8 REFERENCES

(1) SAE, Formula SAE Rules 2012, Published by SAE, available from SAE
website:
http://www.fsaeonline.com/content/2012_FSAE_Rules_Version_90111K.pdf (2)
W. B. Riley, A. R. George, Design, Analysis and Testing of a Formula SAE Car
Chassis, USA: SAE International, 2002, 2002-01-3300. (3) M. Cavazzuti, D.
Costi, A. Baldini, P. Moruzi, Automotive Chassis Topology Optimisation: a
Comparison between Spider and Coupe Designs, U.K: Proceedings of the
World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol. III WCE 2011, July 6 8, 2011. (4) A.
Chapple, A. Towse, Delivering World Class Chassis Design, U.K: A
proceeding of Altair Engineering CAE Technology Conference, 2007. (5) E.
Torricelli, L. DAgostino, A. Baldini, P. Moruzzi, From Beam to Chassis: How to
Increase NVH Performances with an Optimized Moment of Inertia
Distribution, U.K: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011
Vol. III WCE 2011, July 6 8, 2011. (6) M. Roots, J. Brown, N. Anderson, T.
Wanke and M. Gadola, The Contribution of Passenger Safety Measures to the
Structural Performance in Sports Racing Cars, U.K: Cranfield University,
1995. (7) K. Lake, R. Thomas, M. Gambling, T. Lawson, The Application of
FEA in the Optimisation of Die Cast Components & the Consequent Reduction
in Development Costs & Time, U.K: Swansea Metropolitan University, 2005.
(8) E. Gaffney III, A. Salinas, Introduction to Formula SAE Suspension and
Frame Design, USA: University of Missouri Rolla, 1997. (9) M. Cavazzuti, L.
Splendi, Structural Optimisation of Automotive Chassis: Theory, Set up,
Design, Italy: Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emila, 2011. (10) S.
Kumar, Optimisation of BIW, Chassis and Casting at Mahindra & Mahindra,
India: A proceeding of Altair CAE Users Technology Conference, August 11
-13, Taj Westend, Banglore, 2005. (11) M. Biancolini, C. Brutti, E. Pezzuti,
Shape Optimisation For Structural Design By Means Of Finite Elements
Method, Italy: A proceeding of XII ADM International Conference, September
5th 7th, 2001. (12) D. Towers, Course notes on Automotive Chassis
Engineering: University of Leeds, 2010. (13) Autozine Technical School:
Accessed 17:00, 05/01/2012.
http://www.autozine.orgtechnical_schoolchassistech_chassis.htm (14) A.
Chapple, A. Towse, M. Kemp, K. Fisher, T. Willmet, Evolutionary Design in
Chassis Technology, by ThyssenKrupp Tallent Limited UK: A proceeding of
6th Altair CAE Technology Conference 2009.
Chassis and Impact Attenuator design for Formula Student Race car
64
(15) D. Mylett, L. Butler, S. Gardner, Optimisation of a Formula One Front
Wing, UK: Force India Formula One Team Limited, A proceeding of 6th Altair
CAE Technology Conference 2009. (16) D. Connelly, Chassis and Suspension

for Formula student race car (Level 3 design project), UK: University of
Leeds, 28th April, 2011. (17) Altair Hyperworks: Accessed 14:23, 03/01/2012.
http://www.altairhyperworks.com/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1: (18) H.
Zarei, M. Kroger, Optimum honeycomb filled crash absorber design,
Germany: University of Hannover, 2006. (19) Altair Hyperworks 11.0 CAE
manual: Altair\11.0\help\hwsolvers\what_is_altair_optistruct_.htm (20) R.
Munusamy, D. Barton, LIGHTWEIGHT IMPACT CRASH ATTENUATORS FOR A
SMAL FORMULA SAE CAR, UK: International Journal on Crashworthiness, 15,
223 234, 2010. (21) G. Belingardi, J. Obradovic, Design of the Impact the
Impact Attenuator for a Formula Student Racing Car: Numerical Simulation of
the Impact Crash Test, Italy: Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational
Mechanics/ Vol. 4/ No. 1, 2010/ pp. 52-65, 2010. (22) S. Heimbs, F. Strobl, P.
Middendorf, S. Gardener, B. Eddington, J. Key, Crash Simulation of an F1
Racing Car Front Impact Structure, UK: A proceeding of 7th European LSDYNA Conference, 2009. (23) G. Lei, Y. Wang, X. Wang, P. Zhang, Optimal
Crash Analysis of Vehicle Based on DoE, China: Chongqing University of
Technology, 2011. (24) U. Schramm, H. Thomas, K. Hayes, Parameter and
Optimisation Studies for Crashworthiness Design using LSDYNA and the Altair
Study Wizard, US: Altair Engineering Incorporation, 2001. (25) B. Siegler, D.
Barton, D. Jaggard, Torsional Chassis Stiffness and Crashworthiness Analysis
of the University of Leeds 2000 Formula SAE/Student Racing Car, UK.
Proceeding of Altair Engineering CAE Conference, 2000. (26) N. Cristello, II
Yong Kim, Multidisciplinary design optimisation of a zeroemission vehicle
chassis considering crashworthiness and hydroformability, UK: Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile
Engineering 2007 221: 5511, 2007. (27) Health Risks of computer screens:
http://www.ehow.com/about_5565299_health-risks-computer-screens.html:
Accessed 16:02, 04/01/2012. (28) H. Davies, B. Gugliotta, Investigating the
injury risk in frontal impacts of Formula Student cars: a computer-aided
engineering analysis, UK and Italy: Cardiff University and Politecnico di
Torino, Proceeding of IMECHE Vol. 226 Part D: J. Automobile Engineering,
2012. (29) J. Bi, H. Fang, Q. Wang, X. Ren, Modelling and optimisation of
foam-filled thin-walled columns for crashworthiness designs, USA: University
of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2010.
Chassis and Impact Attenuator design for Formula Student Race car
65
(30) H. R. Zarei, M. Kroger, Optimisation of foam-filled aluminium tubes for
crush box application, Germany: Institute of Dynamics and Vibration,
University of Hannover, 2007. (31) H. Yin, G. Wen, S. Hou, K. Chen, Crushing
analysis and multiobjective crashworthiness optimisation of honeycomb-filled
single and bitubular polygonal tubes, China: Hunan University, 2011. (32) S.
Hou, X. Han, G. Sun, S. Long, W. Li, X. Yang, Q. Li, Multiobjective optimisation

for tapered circular tubes, China: Hunan University, 2011. (33) L.

Mirfendereski, M. Salimi, S. Ziaei-Rad, Parametric study and numerical
analysis of empty and foam-filled thin-walled tubes under static and dynamic
loadings, Iran: Isfohan University of Technology, Proceeding of International
Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2008. (34) E. Acar, M. A. Guler, B. Gerceker,
M. E. Cerit, B. Bayram, Multi-objective crashworthiness optimisation of
tapered thin-walled tubes with axisymmetric indentations, Turkey: TOBB
University of Economics and Technology, 2010. (35) G. M. Nagel, D. P.
Thambiratman, Computer simulation and energy absorption of tapered thinwalled rectangular tubes, Australia: Queensland University of Technology,
2005. (36) Z. Ahmad, D. P. Thambiratman, Dynamic computer simulation
and energy absorption of foam-filled conical tubes under axial impact
loading, Australia: Queensland University of Technology, 2008. (37) C. P.
Gameiro, J. Cirne, Dynamic axial crushing of short to long circular aluminium
tubes with agglomerate cork filler, Portugal: Proceeding of International
Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2007. (38) Z. G. Wei, J. L. Yu, R. C. Batra,
Dynamic buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial impact, China:
Proceeding of International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2005. (39) L.
Faravelli, Stochastic Finite Elements for Crash problems, Italy: University of
Pavia, 1989. (40) S. Ishiyama, J. Takagi, K. Yamamoto, T. Nishimura, Impact
response of Thin-walled Frame structures, Japan: Meijoh University,
Proceeding of International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1988. (41) J.
Obradovic, S. Boria, G. Belingardi, Lightweight design and crash analysis of
composite frontal impact energy absorbing structures, Italy: University of
Camerino, 2011. (42) D. Husson, A. Burke, The application of process
automation and optimisation in rapid development of new passenger vehicles
at SAIC Motor, UK: SAIC Motor UK Technical centre, a proceeding of 6th Altair
CAE Technology Conference 2009. (43) G. Savage, Development of
penetration resistance in the survival cell of a Formula 1 racing car, UK:
Brawn GP Formula 1 Team, 2009. (44) D. Rising, J. Kane, N. Vernon, J. Adkins,
C. Hoff, J. Brelin-Fornari, Analysis of a Frontal Impact of a Formula SAE
Vehicle, USA: Kettrering University, 2006.
Chassis and Impact Attenuator design for Formula Student Race car
66
(45) J. O. Hallquist, LS-DYNA theoretical manual, USA: Livermore Software
Technology Corporation, May 1998. (46) T. D. Williams, A. Pennington, D. C.
Barton, The frontal impact response of a spaceframe chassis sportscar, UK:
University of Leeds, 2000. (47) A. R. Aithal, Design of shell-type Impact
Attenuator for Formula Student Race Car MSc dissertation, UK: University
of Leeds, 2011. (48) M. F. Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design
(Fourth Edition), UK: Elsevier Ltd. 2010. (49) M. F. Ashby, H. Shercliff, D.
Cebon, Materials engineering, science, processing and design (Second

Edition), UK: Elsevier Ltd. 2011. (50) J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering

Design (First Metric Edition), USA: McGraw-Hill, 1986. (51) G. N.
Vanderplaats, Structural optimisation for statics, dynamics and beyond,
USA: Vanderplaats Research & Development, Inc. Proceeding of International
Symposium on dynamic Problems of Mechanics, 2006. (52) H. R. Zarei, M.
Kroger, Bending behavior of empty and foam-filled beams: Structural
optimization, Germany: International Journal of Impact Engineering 35
(2008) 521529. 2008 (53) G. Sun, G. Li, S. Zhou, H. Li, S. Hou, Q. Li,
Crashworthiness design of vehicle by using multi-objective robust
optimization, China: Hunan University, Changsha, 410082. 2010. (54) S. Lee,
H. Kim, S. Oh, Cylindrical tube optimization using response surface method
based on stochastic process, South Korea: Seoul National University. 2002.
(55) G. Chiandussi, M. Avalle, Maximisation of the crushing performance of a
tubular device by shape optimisation, Italy: Technical University of Turin,
2002. (56) L. Lanzi , L.M.L. Castelletti, M. Anghileri, Multi-objective
optimisation of composite absorber shape under crashworthiness
requirements Italy: Politecnico di Milano, 2004. (57) Y. Xiang, Q. Wang, Z.
Fan, H. Fang, Optimal crashworthiness design of a spot-welded thin-walled
hat section, USA: University of Iowa, 2006. (58) H. Song, Z. Fan, G. Yu, Q.
Wang, A. Tobota, Partition energy absorption of axially crushed aluminium
foam-filled hat sections, China and Poland: Tsinghua University and Wroclaw
University of Technology, 2004. (59) D. J. Eby, R. C. Averill, E. D. Goodman, R.
S. Sidhu, Shape Optimisation of Crashworthy Structures, USA: Michigan
State University, Proceeding of 7th International LS-DYNA Users Conference,
2007. (60) A. De lorio, M. Grasso, F. Penta, G. P. Pucillo, Absorbing Rail
Impact- Assesing the Defect Tolerance of Rail Vehicle Impact Energy
Absorbers, Italy: Universita degli Studi di Napoli Fedrico II. Courtesy of
NAFEMS, 2011. (61) C. Reed, Application of Optistruct optimisation to Body
in White design, UK: a proceeding of Altair CAE Technology Conference,
2002.
Chassis and Impact Attenuator design for Formula Student Race car
67
9 APPENDICIES
a. Topology optimisation results of chassis. b. FSAE 2012 minimum material
requirements and alternative tubing specification. c. Research ethics flow
chart. d. Faculty of engineering Risk assessment document.