8KEXTREMELYHIGHRESOLUTIONCAMERA

SYSTEM

ASEMINARREPORT

Submittedby
PREJITHPAVANAN
(Regno:11419013)
inpartialfulfillmentfortheawardoftheDegreeofBACHELOROF
TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICSANDCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING

P.AAZIZCOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY
KARAKULAM,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM2014

P.AAZIZCOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICS&COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
KARAKULAM,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM2014

BONAFIDECERTIFICATE
Certifiedthattheseminarreport8KEXTREMELYHIGHRESOLUTION
CAMERASYSTEMisthebonafideworkofPREJITHPAVANAN(Reg
no:11419013)whocarriedouttheseminarundermysupervisiontowardspartial
fulfillmentfortheawardoftheDegreeofBachelorofTechnologyinElectronicsand
CommunicationEngineeringoftheUniversityofKeralaintheyear2014.

Mr.SANDEEPCS
Mr.SREEKANTHS
Mrs.RAMYASKUMAR
SeminarCoordinator
SeminarCoordinator
SeminarGuide
AssociateProfessor
AssistantProfessor
AssistantProfessor
Dept.ofECE

Dept.ofECE
Dept.ofECE
PAACET
PAACET
PAACET

Prof.JAGANATHLC
HeadofDepartment
Dept.ofECE
PAACET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstofall,IbowtothedivineprovidenceforbeingtherewhereIneedhimmostalways.Iextend
myheartfeltthankstothealmightyforkeepingmefitforthesuccessfulcompletionofthis
vitalwork.
IexpressmysinceregratitudetoMr.MOHAMMADTHAHA,Chairman,P.AAzizCollegeof
Engineering&TechnologyandourPrincipal,Mr.JAYAPRAKASHPforprovidingme
withthefacilitiesrequired.
IwouldliketothankMr.JAGANATHLC,HOD,DepartmentofElectronics&Communication,
andPAAzizCollegeofEngineering&Technologyforhisgoodsupportand
appreciation.
I

extend my

thanks to

Mr.

SANDEEPCS

(Associate

Professor)

and

MrSREEKANTHS(Asst.Professor),DepartmentofECEfortheirvaluablesuggestionsand
guidancethroughoutmyseminarwork.
I

wouldalsoliketoexpressmysincerethankstomyseminar

guide

Mrs.RAMYASKUMAR(Asst.Professor),DepartmentofECE,forhervaluableadviceand
wholeheartedcooperationwithoutwhichthisseminarwouldnothaveseenthelightofday.
MydeepgratitudeisexpressedtoallthefacultiesandstaffmembersofthedepartmentofECEfor
theirunflinchingsupportandencouragementthroughoutthecourseofwork.
Iamgratefultomyparentsandfriendsfortheirhelp,encouragementandmoralsupportgiven
duringmyseminar.

PREJITHPAVANAN
i

ABSTRACT
Acameraisanopticalinstrumentthatrecordsimagesthatcanbestoreddirectly,transmitted
toanotherlocation,orboth.Theseimages
may
bestillphotographsormovingimages
such
asvideosormovies.Thetermcameracomes
from
thewordcameraobscure(Latinfor
"dark
chamber"),anearlymechanismforprojectingimages.Themoderncameraevolvedfromthecamera
obscure.Thefunctioningofthecameraisverysimilartothefunctioningofthehumaneye.The
displayresolutionofadigitaltelevision,computermonitorsordisplaydeviceisthenumberof
distinctpixelsineachdimensionthatcanbedisplayed.Itcanbeanambiguoustermespeciallyas
thedisplayedresolutioniscontrolledbydifferentfactorsincathoderaytube(CRT),flatpanel
displaywhichincludesliquidcrystaldisplays,orprojectiondisplaysusingfixedpictureelement
(pixel)arrays.Researchanddevelopmentofultrahighdefinitionimagingsystemsthatgobeyond
highdefinition television (HDTV) have converged in the field of 4K and 8K imaging systems.

The4Kimagingsystemisusedfordigitalcinema,whilethe8Ksystemshavebeendevelopedfor
useinnextgenerationTVbroadcastingsystems.Thelatterat60frames/srepresentsthehighest
pixelcountandframerateofanysystem,whichincludestheirtransmissiondesign.Herean
overview of two 8K camera systems isexplained.Oneachievesafullresolutionof8Kusing
three33Mpixelimagesensors.Theotherisamorecompactandpracticalcamerasystemthatuses
four8Mpixelimagesensors.

ii

CONTENTS
CHAPTERNO
TITLE
PAGENO
Acknowledgement
i
Abstract
ii
ListofFigures
v
ListofTables
vi
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Camera
2
1.2.
History
2
1.3.
DigitalCamera
4
1.4.
VideoCamera
5
2.
DisplayResolution
7
2.1.
HighDefinitionVideo
8
2.2.
StandardDefinition
8

2.2.1.
NTSCVideo
9
2.2.2.
Pal&SecamVideo
9
2.3.
4kResolution
10
2.4.
8kResolution
10
3.
DigitalCinematography
12
3.1.
WhatIsCinematography?
12
3.2.
History
12
4.
SHVCameraSystemFor
14
PracticalUse
4.1.
FourSensorImagingMethod
14
4.2.
OpticalBlock
14
4.3.
EnhancementOfImage
15
Resolution
iii

4.4.
AdditionalFeatures
15
5.
PracticalSHVCameraSystem
16
5.1.
SystemStructure
16
5.2.
SpecificFeatures
18
5.2.1.
OpticalFormat
18
5.2.2.
8MpixelImageSensor
18
5.2.3.
Resolution
19
Characteristic
6.
SHVPrototypeCameraSystem
20
With333MpixelImageSensors
6.1.
CameraDesign
20
6.2.
MegapixelCMOS
21
ImageSensor
6.3.
HighBandwidthSignal
23
TransmissionInterface

7.
Advantages&Disadvantages
25
7.1.
Advantages
25
7.2.
Disadvantages
25
8.
Conclusion
26
References
27

iv

LISTOFFIGURES
FIGURENO
TITLE
PAGENO

1.1.
th
19 CenturyCamera
3
1.2.
EarliestSurviving
3
Photograph
1.3.
FirstCamera
3
1.4.
DigitalCamera
5
1.5.
VideoCamera
6
2.1.
Comparison
11
4.1.
StructureofColour
14
SeparatingPrism
5.1.
PracticalUseSHVCamera
16
withFourSensorImaging
5.2.
BlockDiagramofSHV
17
CameraSystem

5.3.
BlockDiagramof8MpixelCMOS
19
ImageSensorinSHVCamera
5.4.
EffectOfChromaticaberration
19
6.1.
BlockDiagramofCameraSystem
21
6.2.
Appearanceof33MpixelSensor
23
6.3.
ReproducedImage
24

LISTOFTABLES
TABLENO
TITLE
PAGENO

6.1.
Specificationsof
22
ImageSensor
6.2.
Specificationsof
24
FullResolutionSHV
Camera

vi

SEMINARREPORT 8KEXTREMELYHIGHRESOLUTIONCAMERASTSTEM

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
Thedevelopmentofultrahighdefinitionimagingequipmenthasprogressedhandinhandwiththe
evolutionofhighspeedvideosignalprocessing.Agoodexampleofthistrendis the advent of
digital cinema, which has 4K images [4K images have approximately

eightMpixels].Simultaneously,theultrahighresolutiontelevisionsystemswithbetter
resolutionsthanahighdefinitiontelevision(HDTV)arebeingstudiedasawaytoconveya
relativelystrongsensationofrealitytoviewers.Developmentbeganwithultrahighresolution
videoequipmentforafutureTVsystemin1995andin2000,anddevelopedsuperhivision
(SHV),whichhas7680(H)_4320(V)pixelsperframe,andaframerateof60frames/s.An
SHV system is included in an 8K system, which has approximately 8000 horizontal pixel

counts.Theexperimentalevaluationandtestingtodeterminetheparametersforthiscutting
edgeimagingsystemrequireimagecaptureanddisplaydeviceswithMpixels(7680_4320).
EventhoughitisvitaltodevelopanSHVsystem,weareafraidthatitwouldtakealongtime
todevelopsuchhighpixelcountdevicesforapracticalusesystem.
TwocamerasystemsforSHVhavebeendeveloped.Oneoftheseusesfour8Mpixelsensors.
Thisiscalledadualgreensystemandisintendedforuseintheperiodbeforethedeploymentof
thefullspecificationsysteminthe2020s.Theothersystemconsistsofthree33Mpixel
complementarymetaloxidesemiconductor(CMOS)imagesensors.Thisdevelopment captures
images with the true SHV spatial resolution. The development of

thiscameraisbasedonthedevelopmentofanimagesensorwith33Mpixels,whichisthe
fullpixelcountforSHV.
First,apracticalSHVcamerasystemusingafoursensorimagingmethodandtheunique
technologiesinsuchahighresolutioncamerasystemareexplained.Adiscussionofthe
featuresofthefoursensorimagingmethodandtheconfigurationofaprototypecamera
systemalongwiththeevaluationsofthespecialoffsetimagingmethodusedforcapturing
ultrahighresolutionimagesandamethodforreducingthechromaticaberrationoflensare
given.Thefeaturesoftherecentlydevelopedpracticalcamerasystemarealsointroduced.
Next,anewlydevelopedprototypecamerasystemwiththree33MpixelCMOSimage
sensorsisexplained.

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SVS GROUP INSTITUTIONS

1.1.CAMERA
Acameraisanopticalinstrumentthatrecordsimagesthatcanbestoreddirectly,transmitted
toanotherlocation,orboth.Theseimagesmaybestillphotographsormovingimagessuch
asvideosormovies.Thetermcameracomesfromthewordcameraobscura(Latinfor
"darkchamber"),anearlymechanismforprojectingimages.Themoderncameraevolved
fromthecameraobscura.Thefunctioningofthecameraisverysimilartothefunctioningof
thehumaneye.
1.2.HISTORY
Theforerunnertothephotographiccamerawasthecameraobscura.InthefifthcenturyB.C.,
theChinesephilosopherMoTinotedthatapinholecanformaninvertedandfocusedimage,
whenlightpassesthroughtheholeandintoadarkarea.MoTiisthefirstrecordedpersonto
haveexploitedthisphenomenontotracetheinvertedimagetocreateapicture.Bythe
fifteenthcentury,artistsandscientistswereusingthisphenomenontomakeobservations.
Originally,anobserverhadtoenteranactualroom,inwhichapinholewasmadeonone
wall.Ontheoppositewall,theobserverwouldviewtheinvertedimageoftheoutside.The
namecameraobscura,Latinfor"darkroom",derivesfromthisearlyimplementationofthe
opticalphenomenon.ThetermwasfirstcoinedbymathematicianandastronomerJohannes
Kepler.
Beforethedevelopmentofthephotographiccamera,ithadbeenknownforhundredsofyears
thatsomesubstances,suchassilversalts,darkenedwhenexposedtosunlight.Tocreate
images,Wedgwoodplaceditems,suchasleavesandinsectwings,onceramicpotscoated
withsilvernitrate,andexposedthesetuptolight.Theseimagesweren'tpermanent,however,
asWedgwooddidn'temployafixingmechanism.Heultimatelyfailedathisgoalofusingthe
processtocreatefixedimagescreatedbyacameraobscura.

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Fig.1.1.19thcenturydiagramshowinganartistusingacameraobscuraasadrawingaid

Fig.1.2.ViewfromtheWindowatLeGras(1826),theearliestsurvivingphotograph

Fig.1.3.TheGirouxdaguerreotypecamera,thefirsttobecommerciallyproduced

Thefirstpermanentphotographofacameraimagewasmadein1826byJosephNicphore
NipceusingaslidingwoodenboxcameramadebyCharlesandVincentChevalierinParis.
Nipcehadbeenexperimentingwithwaystofixtheimagesofacameraobscurasince1816.
ThephotographNipcesucceededincreatingshowstheviewfromhiswindow.Itwasmade
usingan8hourexposureonpewtercoatedwithbitumen.Nipcecalledhis process
heliography. Thefirstphotographiccameradevelopedforcommercial
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SEMINARREPORT 8KEXTREMELYHIGHRESOLUTIONCAMERASTSTEM

manufacturewasadaguerreotypecamera,builtbyAlphonseGiroux.Thecamerawasa
doubleboxdesign,withalandscapelensfittedtotheouterbox,andaholderforaground
glassfocusingscreenandimageplateontheinnerbox.Byslidingtheinnerbox,objectsat
variousdistancescouldbebroughttoassharpafocusasdesired.Afterasatisfactoryimage
hadbeenfocusedonthescreen,thescreenwasreplacedwithasensitizedplate.Aknurled
wheelcontrolledacopperflapinfrontofthelens,whichfunctionedasashutter.
Thefirstcamerautilizingdigitaltechnologiestocaptureandstoreimageswasdevelopedby
KodakengineerStevenSassonin1975.Heusedachargecoupleddevice(CCD)providedby
FairchildSemiconductor,whichprovidedonly0.01megapixelstocaptureimages.Sasson
combinedtheCCDdevicewithmoviecamerapartstocreateadigitalcamerathatsavedblack
andwhiteimagesontoacassettetape.Theimageswerethenreadfromthecassetteand
viewedonaTVmonitor.
1.3.DIGITALCAMERA
Adigitalcamera(ordigicam)isacamerathatencodesdigitalimagesandvideosdigitally
andstoresthemforlaterreproduction.Mostcamerassoldtodayaredigital,anddigital
camerasareincorporatedintomanydevicesrangingfromPDAsandmobilephones(called
cameraphones)tovehicles.
Digitalandfilmcamerasshareanopticalsystem,typicallyusingalenswithavariable
diaphragmtofocuslightontoanimagepickupdevice.Thediaphragmandshutteradmitthe
correctamountoflighttotheimager,justaswithfilmbuttheimagepickupdeviceis
electronicratherthanchemical.However,unlikefilmcameras,digitalcamerascandisplay
imagesonascreenimmediatelyafterbeingrecorded,andstoreanddeleteimagesfrom
memory.Manydigitalcamerascanalsorecordmovingvideoswithsound.Somedigital
camerascancroppicturesandperformotherelementaryimageediting.
Earlieronesusedacameratube;lateronesdigitizedthesignal.Earlyusesweremainly
militaryandscientific;followedbymedicalandnewsapplications.Inthemidtolate1990s
digitalcamerasbecamecommonamongconsumers.Bythemid2000sdigitalcamerashad
largelyreplacedfilmcamerasandhigherendcellphoneshadanintegrateddigitalcamera.By

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SEMINARREPORT 8KEXTREMELYHIGHRESOLUTIONCAMERASTSTEM

thebeginningofthe2010sSmartphonehadanintegrateddigitalcamera.

Fig1.4.Digitalcamera

1.4.VIDEOCAMERA
Avideocameraisacamerausedforelectronicmotionpictureacquisition,initially
developedbythetelevisionindustrybutnowcommoninotherapplicationsaswell.The
earliest videocameraswerethoseofJohnLogieBaird,basedonthe
electromechanicalNipkowdiskandusedbytheBBCinexperimentalbroadcaststhroughthe

1930s.Allelectronicdesigns
basedonthecathode
raytube,suchas
Vladimir
Zworykin'sIconoscopeandPhilo
T.Farnsworth'sImage
dissector,supplanted
theBaird
systembythe1940sandremainedinwideuseuntilthe1980s,whencamerasbasedonsolid
stateimagesensorssuchasCCDseliminatedcommonproblemswithtubetechnologiessuch
asimageburninandmadedigitalvideoworkflowpractical.

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SEMINARREPORT 8KEXTREMELYHIGHRESOLUTIONCAMERASTSTEM

Videocamerasareusedprimarilyintwomodes.Thefirst,characteristicofmuchearly
broadcasting,islivetelevision,wherethecamerafeedsrealtimeimagesdirectlytoascreen
forimmediateobservation.Afewcamerasstillservelivetelevisionproduction,butmostlive
connectionsareforsecurity,military/tactical,andindustrialoperationswheresurreptitiousor
remoteviewingisrequired.Inthesecondmodetheimagesarerecordedtoastoragedevice
forarchivingorfurtherprocessing;formanyyears,videotapewastheprimaryformatused
forthispurpose,butopticaldiscmedia,harddisk,andflashmemoryintapeless
camcordersareallincreasinglyused.Recordedvideoisusedintelevisionandfilm
productionandmoreoftensurveillanceandmonitoringtaskswhereunattendedrecordingof
asituationisrequiredforlateranalysis.

Fig1.5.VideoCamera

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CHAPTER2
DISPLAYRESOLUTION
Thedisplayresolutionofadigitaltelevision,computermonitorsordisplaydevicesisthe
numberofdistinctpixelsineachdimensionthatcanbedisplayed.Itcanbeanambiguous
termespeciallyasthedisplayedresolutioniscontrolledbydifferentfactorsincathoderay
tube(CRT),flatpaneldisplaywhichincludesliquidcrystaldisplays,orprojectiondisplays
usingfixedpictureelement(pixel)arrays.
Itisusuallyquotedaswidthheight,withtheunitsinpixels:forexample,"1024768"
meansthewidthis1024pixelsandtheheightis768pixels.Thisexamplewouldnormallybe
spokenas"tentwentyfourbysevensixtyeight"or"tentwentyfourbysevensixeight".
Oneuseoftheterm"displayresolution"appliestofixedpixelarraydisplayssuchasplasma
displaypanels(PDPs),liquidcrystaldisplays(LCDs),digitallightprocessing
(DLP)projectors,orsimilartechnologies,andissimplythephysicalnumberofcolumnsand
rowsofpixelscreatingthedisplay(e.g.19201080).Aconsequenceofhavingafixedgrid
displayisthat,formultiformatvideoinputs,alldisplaysneeda"scalingengine"tomatchthe
incomingpictureformattothedisplay.
Forbroadcasttelevisionstandardstheuseofthewordresolutionhereisamisnomer,though
common.Theterm"displayresolution"isusuallyusedtomeanpixeldimensions,thenumber
ofpixelsineachdimension(e.g.19201080),whichdoesnottellanythingaboutthepixel
densityofthedisplayonwhichtheimageisactuallyformed:broadcasttelevisionresolution
properlyreferstothepixeldensity,thenumberofpixelsperunitdistanceorarea,nottotal
numberofpixels.Indigitalmeasurement,thedisplayresolutionwouldbegiveninpixelsper
inch.Inanalogmeasurement,ifthescreenis10incheshigh,thenthehorizontalresolutionis
measuredacrossasquare10incheswide.Thisistypicallystatedas"lineshorizontal
resolution,perpictureheight;"forexample,analogNTSCTVscantypicallydisplayabout
340linesof"perpictureheight"horizontalresolutionfromovertheairsources,whichis
equivalenttoabout440totallinesofactualpictureinformationfromleftedgetorightedge.

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2.1.HIGHDEFINITIONVIDEO
Highdefinitionvideoisavideoofhigherresolutionandqualitythanstandarddefinition.
Whilethereisnostandardizedmeaningforhighdefinition,generallyanyvideoimagewith
morethan480horizontallines(NorthAmerica)or576lines(Europe)isconsideredhigh
definition.720scanlinesisgenerallytheminimumeventhoughthemajorityofsystems
greatlyexceedthat.Imagesofstandardresolutioncapturedatratesfasterthannormalbya
highspeedcameramaybeconsideredhighdefinitioninsomecontexts.Televisionseries'
shotonhighdefinitionvideoaremadetolookasiftheyhavebeenshotonfilm,atechnique
whichisoftenknownasfilmizing.
2.2.STANDARDDEFINITION(SD)VIDEO
Filmoutofstandarddefinitionvideooranysourcethathasanincompatibleframerateisthe
upconversionofvideomediatofilmfortheatricalviewing.Thevideotofilmconversion
processconsistsoftwomajorsteps:first,theconversionofvideointodigital"filmframes"
whicharethenstoredonacomputeroronHDvideotape;andsecondly,theprintingofthese
digital"filmframes"ontoactualfilm.Tounderstandthesetwosteps,itisimportantto
understandhowvideoandfilmdiffer.
Filmhasremainedunchangedforalmostacenturyandcreatestheillusionofmovingimages
throughtherapidprojectionofstillimages,"frames",uponascreen,typically24persecond.
TraditionalinterlacedSDvideohasnorealframerate,(thoughtheterm"frame"isapplied
tovideo,ithasadifferentmeaning).Instead,videoconsistsofaveryfastsuccessionof
horizontallinesthatcontinuallycascadedownthetelevisionscreenstreamingtoptobottom,
beforejumpingbacktothetopandthenstreamingdowntothebottomagain,repeatedly,
almost60alternatingscreenfullseverysecondforNTSC,orexactly50suchscreenfullsper
secondforPALandSECAM.Sincevisualmovementinvideoisinfusedinthiscontinuous
cascadeofscanslines,thereisnodiscreteimageorreal"frame"thatcanbeidentifiedatany
onetime.Therefore,whentransferringvideotofilm,itisnecessaryto"invent"individual
filmframes,24foreverysecondofelapsedtime.Thebulkoftheworkdonebyafilmout
companyisthisfirststep,creatingfilmframesoutofthestreamofinterlacedvideo.

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Eachcompanyemploysitsowntechnologyforturninginterlacedvideointohighresolution
digitalvideofilesof24discreteimageseverysecond,called24progressivevideoor24p.The
technologymustfilteroutallthevisuallyunappealingfactsthatresultsfromtheinherent
mismatchbetweenvideoandfilmmovement.Moreover,theconversionprocessusually
requireshumaninterventionateveryeditpointofavideoprogram,sothateachtypeofscene
canbecalibratedformaximumvisualquality.Theuseofarchivalfootageinvideoespecially
callsforextraattention.
Steptwo,thescanningtofilm,istherotepartoftheprocess.Thisisthemechanicalstep
wherelasersprinteachofthenewlycreatedframesofthe24pvideo,storedoncomputerfiles
orHDvideotape,ontorollsoffilm.
Mostcompaniesthatdofilmout;doallthestagesoftheprocessthemselvesforalumpsum.
Thejobincludesconvertinginterlacedvideointo24pandoftenacolourcorrectionsession
(calibratingtheimagefortheatricalprojection),beforescanningtophysicalfilm,(possibly
followedbycolourcorrectionofthefilmprintmadefromthedigitalintermediary)is
offered.Attheveryleast,filmoutcanbeunderstoodastheprocessofconvertinginterlaced
videoto24pandthenscanningittofilm.
2.2.1.NTSCVIDEO
NTSCisthemostchallengingoftheformatswhenitcomestostandardsconversionand,
specifically,convertingtofilmprints.NTSCrunsattheapproximaterateof29.97video
"frames"(consistingoftwointerlacedscreenfullsofscanlines,calledfields,perframe)per
second.Inthisway,NTSCresolvesactualliveactionmovementatalmostbutnotquite60
alternatinghalfresolutionimageseverysecond.Becauseofthis29.97rate,nodirect
correlationtofilmframesat24framespersecondcanbeachieved.NTSCishardestto
reconcilewithfilm,thusmotivatesitsownuniqueprocesses.
2.2.2.PALANDSECAMVIDEO
PALandSECAMrunat25interlacedvideo"frames"persecond,whichcanbeslowed
downorframedropped,thendeinterlaced,tocorrelate"frame"forframewithfilmrunning
at24actualframespersecond.PALandSECAMarelesscomplexanddemandingthan
NTSCforfilmout.PALandSECAMconversionsdoagitate,though,withtheunpleasant
choicebetweenslowingdownvideobyfourpercent,from25to24framesper
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second,inordertomaintaina1:1framematch,slightlychangingtherhythmandfeelofthe
program;ormaintainingoriginalspeedbyperiodicallydroppingframes,therebycreating
jerkinessandpossiblelossofvitaldetailinfastmovingactionorpreciseedits.

4KRESOLUTIONS
4Kresolution,alsocalled4K2K,referstoadisplaydeviceorcontenthavinghorizontal
resolutionontheorderof4,000pixels.Several4Kresolutionsexistinthefieldsofdigital
televisionanddigitalcinematography.Inthemovieprojectionindustry,DigitalCinema
Initiatives(DCI)isthedominant4Kstandard.
4Khasbecomethecommonnameforultrahighdefinitiontelevision(UHDTV),althoughits
resolutionisonly3840x2160(ata16:9,or1.78:1aspectratio),whichislowerthanthe4K
industrystandardof4096x2160(ata19:10or1.9:1aspectratio).
Theuseofwidthtocharacterizetheoverallresolutionmarksaswitchfromtheprevious
generation,highdefinitiontelevision,whichcategorizedmediaaccordingtothevertical
dimensioninstead,suchas720por1080p.Underthepreviousconvention,a4KUHDTV
wouldbeequivalentto2160p.
ThetelevisionindustryhasadoptedUHDTVasits4Kstandard.Asof2013,someUHDTV
modelswereavailabletogeneralconsumersforunderUS$1000.Asof2014,duetolackof
availablecontent,4Ktelevisionhasyettoachievemassmarketappeal.

8KRESOLUTIONS
8Kresolutionisthehighestultrahighdefinitiontelevision(UHDTV)resolutiontoexistin
digitaltelevisionanddigitalcinematography.8Kreferstothehorizontalresolutionofthese
formats,whichareallontheorderof8,000pixels,formingthetotalimagedimensions
(7680x4320).8Kisadisplayresolutionthatmayeventuallybethesuccessorto
4Kresolution.4Kisspeculatedtobecomeamainstreamstandardintelevisionsby2017.
Oneadvantageofhighresolutiondisplayssuchas8Kistohaveeachpixelbeindistinguishable
fromanothertothehumaneyefromamuchcloserdistance.Onan8Kscreen sized 52, this
effect would be achieved in a distance of 50.8 cm (20 inches) from the screen,and on a 92
screen at 91.44 cm (3 feet) away. Another practical purpose of this

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resolutionisincombinationwithacroppingtechniqueusedinfilmediting.Thisallows
filmmakerstofilminahighresolutionsuchas8K,withawidelens,oratafartherdistance
fromapotentiallydangeroussubject,intendingtozoomandcropdigitallyinpost
production,aportionoftheoriginalimagetomatchasmallerresolutionsuchasthecurrent
industrystandardforHighdefinitiontelevisions(1080p,720p&480p).
Fewvideocamerashavethecapabilitytofilmin8K,withinnovatorsNHKbeingoneofthe
onlycompaniestohavecreatedasmallbroadcastingcamerawithan8KImagesensor.
SonyandRedDigitalCinemaCameraCompanyarebothworkingtobringlarger8Ksensors
inmoreoftheircamerasinthecomingyears.Although8Kwillnotbeamainstream
resolutionanytimesoon,amajorreasonfilmmakersarepushingfor8Kcamerasistoget
better4Kfootage.Throughaprocesscalleddownsampling,usingalarger8Kimagedown
sampledto4Kcouldcreateasharperpicturewithrichercoloursthana4Kcamerawouldbe
abletoachieveonitsownwithasmallersensor.

Fig2.1.Comparison

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CHAPTER3
DIGITALCINEMATOGRAPHY
3.1.WHATISDIGITALCINEMATOGRAPHY?
Digitalcinematographyistheprocessofcapturingmotionpicturesasdigitalvideoimages,
asopposedtothehistoricaluseofmotionpicturefilm.Digitalcapturemayoccuronvideo
tape,harddisks,flashmemory,orothermediawhichcanrecorddigitaldatathroughtheuse
ofadigitalmovievideocameraorotherdigitalvideocamera.Asdigitaltechnologyhas
improved,thispracticehasbecomeincreasinglycommon.ManymainstreamHollywood
moviesnowareshotpartlyorfullydigitally.
Manyvendorshavebroughtproductstomarket,includingtraditionalfilmcameravendors
likeArriandPanavision,aswellasnewvendorslikeRED,Imaging,Visionandcompanies
whichhavetraditionallyfocusedonconsumerandbroadcastvideoequipment,likeSony,
GoPro,andPanasonic.
3.2.HISTORY

Beginninginthe
late
1980s,Sonybeganmarketingthe
conceptof
"electroniccinematography,"
utilizing
itsanalogSonyHDVSprofessional
videocameras.
Theeffortmetwithverylittlesuccess.However,thisledtooneoftheearliestdigitallyshot
featuremoviesJulia
and
Juliato
beproduced
in1987.In1998,
withtheintroduction
ofHDCAMrecorders
and
1920
1080pixel
digitalprofessional
videocamerasbased
onCCDtechnology,theidea,nowrebrandedas"digitalcinematography,"begantogain

tractioninthemarket.Shotandreleasedin1998,TheLastBroadcastisbelievedbysometo
bethefirstfeaturelengthvideoshotandeditedentirelyonconsumerleveldigitalequipment.
InMay1999GeorgeLucaschallengedthesupremacyofthemoviemakingmediumoffilm
forthefirsttimebyincludingfootagefilmedwithhighdefinitiondigitalcamerasinStar
WarsEpisodeI:ThePhantomMenace.Thedigitalfootageblendedseamlesslywiththe
footageshotonfilmandheannouncedlaterthatyearhewouldfilmitssequelsentirelyon
digitalvideo.Alsoin1999,digitalprojectorswereinstalledinfourtheatresfortheshowing
ofThePhantomMenace.InMay2001OnceUponaTimeinMexicobecamethefirstwell
knownmovietobeshotin24framepersecondhighdefinitiondigitalvideo,partially
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developedbyGeorgeLucasusingaSonyHDWF900camerafollowingRobertRodriguez's
introductiontothecameraatLucas'ranchwhilsteditingthesoundforSpyKids.InMay
2002StarWarsEpisodeII:AttackoftheCloneswasreleasedhavingalsobeenshotusinga
SonyHDWF900camera.Twolesserknownmovies,Vidocq(2001)andRussianArk
(2002),hadalsopreviouslybeenshotwiththesamecamera,thelatternotablyconsistingofa
singlelongtake.
Today,camerasfromcompanieslikeSony,Panasonic,JVCandCanonofferavarietyof
choicesforshootinghighdefinitionvideo.Atthehighendofthemarket,therehasbeenan
emergenceofcamerasaimedspecificallyatthedigitalcinemamarket.Thesecamerasfrom
Sony,VisionResearch,Arri,SiliconImaging,Panavision,GrassValleyandRedoffer
resolutionanddynamicrangethatexceedsthatoftraditionalvideocameras,whichare
designedforthelimitedneedsofbroadcasttelevision.
In2009,SlumdogMillionairebecamethefirstmovieshotmainlyindigitaltobeawarded
theAcademyAwardforBestCinematographyandthehighestgrossingmovieinthehistory
ofcinema,Avatar,notonlywasshotondigitalcamerasaswell,butalsomadethemain
revenuesattheboxofficenolongerbyfilm,butdigitalprojection.
Inlate2013,Paramountbecamethefirstmajorstudiotodistributemoviestotheatresin
digitalformateliminating35mmfilmentirely.Anchorman2wasthelastParamount
productiontoincludea35mmfilmversion,whileTheWolfofWallStreetwasthefirst
majormoviedistributedentirelydigitally.

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CHAPTER4
SHVCAMERASYSTEMFORPRACTICALUSE
4.1.FOURSENSORIMAGINGMETHOD
ApracticalcameraisurgentlyrequiredforevaluatingtheSHVsystemsnowunder
developmentandcreatingdemonstrationprograms.Tomeetthesedemands,wehave
developedafoursensorimagingmethodfortheprototypecamerasystems.Inordertoobtain
highresolutionandhighqualitypictureswithsensorshavingrelativelyfewpixels,this
methodusestwoimagesensorsforsensinggreenlight,onesensorforredlight,andonefor
bluelight.Thissectionexplainsthecharacteristicsofthefoursensorimagingmethod.

Fig.4.1.Structureofthecolourseparationprismforfoursensorimagingmethod

4.2.OPTICALBLOCK
Fig.8.1showsthestructureofthecolourseparationprismdevelopedforthefoursensorimaging
system.Theincidentlightisseparatedintofourcolourcomponentstwogreen,onered,andone
blue(GGRB)Vandsenttotheirrespectiveimagesensors.Theseparationintored,green,and

bluehasexactlythesamecharacteristicsastheseparationofincidentlightinathreesensor
imagingsystem(RGB)usedincommercialandbroadcastvideo
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cameras,andthecolourreproductioncharacteristicsarealsoidenticaltothoseofthe
conventionalapproach.Themostsignificantdeparturefromthethreesensorimagingsystem
isthatahalfmirroredbeamsplitterisinsertedintheopticalpathofthegreenlight,thus
dividingthislightintotwoidenticalgreenlightcomponents.Theresolutionisenhancedby
spatiallyoffsettingthepixelsofthetwogreensensors.
TheprismforthefoursensorsystemcanbemadeassmallastheconventionalRGBprism.
Thesizeofthecameraitselfcanbedesignedsuchthatitisnotconsiderablylargerthanan
RGBcamerabecausetheextracircuits(onesensordriveandonesignalprocessingcircuit)
areverysmallincomparisonwiththeoverallcircuitsize.
4.3.ENHANCEMENTOFIMAGERESOLUTION
Byoffsettingthepixelsofthetwogreensensorsdiagonally,thegreensignalNyquist
frequenciesinthehorizontalandverticaldirectionsbecometwicethefrequenciesofone
imagesensor.Thismeansthatthehorizontalandverticalresolutionofthegreensignalcan
ideallyreachdoubletheresolutionofoneimagesensor.Sincethepixelsareoffsetusing
opticalimagesofthesamewavelength,anyweakeninginthepixeloffseteffectduetothe
chromaticaberrationisalleviated;thismakesiteasiertoobtainahighresolutionimage
signal.Moreover,thegreensignalmakesthegreatestoverallcontributiontotheluminance
signal,whichhasthebiggestimpactonimageresolution.Therefore,thisisaneffectiveway
toenhancethecolourimageresolution,althoughtheresolutionsoftheredandbluesignals
arethesameasthoseinthecaseofonesensor.
4.4.ADDITIONALFEATURES
Thefoursensorimagingmethodcanenhanceimageresolutionsbyusingsensorswith
relativelyfewpixels.However,thismethodhasothermeritsaswell.Toincreasethe
resolutionofacamerawiththesameopticalformat,itisnecessarytoincreasethenumberof
pixelswhilereducingthepixelsize.Thereducedpixelarea,however,impairstheimage
quality,e.g.,itdegradesthesaturationleveland/orthesignaltonoiseratio.Thefoursensor
imagingmethodovercomesthisproblembyusingfourimagesensorswithrelativelyfew
pixelsbutwitharelativelylargepixelarea.

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CHAPTER5
PRACTICALSHVCAMERASYSTEM
5.1.SYSTEMSTRUCTURE
ThefoursensorimagingmethodisappliedtothepracticalSHVcamerawitheightmillion
CMOSimagesensors.Thecamerasystemiscomposedofthreeparts:anSHVcamerahead
withabuiltinopticaldevice,acameracontrolunit(CCU)andavideoprocessor(VP).The
cameraheadismadeconsiderablycompactbyusinga1.25inopticalformattheprevious
experimentalcamerausedthe2.5inopticalformat.Inadditiontothefixedfocallength
lenses,10_and5_zoomlenseshavebeendevelopedforthiscamera.Thezoomlenseshavea
remotecontrollerforzooming,focusing,andirismovement.Thefocuscanbecontrolled
fromtheCCUinordertoadjustitpreciselywithahighresolutionmonitor.Inthecamera
head,afterthefixedpatternnoise(FPN)correction,thefour8MpixelCMOSsensoroutputs
gothroughthedigitalsignalprocessortoadjustthegain,pedestal,flare,andshading,andare
convertedinto10boutputsignals.

Fig5.1.PracticaluseSHVcamerawithfoursensorimagingmethod

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Oneoftheeightprekneecurvesisappliedwhenthe12bsignalsfromthesensorsare
convertedinto10bones..Afterthesignalshavebeenconvertedinto161.5Gserialdigital
interfaces(SDIs),theimagesignaldataaremappedtothree10Gb/sopticalinterfacesthat
arethengroupedtogetherinoneopticalfibrewiththewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing
(WDM)technology.Theresultingmultiplexedsignalcanbetransmittedupto1kmonan
SMPTE311opticalfibrecable.Theelectricalpowerofthecameraheadistransmitted
throughtheopticalfibrecablefromtheCCU;consequently,onecableoperationispossible.
Onthereceivingside,thesignalisconvertedbackinto16channelsof1.5GSDIelectrical
signals.TheCCUandVPperformavarietyofimageprocessingtasks.Thesignalprocessing
systemsynthesizesandinterpolates161.5GSDIstreamsofpixelshifted8Mpixelvideointo
33Mpixelvideo(7680_4320pixels).

Fig5.2.BlockdiagramofSHVcamerasystem.

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5.2.SPECIFICFEATURES
Therearemanyfeaturestobeconsidered.Theyareasfollows:
5.2.1.OPTICALFORMAT
Atthebeginningofthedesignprocess,weexaminetheopticalformatsuitableforpractical
useSHVcamera.Anideallensinthe2/3inopticalformat,whichisastandardopticalformat
forbroadcastHDTVcameras,hasanapproximately50%responseattheNyquistfrequency
ofHDTV(1080TVlines)withtheinvolvementofanopticallowpassfilter.Toattainthe
sameresponseattheNyquistfrequencyofSHV(4320TVlines),alensinthe1.25inoptical
formatisrequired.AlargeropticalformatlenshasbroaderMTFcharacteristicsandcanhelp
obtainhigherresolutionopticalimages.Arelativelylargeopticalformatlens,however,
increasesthesizeofthecamerahead.Mobilityisadesirablecharacteristicforpractical
cameras,andtheopticalformatshouldbekeptassmallaspossible.Thus,wedecidetouse
the1.25inopticalformatforthepracticalusecamera.
5.2.2.8MPIXELIMAGESENSOR
Thesensorhas4112_2168pixels,buttheeffectivenumberofpixelsinthecamerais7680_
4320,exactlyfourtimesthenumberofpixelsoftheHDTV1080pformat,whichmakesit
easytoemploytheexistingHDTVelectronicdevicesinthesignalprocessingcircuitryand
equipment.TheprincipalreasonsforusingCMOSdevicesinsteadofCCDsarethe
requirementsforlowpowerconsumptionandacompactconfiguration.Fig.5.3showsa
blockdiagramofthis8MpixelCMOSimager.Inthisconfiguration,thepixelsignalsread
outfromthephotodiodesinthephotosensitiveareaarestoredinsampleholdcircuitsfor
eachcolumnanddigitizedbyusing12bcolumnparallelanalogtodigitalconverters
(ADCs)preparedforeverycolumnforatotalof4112converters.Digitaldataarethen
temporarilystoredinastaticrandomaccessmemory(SRAM)bankand16pixelsareoutput
inparalleleveryclockcycle.

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Fig.5.3.Blockdiagramof8MpixelCMOSimagesensorinstalledinSHVcamera

5.2.3.RESOLUTIONCHARACTERISTIC
TheMTFcharacteristicsofmorethan50%forthelenscanbeexpectedevenfor4320TV
linesatanFnumberof4.TheCMOSapertureratioissupposedtobe75%,andtheaperture
characteristicsaresuchthatthemodulationfactorisalmostzeroforapproximately5000TV
lines.Takingalloftheaboveintoconsideration,wecanexpectalimitingresolutionof
approximately4320TVlineshorizontally,foranidealhalfpixelpitchoffsetbetweenthetwo
greenCMOSs.ThepixeloffsetbetweentheG1andG2CMOSsmakesitpossibletofar
exceedtheoneCMOSlimitingresolutionof2160TVlinesandtoobtainresponse
characteristicsofapproximately15%at3400TVlinesinthegreensignal.

Fig.5.4.Effectofchromaticaberrationcorrectionfunction
(a)Beforecorrection.(b)Aftercorrection

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CHAPTER6
SHVPROTOTYPECAMERASYSTEMWITHTHREE33MPIXEL
CMOSIMAGESENSORS
6.1.CAMERADESIGN
Sincethiscamerasystemusesrelativelyhigherbandwidthsignalprocessingandsignal
transmissionthantheothercamerasystems,wepredictthatthiscamerawillconsume
relativelymorepowerandhaveahighvolumeofsignalprocessingdevices.Toachieveboth
portabilityandlowpowerconsumptionattheshootingpartofthecamerasystem,wehave
dividedtheconfigurationofthisintothecameraheadandtheCCU.Thecameraheadwas
givenaminimalconfigurationconsistingoftheimagesensors,headboardsfordrivingthese
sensors,andasignaltransmissioninterfacefortransmittingdatatotheCCU.Processingon
theheadboardinvolvesdatarateconversionfromthesensordrivefrequency(250.56MHz)
totheHDTVfrequency(148.35MHz),whichisthebasefrequencyfortransmittingtheSHV
signal,standardizedinSMPTE20363.TheSHVsignalisdividedinto24HDvideosignals
percolor.Atotalof72HDvideosignalsforallthreecolorsaretransmittedviathesignal
transmissioninterfaceandcable.TheCCUreceivestheSHVsignalsandconvertsthemback
from72HDsignals.Thesignalprocessor,inturn,performstypicalcamerasignalprocessing.
Further,togenerateafocusassistancesignaltoindicateanareainfocusontheviewfinder,
theprocessoralsoperformschromaticaberrationcorrection.Chromaticaberrationcorrection
iscommonlyachievedbyopticalmeanswithinthelenssystem,butsincethiscanincreasethe
lensdiameterandrequiretheinsertionofacorrectionlens,therebyenlargingthelens
dimensions,wedecidetoperformthecorrectionbysignalprocessing.Thisapproachhasthe
effectofimprovingtheaccuracyofcorrectionwhilesimultaneouslyachievingacompact
lens.Therearethreekeyissuesthatneedtobeaddressedforconstructingtheprototype
camera:
Achievesufficientyieldinimagesensorfabrication,determinepixelsize,anddecideona
meansofdataoutput.
Designabroadbandsignaltransmissioninterface.
Developachromaticaberrationcorrectionsystem.

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Fig.6.1.Blockdiagramofthecamerasystem.(a)Camerahead.(b)CCU.

6.2.MEGAPIXELCMOSIMAGESENSOR
SufficientyieldfortheimagesensorisachievedbyadoptingaCMOSbasedthreetransistor
pixelstructures,whichisfabricatedinourlabs,asopposedtoapinphotodiodestructure
knowntobeeffectiveinsuppressingrandomnoise.Asaresult,increasingthefullwell
capacityhasbecomeamatterofpriorityinthestudyofpixelsize.Wesetthedesigntargetfor
cameraS/Nto45dB,whichisthesameastheconventionalfoursensorimagingcamera
systemusing8.3MpixelCMOSimagesensorswhichalsousestheCMOSbasedthree
transistorpixelstructure.Withrespecttothecameraresolution,wesettheresponsetargetto
20%orgreaterattheNyquistfrequencyandsearchforapixelsizethatcanachievethistarget
value.Inthisregard,therelationshipbetweenthefullwellcapacityandthepixelsizeas

determinedbyasurveyofrecentresearchreports.Theseresultsindicatethatafullwell
capacityof25000electrons(e_)ormorecanbeobtained.Ifweestimatethedark

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randomnoisetobealmostthesameat24e_fromthedesignvaluefortheconventional8.3
MpixelCMOSimagesensorusingthesamethreetransistorpixelstructureasthenewimage
sensorintroducedinthispaper,thedynamicrangewillbe60dBorgreater,whichimplies
thatthetargetS/Nvalueofthecamerasystemcanbeachieved.
Next,thepixelsizeforachievingaresponseof20%attheNyquistfrequency.Resultsshow
thataresponseof20%ormorecanbemaintainedattheNyquistfrequencyforFnumbersup
to8providedthatthepixelsizeis3.8_m2orlarger.Inotherwords,thedesigntargetfor
qualitycanbeachievedforapixelsizeof3.8_m2.Finally,onthebasisofthispixelsize,we
calculatetheeffectivearraysizetobe29.8mm(horizontal)_16.4mm(vertical).Movingon
tothedataoutput,wedecidethattheanalogsignalsfromtheimagesensorwillnotbeoutput
toexternalcomponentsbutwillbeconvertedtodigitalsignalswithinthedevice.This
decisionistakenforthesakeofnoiseresistanceandcompatibilitywithdigitalsignal
processingcircuitsinthesubsequentstagesoftheequipment.Itisalsodecidedthatthe
devicewillhavemultipleoutputportsasamethodforachievinghighdatarateimagingand
minimizingtheoutputclockfrequencyperport.Inparticular,thenumberofparalleloutput
portsissetto16andtheclockfrequencyperoutputissetto250.56MHz.Here,weuselow
voltagedifferentialsignaling(LVDS)astheoutputsignalformattomaintaintheresistanceto
noiseinthehighspeeddigitalsignal.

Table6.1.SpecificationsofImageSensor

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6.3.HIGHBANDWIDTHSIGNALTRANSMISSIONINTERFACES
AninterfacedeviceistotransmittheSHVsignalbetweenthecameraheadandtheCCUwith
anHDTVcameracable.TheHDTVcameracableincludestwosinglemodefibers.Oneof
thesefibersisrequiredforthereturnsignalfromtheCCU.Therefore,weuseWDMbecause
justonefibercanbeusedfortransmittinganSHVsignal.Theinterfacemustachievethe
sametransmissiondistanceanderrorrateasthoseoftheinterfaceusedwithHDTVcameras.
Tothisend,wedevelopavideointerfacethatlinksmultiplesignalsofthe10GSDI,which
cansatisfytheaforementionedperformancerequirements,andachievetherequireddatarate.
The10GSDIconversionunitusedhereconvertsan8HDSDIsignalworthofimagedata
intoone10GSDIopticalsignal.Theopticaltransmissionequipmentusesnineoftheseunits
toconvert72HDSDIsignalsworthofSHVsignalsoutputfromthethreeheadboardsinto
nine10GSDIopticalsignals.Furthermore,toreducethepowerconsumptionandtoenable
theseopticalsignalstobetransmittedusingconventionalHDTVcameracables,weselect
densewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(DWDM)tomultiplextheninesignalsandpassthem
ontothenextstage,theCCU.

Fig.6.2.Appearanceof33Mpixelimagesensor

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Table6.2.SpecificationsofaFullResolutionSHVCamera

Fig.6.3.Reproducedimage(a)Totalangleofview(b)Centersection
(Magnified).

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CHAPTER7
ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANAGES
ADVANTAGES
Oneadvantageof8kistohaveeachpixelbeindistinguishablefromanothertothehuman eye
from a much closer distance. On an 8K screen sized 52, this effect would be achieved in a
distance of 50.8 cm (20 inches) from the screen, and on a 92 screen at 91.44

cm(3feet)away.Anotherpracticalpurposeofthisresolutionisincombinationwitha
croppingtechniqueusedinfilmediting.Thisallowsfilmmakerstofilminahighresolution
suchas8K,withawidelens,oratafartherdistancefromapotentiallydangeroussubject,
intendingtozoomandcropdigitallyinpostproduction,aportionoftheoriginalimageto
matchasmallerresolutionsuchasthecurrentindustrystandardforHighdefinition
televisions
DISADVANTAGES
Thefoursensorimagingsystemalsohassomedrawbacks.Theuseofonemoresensorcan
alsoincreasepowerconsumptionandthesizeofthecameraitself,butthesedrawbacksare
notasseriousaswasoriginallythought.Thepowerconsumptionincreasesbecauseofthe
extrasensor,buteachofthesefoursensorshasrelativelyfewpixels,whichmeanslessoverall
powerconsumption,andtheirdrivefrequencycanbemaintainedatalowlevel.Hence,the
increasesinpowerconsumptionandcamerasizearenegligible.
TheproblemthatwillkeepsomeofthesestandardsatbayiscompressionandbandwidthIf
you'renotpayingcloseattention,agoodH.264encodewilllookveryclosetotheoriginal
sourcefilebutH.264atlowerbitratestendstofallsapartindarkerscenes.Thisis
acceptableforalotofthecontentontelevision,butmoviesareoftendark,andsoweneed
betterqualityencodingoptionsifwewantlargerframesizesatsimilarbitrates.Bandwidthis
alsoahugeproblem,asthereisonlysomuchdatayoucanputthroughthepipeuntilitgets
clogged.

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CHAPTER8
CONCLUSION
ThefoursensorimagingmethodfortheSHVcamerasystemanddevelopedapractical
methodtospeedupthesystemevaluationandconstruction.Thisimagingmethodusesfour8
Mpixelimagesensorsinsteadof33Mpixelonessoastokeepthepixelsizefrombecoming
toosmallandthusmaintainsatisfactorycameraperformance.Twoofthefourimagesensors
areusedforsensinggreensignals,andoneeachforredandbluesignals.Thisfeaturesecures
therequiredspatialsamplingpointsinthegreensignalandimprovestheluminancesignal
resolution.Moreover,theSHVsignalprocessingsystemincludingafunctiontocorrect
lateralchromaticaberrationenablesustoobtainanextremelyhighresolutioneveninthe
peripheralareaoftheimages.Thepracticalcameraequippedwiththesespecialtechnologies
forveryhighresolutionimagingcanbeusedformakingvariousSHVcontentsuchaslive
sportingandmusicevents,digitalarchivesformuseums,andmedicalapplications.Thus
constructedaprototypefullresolutionSHVcamerausing33MpixelCMOSimagesensors
andperformedanimagingexperiment.ItwasfoundthatMTFcharacteristicsweregreatly
improvedcomparedtothoseintheconventionalfoursensorimagingsystemandthata
responseof20%orgreatercouldbeachievedat4320TVlines,whichcorrespondstothe
NyquistfrequencyoftheSHVsystem.Inafuturestudy,itisplanedtodevelopimaging
equipmentthatachievesabroadcolorgamutandahighdynamicrangetocontributeto
studiesonSHVvideoparametersandwaysofimprovingimagingperformance.

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