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Pannvalan
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Whenever RBI reduces its Repo Rate, there is a widespread demand for reduction of Base
Rate by banks in India. The media also gives greater publicity to changes particularly
reductions - in Repo Rate. There is a tremendous pressure from Ministry of Finance and
RBI too on the banks to reduce their Base Rate, as when a reduction effected in Repo Rate
by RBI.
Lets see how far the RBIs Repo Rate impacts the interest rates of scheduled commercial
banks be it in private sector or public sector.
Statutory Reserve Requirements
1. As per Sec. 42(1) of RBI Act, 1934, all scheduled commercial banks in India are
required to keep a portion of their Demand and Term Deposits with RBI. This
mandatory deposit with RBI will act as emergency cash reserve, so as to ensure
short term liquidity of the banks.
2. RBI has powers to stipulate any CRR without any floor or ceiling rate.
3. At present, the CRR stands at 4% (in June 2015) (For latest Policy Rates CLICK
HERE) and banks do not earn any interest on deposits parked with RBI for CRR
purpose.
4. To the extent of CRR, banks loanable funds are brought down. In other words, out of
every deposit of Rs.100, banks have to earmark Rs.4 towards CRR and this will be
an idle reserve generating zero income.
5. In addition to CRR, all banks in India have to invest a portion of their demand and
term deposits in gold, cash and other approved securities. Percentage of this
additional reserve is known as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and it is imposed on
banks in accordance with Sec.24 of Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
6. While RBI has powers to fix SLR at the maximum level of 40%, the present SLR (in
June 2015) is at 21.50%. (For latest Policy Rates CLICK HERE) Here, only cash
balances over and above the mandatory CRR will be reckoned for SLR purpose.
7. While cash and gold do not generate any income, investments made in approved
securities fetch returns, but they are usually less than the returns on the credit /
loans
8. Thus, to the extent of CRR and SLR, banks loanable funds are brought down. In
other words, out of every deposit of Rs.100, banks have to earmark Rs.25.50
towards CRR and SLR and only the balance of Rs.74.50 can be given as loans and
advances.
Rate of Interest contracted for Term Deposits is fixed and cannot be altered
1. As we all know, deposits constitute a major source of funds for the banks.
2. Rate of Interest offered on bank deposits are fixed and cannot be changed until the
maturity of such deposits. Thus, cost of funds for a scheduled bank does not change
much in the short term.
3. Whenever the interest rates are falling, it will result in reduction in cost of deposits for
the banks. But, since more than 60% of the banks term deposits fall in the time
bucket of 1 to 3 years, banks do not gain anything in the short term, even in the
falling interest rate regime.
4. When average cost of deposits goes up, banks will be constrained to increase their
Base Rate too (Base Rate is the minimum lending rate).
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