
a)
Tensilestrength
Rp 1 . 0
a)
Rm
ksi
ksi
ksi
min
min
min
200
48.5
56.0
84.5
300
44.5
50.0
77.5
400
42.0
46.5
75.5
500
40.0
44.5
73.5
600
39.0
43.0
72.0
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3
Density:7.8g/cm ,0.28lb/in
J/(kgC)
TemperatureF
Btu/(lbF)
20
490
68
0.12
100
505
200
0.12
200
530
400
0.13
300
550
600
0.13
400
590
800
0.14
Thermal conductivity
METRIC UNITS
TemperatureC
20
100
200
300
400
W/(mC)
SAF2304
16
17
18
19
21
AISI316L
14
15
17
18
20
200
400
600
800
IMPERIAL UNITS
TemperatureF
68
Btu/(fthF)
SAF2304
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
AISI316L
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
Thermal expansion
Meanvaluesintemperatureranges(x10 )SAF2304hasafarlowercoefficientof
thermalexpansionthanausteniticstainlesssteelsandthereforepossessescertaindesign
advantages.
METRIC UNITS
TemperatureC
30100
30200
30300
30400
PerC
SAF2304
13.5
14.0
14.5
14.5
Carbonsteel
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
AISI304L/316L
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
86200
86400
86600
86800
IMPERIAL UNITS
TemperatureF
PerF
SAF2304
7.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
Carbonsteel
7.0
7.0
7.5
8.0
AISI304L/316L
9.5
9.5
10
10
Figure3.Thermalexpansion,perC(30100C,86210F).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
TemperatureC
MPa
TemperatureF
ksi
20
200
68
29.0
100
194
200
28.2
200
186
400
27.0
300
180
600
26.2
CORROSION RESISTANCE
General corrosion
DuetothehighchromiumcontentanditswellbalancedcompositionSAF2304
possessesexcellentcorrosionresistanceinacidicenvironments.Thetablebelowshows
thecorrosionrateindifferentacidsandfigures46showisocorrosiondiagrams.
Corrosionratesinacidwatermixtures,mm/year(mpy).Activatedspecimens,1+3+ 3
days,averageofthelasttwoperiodsfortwospecimens.
Conc.Weight%
TempC(F)
SAF2304
AISI304L
AISI316L
20
0.01(0.4)
0.01(0.4)
50
0.04(1.6)
70
90
0.01(0.4)
60(140)
10
0.04(1.6)
0.80(32)
0.19(7.6)
30
60(140)
30
90(194)
80
90(194)
0.50(20)
90
60(140)
0.5
40(104)
40(104)
0.30(12)
0.70(28)
0.16(6.4)
0.16(6.4)
0.30(12)
30
0.10(4)
0.20(8)
0.07(2.8)
50
100(212)
0.04(1.6)
0.09(3.6)
0.21(8.4)
60
90(194)
0.01(0.4)
0.2(0.8)
0.02(0.8)
80
80(176)
0.01(0.4)
0.01(0.4)
0.06(2.4)
60(140)
90(194)
0.06(2.4)
3.6(144)
10
60(140)
0.10(4)
0.66(26.4)
10
70(158)
0.14(5.6)
1.7(68)
10
80(176)
0.20(8)
7.9(316)
15
50(122)
0.17(6.8)
0.47(18.8)
20
30(86)
0.20(8)
0.02(0.8)
AcetidacidCH3 COOH
Formicacid,HCOOH
Hydrochloricacid,HCI
Nitricacid,HNO3 ( 5 x 2 d a y s )
65
Phosphoricacid,H3 PO4
Sulphuricacid,H2 S O4
B=Boiling
Figure4.IsocorrosiondiagramforSAF2304,AISI403LandAISI316L
instagnantsulphuricacid.Thecurvesrepresentacorrosionrateof0.1
mm/year(4mpy).
Figure5.IsocorrosiondiagramforSAF2304.AISI304LandAISI316Lin
formicacid.Thecurvesrepresentacorrosionrateof0.1mm/year(4mpy).
Figure6.IsocorrosiondiagramforSAF2304andAISI304Linnitric
acid.Thecurvesrepresentacorrosionrateof0.1mm/year(4mpy)
Pitting
Thepittingresistanceofasteelisdeterminedprimarilybyitschromiumand
molybdenumcontents,butthenitrogencontentalsohasaneffect.Aparameterfor
comparingthepittingresistanceofdifferentsteelsisthePREnumber(PittingResistance
Equivalent).
ThePREisdefinedas,inweight%
PRE=%Cr+3.3%Mo+16x%N
TheminimumPREnumberforSAF2304andtheausteniticstandardstainlesssteels
AISI316LandAISI304Laregiveninthefollowingtable.
Alloy
%Cr3
%Mo
%N
PRE
SAF2304
23
2.2
0.1
24
AISI316L
17
24
AISI304L
18.4
18
Asthetableshows,thePREnumberforSAF2304isconsiderablyhigherthanthe
numberforAISI304LandcomparabletotheInumberforAISI316L.Potentiostatic
testsinsolutionswithdifferentchloridecontents(pH=6)arereportedinfigure7.Each
curveisbasedonatleast4measuringpoints,eachofwhichisderivedfromaminimum
ofthreeseparatemeasurements,andthevariationinthemeasurementresultslieswithin
therange+/5C(+/9F).ThetestresultsforAISI316Lhavebeencomparedwith
resultsobtainedunderpracticalconditionsofservice,andthecorrelationisgood.Asis
evidentfromfigure7,thecriticaltemperatureforpittingforSAF2304ishigherthan
thatforAISI304LandcomparabletothatforAISI316L.Theexperimentalresults
therebyagreewiththePREranking.
Figure7.Criticalpittingtemperature(CPT)forSAF2304,AISI304Land
AISI316Linneutralchloridesolutions(potentiostaticdeterminationat
+300mV/SCE).
Stress corrosion and cracking
Becauseofitstwophasestructureanditswellbalancedcomposition,SAF2304
possessesverygoodresistancetostresscorrosioncracking(SCC).
Thisisevidentfromtheresultsoftestsinbothconcentratedchloridesolutionsand
oxygencontainingdilutechlorideenvironments.
Figure8showstheresultsoftestscarriedoutin40%CaCl2solutionat100C(210F).
Inthisenvironment,thestressthatisrequiredtocausefractureduetoSCC(knownas
thethresholdstress)ismuchhigherforSAF2304thanforAISI304/304LandAISI
316/316L.ThisindicatesthesuperiorresistanceofSAF2304.
WeldingofSAF2304doesnotappreciablyreducetheresistancetoSCC,providedthat
theweldingrecommendationsarefollowed(seeWelding).
ThethresholdstressofmaterialthathasbeenTIGweldedwithSandvik22.8.3.Lor
MMAweldedwithSandvik22.9.3.LRisonalevelwiththatoftheparentmetal.
TheresultsofSCCtestingofSAF2304inchloridesolutionsathightemperaturesand
pressuresarepresentedinfigure9.ThecurveforSAF2304isbasedontestsperformed
atvariouschloridecontentsanddifferenttemperatures.Usuallysixseparate
measurementswereperformedateachmeasuringpoint.Thetestingmethodinvolved
springloadedspecimensstressedtotheproofstrength(Rp0.2)atthetesting
temperature,orUbendsinwhichthestressattheapexisatleastequaltotheproof
strengthofthesolutionannealedmaterial.Theoxygencontentoftheinletwater
(refreshedautoclaveswereused)was4.6to10ppmandthepH4.5to7.I.Thecurve
forAISI304/304LandAISI316/316Lisbasedonpublishedtestresultsandonpractical
experience.
Figure8.ResultsofSCCtestswithconstantloadonSAF2304,AISI304L
andAISI316Lin40%CaCl<sub>2</sub>,pH=6.5,at100C(210F)with
aeratedtestsolution.
Theresultsinfigure9indicatethatSAF2304canbeusedinoxygenbearingchloride
solutionsuptoabout125C(260F)withoutanyriskofSCC.
ThisismuchhigherthanforAISI304/304LandAISI316/316L,whichshouldnotbe
usedabove60C(140F)insuchenvironments.Attemperaturesabove125C(260F),
SAF2304shouldnotbeusedinoxygenbearingsolutionsinenvironmentswithmore
thanabout10ppmCl .Forsuchconditions,werecommendSandvikSAF2205,SAF
2507orSanicro28.Atlowoxygencontents,whicharecommonintheprocessand
powerindustries,considerablyhigherchloridecontentsandtemperaturescanbe
toleratedbySAF2304withoutanyriskofSCC.
Figure9.SCCresistanceinoxygenbearing(8ppm)neutralchloride
solutions.Testingtime1000hours.Load>yieldstrengthattesting
temperature.
Intergranular corrosion
SAF2304isamemberofthefamilyofmodernduplexstainlesssteelswhosechemical
mannerthatthereformationofausteniteintheheataffectedzoneadjacenttotheweld
takesplacequickly.Thisresultsinamicrostructurethatgivescorrosionpropertiesand
toughnesssimilartothatoftheparentmetal.WeldedjointsinSAF2304easilypass
Strauss'intergranularcorrosiontestingaccordingtoDIN50914andSS117105.
Crevice corrosion
Inthesamewayastheresistancetopittingcanberelatedtothechromium,
molybdenumandnitrogencontentsofthesteelsocantheresistancetocrevice
corrosion.SAF2304hasbetterresistancetocrevicecorrosionthansteelsoftheAISI
304/304LtypeandiscomparablewithAISI316/316L.
Erosion corrosion
SteelsoftheAISI304/304LandAISI316/316Ltypecanbeattackedbyerosion
corrosionifexposedtoflowingmediacontaininghighlyabrasivesolidparticles,e.g.
sand,ormediawithveryhighflowrates.Duetoitscombinationofhighhardnessand
goodcorrosionresistance,SAF2304displaysverygoodresistanceundersuch
conditions.
Corrosion fatigue
SAF2304possesseshigherstrengthandbettercorrosionresistancethanordinary
austeniticstainlesssteels.Consequently,SAF2304hasconsiderablybetterfatigue
strengthundercorrosiveconditionsthansuchsteels.
HEAT TREATMENT
Plate,sheetandcoilarenormallydeliveredinheattreatedcondition.Ifadditionalheat
treatmentisneededafterfurtherprocessingthefollowingisrecommended.
Solutionannealing
9301050C(17101920F),rapidcoolinginairorwater.
WELDING
TheweldabilityofSAF2304isgood.Suitableweldingmethodsaremanualmetalarc
weldingwithcoveredelectrodesorgasshieldedarcwelding.
Weldingshouldbeundertakenwithintheheatinputrange0.52.5kJ/mm.Preheatingor
postweldheattreatmentisnotnormallynecessary.
Fillermetalsthatgiveanausteniticferriticweldmetalshouldbeusedinordertoobtain
aweldmetalwithcorrosionresistanceandmechanicalpropertiesclosetotheparent
metal.Forgasshieldedarcwelding,werecommendSandvik22.8.3.L,andformanual
metalarcweldingthecoveredelectrodeSandvik22.9.3.LR.Thesefillermetalscanalso
beusedforweldingSAF2304tocarbonsteels,stainlesssteelsandnickelalloys.The
coveredelectrodeSandvik23.12.2.LRandthewireelectrodeSandvik24.13.Lcanalsobe
usedforthispurpose.Whenweldingcomponentsforuseinhighconcentratednitric
acidthechoiceoffillermetalshouldbediscussedwithSandvik.
FABRICATION
Bending
ThestartingforceneededforbendingisslightlyhigherforSAF2304thanforAISI
304/316.SAF2304canbecoldbentto25%deformationwithoutrequiringsubsequent
heattreatment.Underserviceconditionswheretheriskofstresscorrosioncracking
startstoincrease,forexamplewherethematerialtemperatureisnearly125C(255F)
inaneutraloxygenbearingenvironmentwitharound100ppmCl ,heattreatmentis
recommendedevenaftermoderatecoldbending.Forpressurevesselapplicationsin
GermanyandtheNordiccountriesheattreatmentmayberequiredaftercold
deformationinaccordancewithVdTVWb496andNGS1607.Heattreatmentis
carriedoutintheformofsolutionannealing(seeunderthisheading)orresistance
annealing.Hotbendingiscarriedoutat1100950C(20101740F)andshouldbe
followedbysolutionannealing.
Expanding
Incomparisonwithausteniticstainlesssteels,SAF2304hasahigherproofstrength.
Thismustbeborneinmindwhenexpandingtubesintotubesheets.Normalexpanding
methodscanbeused,buttheexpansionrequireshigherinitialforceandshouldbe
undertakeninoneoperation.Detailedrecommendationsonexpandingduplexstainless
steelswillbesuppliedonrequest.
Machining
Beingatwophasematerial(austeniticferritic)SAF2304willpresentadifferentwear
picturefromthatofsinglephasesteelsoftypeAISI304L.Thecuttingspeedmust
thereforebeslightlylowerthanthatrecommendedforAISI304L.Itisrecommended
thatatougherinsertgradeisusedthanwhenmachiningausteniticstainlesssteels,e.g.
AISI304L.
APPLICATIONS
SAF2304possessesgoodmechanicalandphysicalproperties,excellentresistanceto
stresscorrosioncrackingandotherformsofcorrosionaswellasgoodweldability.
Thesepropertiesmakeitbothatechnicallyandeconomicallysuperioralternativeto
stainlesssteelssuchastheausteniticsteelsAISI304,304L,316,316L,321and347,the
ferriticchromiumsteelsAISI430and444andthemartensiticchromiumsteelsofthe
AISI410and420type.SAF2304alsohasadvantagesinmanycasesoverlowalloy
steels.ExamplesofareaswhereSAF2304offersadvantagesoverothermaterialsare
giveninthefollowingtable.
ThegoodmechanicalandcorrosionpropertiesmakeSAF2304aneconomicalchoicein
manyapplicationsbyreducingthelifecyclecostoftheequipment.
Industry
Applications
Used
today
AdvantagesnofSAF2304
Process
Industry
Heatexchangersandpipingwherechlorides
arepresent
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
HigherresistancetoSCC
Instrumentationtubing,steamtracing
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
HigherresistancetoSCC
Petrochemical
industry
Tubularreactorsforhightemperatures
wherecarbonsteelisusedfortheshell
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
Coefficientofthermalexpansioncomparabletothat
ofcarbonsteel
Pulp&paper
Digesterpreheater
Evaporators
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
HigherresistancetoSCC
HigherresistancetoSCC
Nuclear
power
Reheaters
Csteels
AISI430
AISI
304/304L
Easeoffabrication,goodcorrosionresistance
Power
Feedwaterheaters
AISI430
AISI
304/304L
HighresistancetoSCC,highstrengthandeaseof
fabrication
Engineering
Beamsandtorquetransmittingshafts
Csteels
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
Highstrengthcombinedwithexcellentcorrosion
resistance,easeoffabricationandlowcost
Hydraulic
system
Hydraulictubing
Csteels
Excellentresistancetocorrosion
Reducedinstallationcostowingtoeasycleaning
Oilandgas
Coolersonandoffshore.Pipingsystems
andflowlinesonandoffshore
Csteels
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
AISI420
Optimalcombinationofstrengthweldability,
corrosionresistanceandcost
Tensioningsystemsonoffshorerigs.
instrumentaltubing
AISI
304/304L
AISI
316/316L
Csteels
Highstrengthcombinedwithhighcorrosion
resistance
DISCLAIMER:
Recommendationsareforguidanceonly,andthesuitabilityofamaterialforaspecificapplicationcanbeconfirmedonlywhen
weknowtheactualserviceconditions.Continuousdevelopmentmaynecessitatechangesintechnicaldatawithoutnotice.This
datasheetisonlyvalidforSandvikmaterials.
www.smt.sandvik.com/contact-us
www.smt.sandvik.com