Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
-A
TUTORIAL
by
Brian H. Russell, Hampson-Russell Software Services Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
Static corrections are important in
the seismic processing flow for a number of reasons:
- They place source and receiver
at a constant datum plane.
- They ensure that reflection
events on intersecting lines will
be at the same time.
- They improve the quality of
other processing steps.
- They ensure the repeatibility of
seismic recording.
Static corrections involve a constant time shift of the seismic trace, as
opposed to dynamic corrections,
which involve a set of time variable
shifts. As with most seismic processing steps, static corrections represent
a gross simplification of physical
reality. However, despite the apparent
simplicity of static corrections, they
have a dramatic effect on the final
quality of the seismic section if
derived and applied correctly.
In this tutorial I shall discuss the
techniques for deriving such optimum
statics values, covering the three
major approaches to statics computations: field statics, refraction statics,
and residual statics. Before discussing
these three computational techniques,
let us look at the basic statics model.
THE STATICS/NMO
MODEL
their elevation depends on topography. The raypath for a single reflection on a seismic recording is shown
in Figure I. From this figure, we can
see that the observed reflection time is
influenced by both topographic and
------x
s~
...
-------4------ SURFAcE
--~~----~===========~I:========DAT~M
REf LCTO!<
Fig. J. A hypo/helical 1I0lIZero-ojjsel seismic
recordillg ShOll'illg a sillgle rej/ee/ioll raypa/h. We
may slIbdil'ide Ihe raypa/h ill/a cOII/ribwiolls dlle
/0
X.
RILEY'S
.SEISMIC
PROCESSORS
A division of Riley's Datashare International
The basic seismic recording involves a source and receiver which are
separated by a distance called the offset distance. In marine recording, the
source and receiver are at the same
datum elevation, but in land recording
COMMITMENT TO QUALITY
AND TURNAROUND
3-D processing and design
automatic refraction statics
multiple suppression by inverse modelling
--~
DATASHARE
262-8800
--------------------16--------------------
+ T s + T r + T x , (1)
s
Ts
FIELD STATICS
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17
DATlM
shot static,
where
receiver static,
depth of weathering,
depth of shot,
datu~
E
S
ER
elevation,
shot elevation,
receiver elevation,
w
V
sw
0.02
(')1
10
20
I
\I
I
I
(m)
~o
DEPfH 30
n-le..-Va I
Velocity
50
/~
60
Avr;'
'1e/ocHy '.
71)
500
/000
1500
2000
yf.l-DCr-ry (m/~c)'-'
(b)
(a)
Depth
(m)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
18
Int.
Time (sec)
Con.
0.020
0.020
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.005
O.OOS;
Total Time
(sec)
0.020
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.075
0.080
Vel.
(m/sec)
llvg.
500
500
600
667
714
800
875
Int. V"l.
(m/sec)
500
500
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
surface velocities.
A simpler method makes use of the
uphole time, which is the traveltime
from the shot to the surface as
measured by a geophone placed close
to each shot. The basic assumption is
that the shot hole is drilled just below
the weathered layer, and the uphole
time will therefore give us the velocity
of this layer. If the shot has been
drilled below the weathered layer, this
method can give erroneous values for
the weathering velocity and it is thus
advisable to check for uphole times
that deviate significantly from the
average value. Using the uphole time
simplification, the delay method
equations from Figure 3 can be rewritten so that the receiver static is simply
the sum of the shot static at the
receiver location plus the uphole time.
lOa
..
200
.",
. . . -- . .
- .
300
REFRACTION STATICS
As we discussed in the previous
TIME
(SECI
o.s
1.D
It is an interesting exercise to consider the effects on the stack if topography is ignored, or if the elevations
are assigned incorrectly. In the case of
land data, the effect 'is that of a subsurface structure which is "anticorrelated" with the elevation profile of the
surface. That is, highs on the surface
are seen as lows on the reflector, and
vice versa. This is illustrated in Figure
5 for the simple case of a constant
velocity earth with an irregular topography and a flat lying reflector. Notice
that the reflector is the inverse of the
topography since the travel time is
greater from the higher points on the
surface.
-----------------
19
,
VI
TIME
SURFACE
BOUNDARY 1
REFRACTED WAVE
V1
Fig. 7. 77,e recording ala refraCled lI'ave along a
seismic spread. No refraCled energy reaches the
spread before the critical dislOllce Xc. 77,e refracted
and sin ic = VI
The preceding equation is the equation for a straight line, where the first
term is the intercept time and the
second term contains the slope as the
inverse of the second layer velocity.
The intercept time will reveal the
depth 0 f the first layer, and the slope
of the line will reveal the velocity of
REFRACTION
INTERPRETATION
PROCEDURES
Having looked at the basic theory
of seismic refraction, we are now in a
position to look at methods of interpretation of refracted arrivals which
are based on this theory. This area of
research has been active since the early
days of seismic prospecting. Generally, we may classify the approaches
Telephone: 276-7566
---------------------20--------------
Zd cos
ic
CONFAC
(3)
Vo
where td = delay time below shot
or receiver,
and 2'd = depth below shot or
receiver.
These definitions can be seen in
Figure 9.
J'
TEK CANADA
(403) 250-2033
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ _ 21
We can then transform the timedepth into the depth to the refractor
by using equation 4.
A more advanced form of the
reciprocal method is the generalized
reciprocal
method
(or GRM),
developed by Derecke Palmer (198 I).
The method is basically an extension
of the classical reciprocal method, but
has the advantages of good dip handling and recognition of very irregular
MODIFY NEAR
SURFACE MODEL
Wellgo to the
ends tif the earth
When the seismic information you need is buried deep beneath the
frozen arctic tundra or the silty bed of a winding river, imbedded in a mountain of solid rock, or under marshy muskeg, there's only one place to call.
Sourcex Seismic. An established Canadian company with the specialized equipment, manpower and experience to get the job done-quickly,
accurately, completely.
With the help of multi-channel acquisition systems and the best
tracked equipment in the industry, our three fully qualified crews are
prepared to go to any extreme to get the data you need. Anytime.
Anywhere.
(403)272-2520
Fax: \4031 2739193
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22
1.0
TIME
(SEC)
1.5
2.0
is reached between
model first breaks.
observed
and
1.0
TIME
(SEC)
1.5
2.0
Fig. 13. The same line as in Figl/re 12, bur after
al/tomatic G LI refraction statics analysis
(Hampson a/l(1 Rllssell, 1984).
----------
0/ Canadian
23
+ Rj + Xij/V,
(6)
a single CDP gather after NMO correction we can account for subtle errors in the deterministic statics solutions.
Correlation Statics
Figure 15 shows three seismic traces
A
A+B+C
AUTOMATIC RESIDUAL
STATICS
In the previous sections on field
statics and refraction statics we have
assumed that the total component of
the static correction can be derived by
modeling the near-surface layer
velocities and thicknesses and computing a time shift which will strip
away the effects of the near-surface.
However, despite our best efforts, the
statics that are derived using these
methods do not appear to solve the
complete problem.
Why is it that we cannot compute
our total statics solution in a deterministic way? There are a number of
possible reasons for this. The most
obvious reason is that no matter how
well we think we know the velocities
and thicknesses of the near-surface,
the real earth is actually more complex
than our model tells us. The velocity
can vary both laterally and vertically
within a single layer due to changing
lithology. The thickness of the
weathered layer may vary rapidly due
to river deposition or glaciation. Thin
layers with abrupt lateral terminations
may have been left by terent localized
deposition patterns, or the water
table may have an effect on the
velocity distribution that is hard to
predict. Also, we know that the vertical ray approximation used in the
statics model is incorrect. The deviations of the raypath from vertical can
be quite significant and will impart an
error into the solution.
For the above reasons we need a
method for "fine-tuning" the statics
solution. Such a method was
developed in the late sixties and early
seventies using the technique of reflection correlation. That is, we assume
that by aligning the reflections within
0Jenotes x -corr
A x 8
A+B+C
A@C
o lAG
_--<i:=:....:.-.:t.l.ILJ----,
PIONEER
EXPLORATION INC.
Donald Good
Marinus Snyders
Dallas Felix
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
0.5
TIME
(sec)
1.0
BEFORE
AFTER
~HOT
I
RECEIVER J'1
~~-,""",,,-,SURfACE
SHOT
STATIC
BASE WEATHERING
--:;L--},:---------\-----......:::"=t==~===-_I_-----
POSSIBLE
RNMO
DATUM
=~l'---
__::::REFlECTOR
STRUCTURE
CHANGE
where Si
Rj
and
Rj
Gk
MkXi/, (7)
---------------------25--
compU*STAR
(403) 259-4131
Asr Premium/286
Asr Premium/386
6, 8, or 10M Hz Opcration
80286 Based Processor
MS-DOS and GW-BASIC
I MB High Speed RAM
14" Enhanced Color Monitor
42 M B Hard Drive
A Iso Available
AST Premium1386 - 25 M Hz Systems
Math Co-Processors, MONOICGA/EGA/VGA Monitors, 9 & 24-Pin Printers,
1200/2400 Baud Internal & External Modems. Laser Printers. and Lap-Top Computers
105,5720 Macleod Trail South. Calgary, Alberta T2H OJ6
---------------------26-------
INTERPRETATIVE
CONSIDERATIONS
Now that we have looked at the nuts
and bolts of static corrections, we
shall consider how to make sure that
a good statics solution has been obtained on the final stack. There are
three reasons why we would like a
good static solution. These are:
eto obtain a correct structural
interpretation,
eto obtain a good stratigraphic
interpretation, and
eto optimize the overall quality
of the seismic reflections.
It is important to realize that any
one of the above criteria can be met
without satisfying the other two. That
is. we may have obtained a very good
long period static solution without the
equivalent improvement in the short
period static solution. Or we may have
obtained the short period static solution without the long period solution.
Or, finally, we may have obtained
good alignment within each CDP
----------
1000 It.eraLion.
100
1835 It.eraLion.
100
Stack Power
LJ)
...
....
"CD
oQ.
500
1000
i terot ion
1500
2000
27
10
100
300
4-00
(a)
(b)
(c)
SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have had a brief
look at the subject of statics corrections in seismic processing. We have
reviewed the assumptions behind the
statics correction, the methods used to
compute these corrections, the
problems encountered with our assumptions and procedures, and the
effectiveness of statics corrections in
the overall processing flow. Let us
summarize the key points.
First of all, the assumption that the
static correction is a vertical shift of
the seismic trace is an approximation
to reality. This is equally true of the
NMO or dynamic correction, which is
the companion to the static correction. Despite the approximate nature
of the static correction, however, it
works quite well. We must be careful
to pick a datum that is close to the
surface so that the statics corrections
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _29
each method has its own place in adding to the complete statics solution.
Field and refraction statics supply the
long wavelength component, whereas
residual methods supply the shorter
wavelength part of the solution.
In summary, no single technique
will completely solve the statics problem. It is only by iterating through a
number of methods, and by carefully
interpreting the solutions, that a
geologically valid seismic section can
be produced which will aid the interpreter in his or her quest for the
geophysical holy grail, finding oil!
REFERENCES
Barry, K. M., 1967. Delay time
and its application to refraction
profile intelpretation, in Seismic
Refraction
Prospecting: A. W.
Musgrave, Ed., S.E. G., Tulsa, p.
348-361.
Bel'lyhi//, J.R., 1979. Wave-equation
datuming: Geophysics. V 44, p.
1329-1344.
1984.
Wave-equation
datuming
before
stack:
Geophysics, V 49, p. 2064-2066
_ _ _ _ _ _---!.1986.
Submarine
canyons: Velocity replacement by
wave-equation datuming before
stack: Geophysics, V 51, p. 15721579.
TE
ORKANDTECHNOLOGY
COMBINING TO PRODUCE
STATE OF THE ART
/
/
,,
-INVEST-SIERRA WORKSTATION-
-LASER
.~~~
SCANNING-
~=..:.
~=
-- - -
~~.==.====
~=
237-9313
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30