9/4/2015

NPTELPhaseII::MechanicalEngineeringEngineeringFractureMechanics

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COURSEOUTLINE

ThecoursecoversthebasicaspectsofEngineeringFractureMechanics.Spectacularfailuresthattriggeredthebirth
of fracture mechanics, Modes of loading, Classification as LEFM and EPFM, Crack growth and fracture
mechanisms,Energyreleaserate,Resistance,GriffithTheoryoffracture,ExtensionofGriffithTheorybyIrwinand
Prof.K.Ramesh
IITMadras

Orowan, RCurve, Popin phenomena, Crack branching. Necessary and sufficient conditions for fracture, Stress
andDisplacementfieldsintheverynearandneartipfields,Westergaard,WilliamsandGeneralisedWestergaard
solutions, Influence of the Tstress and higher order terms, Role of photoelasticity on the development of stress

Download Syllabus in PDF format

field equations in fracture mechanics, Equivalence between SIF and G, Various methods for evaluating Stress
Intensity Factors, Modeling plastic zone at the cracktip, Irwin and Dugdale models, Fracture toughness testing,
Feddersons residual strength diagram, Paris law, Jintegral, HRR field, Mixedmode fracture, Crack arrest
methodologies.

COURSEORGANISATION
Modules

Title

Lectures

Module1

OverviewofEngineeringFractureMechanics

Module2

EnergyReleaseRate

Module3

ReviewofTheoryofElasticity

Module4

CracktipStressandDisplacementFields

Module5

DiscussionSessionI

Module6

SIFs,PlasticZoneModeling,FractureToughnessTesting

Module7

CrackInitiationandLifeEstimation

Module8

AdvancedTopics

Module9

DiscussionSessionII

Module1OverviewofEngineeringFractureMechanics
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

1EFMCourseOutline

Listofchaptersandtheconceptsthatwouldbecoveredinthe

course.Reviewoftensiontest,bendingandtorsion.Methodof
handling combined stresses, principal stresses. Definition of
failure, yield criteria, buckling as a failure mode. Need for
fatiguetestandfocusonwhatdatabeingcollected.
2SpectacularFailures

FurtherdetailsonFatiguetest,Reviewonconventionaldesign
methodologies. List of spectacular failures. Discussion on
Boston molasses failure, Liberty ship failure, Ductilebrittle
transitiontemperatureanditsrelevance.

3LessonsfromSpectacular

Comet disaster, Aloha Airline failure. Lessons from

Failures

spectacular failures. Fracture Bane or boon? Common

applicationsoffracture/fractureprevention,Briefintroduction
to photoelasticity, Photoelastic appreciation of severity of a
crack.
4LEFMandEPFM

Historical development, Contributions of Inglis, Griffith and

Irwin.Extremumcasesofanellipticalhole,Variousresultsof
fractureinglass,ClassificationofLEFMandEPFMbasedon
plastic deformation, materials and applications. Modes of
LoadingModeI,ModeIIandModeIII.

5FractureMechanicsis

http://nptel.ac.in/syllabus/112106065/

New test for fracture mechanics, Crackgrowth curves,

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Holistic

Residual strength diagram, Summary of fracture parameters.

Practicalexamplesoffracture,Typicalphotoelasticfringesfor
ModeI,ModeIIandMixedmodeloadings.

6FatigueCrackGrowth

Geometric features of photoelastic fringes observed near the

Model

cracktip. Multiple radial cracks in annular plates its

engineering relevance. Books and references. Crack growth
and fracture mechanisms. Shearlip in necking. Fatigue crack
growthmodel.StriationsandBeachmarks.

7CrackGrowthand

Clarificationsonfatiguecrackgrowthmodel.Stresscorrosion

FractureMechanisms

cracking (SCC) Active path dissolution, Hydrogen

embrittlement, Film induced cleavage. Creep, Corrosion
fatigue, Liquid metal embrittlement. Fracture mechanisms
Brittlefracture,Ductilefracture.

Module2EnergyReleaseRate
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

8ElasticStrainEnergy

Surface energy, Elastic strain energy stored in terms of stress

components, in terms of axial, torsion and bending loads for

slender members. Strain energy change in the presence of a
crackunderconstantloadingandconstantdisplacement.
9FractureStrengthby

Strainenergyinthepresenceofacrackbyrelaxationanalogy,

Griffith

Fracturestrength,ValidationofGriffithsapproach,Estimation
of Theoretical strength based on lattice properties, Size effect,
Cracksizeeffect.

10EnergyReleaseRate

Definitionofenergyreleaserate(G)andResistance(R),Gasa
functionofPotential energy by energy balance. Expression of
G in terms of compliance, Design of constant G specimen,
EvaluationofGfortwoexamples.

11UtilityofEnergyRelease Difficulties in Griffiths theory, Necessary and sufficient

Rate

conditions for fracture, Crack branching in brittle materials,

Irwin and Orowan extension of Griffths theory to ductile
solids, Rcurve in plane strain and plane stress. Specimen
specificationforclassexperiment.

12PopinPhenomenon

Need for energy release rate being nonlinear, Popin

phenomenon,Classexperimentdemonstratingtheinfluenceof
crack configuration on fracture behavior, Review of Strength
of Materials, Deformation of a plane section due to constant
shearinabeam,Definitionofafreesurfaceanditsutility.

Module3ReviewofTheoryofElasticity
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

13DisplacementandStress Simply connected and multiply connected domains,

Formulations

Displacement

and

stress

formulations,

Compatibility

conditions, Plane stress and plane strain situations, Airys

stressfunction,Semiinversemethod,Formsofstressfunctions
inCartesiancoordinates.
14FormsofStress

Solutiontotheproblemofabeamunderuniformlydistributed

Functions

loading,Formsofstressfunctioninpolarcoordinates,Listof
problems that could be solved, Illustration of principle of
superposition,Analyticfunctions.

Module4CracktipStressandDisplacementFieldEquations
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

15AirysStressFunction

CauchyRiemannconditions,AirysstressfunctionforModeI,

forModeI

Satisfactionofbiharmonicequation,Boundaryconditions.

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16WestergaardSolutionof

WestergaardstressfunctionforModeI,Originshifting,Very

StressFieldforModeI

near tip stress field, Definition of SIF, Comparison of

photoelastic fringes with Westergaard solution, Irwins
modification of Westergaards solution, Tstress, Work of
Tada,ParisandIrwin.

17DisplacementFieldfor

ReviewofWestergaardandmodifiedWestergaardstressfield

ModeI

equations,StressfieldnearabluntedcracktipbyCreagerand
Paris,Displacementfieldinplanestressandplanestraininthe
form of stress functions as well as in terms of polar co
ordinates,DefinitionofCOD.

18RelationbetweenKIand Evaluation of COD from displacement field referred with

crack centre as origin, Crack opens like an ellipse, Evaluation
GI
of G from displacement of crack faces, Interrelationship
betweenKIandGIbyclosinganincrementalcrackextension.
19StressFieldinModeII

Westergaard solution for neartip stress field in ModeII,

PhotoelasticfringesinModeII,Comparisonoffringesplotted
from Westergaards solution, Discussion on influence of T
stress on fringe patterns in ModeI, Mixed Mode (ModeI+
ModeII),DisplacementformulationforModeIII.

20Generalised

Stress and displacement field in ModeIII, Need for

WestergaardApproach

improvement to Westergaard solution for ModeI, Kolosov

Muskhelishviliapproach,Formsofstressfunctionsincomplex
potentials, Comprehensive Airys stress function for ModeI,
GeneralisedWestergaardequations.

21WilliamsEigen

Generalised Westergaard equations, Forms of Z and Y, Series

FunctionApproach

stress field, Variation of maximum shear along crack axis,

Williams eigen function approach, Boundary conditions,
Characteristicequation,Discussiononadmissibleroots.

22MultiparameterStress

Stress function as a series solution, Williams singular

FieldEquations

solution and six term series solution of stress field, Airys

stressfunctionforGeneralisedWestergaardModeIIsituation,
Series solution of stress field by Atluri and Kobayashi,
PhotoelasticandholographicfringepatternsforModeI.

23ValidationofMulti

Multiparameter stress field equations, Equivalence of them,

parameterFieldEquations

Photoelastic and holographic fringe patterns for ModeI and

combination of ModeI and ModeII, Multiparameter
displacement field equations, Multiparameter displacement
fringefield,EvaluationofSIFforvariousgeometries.

Module5DiscussionSessionI
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

24DiscussionSessionI

A few questions from the course raised by the students were

answered.Thelistofquestionsisavailableasa.pdffilefrom
theDownloadablesection.

Module6SIFs,ModelingofPlasticZone,FractureToughnessTesting
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

25EvaluationofSIFfor

EvaluationofSIFfromstressfunctionsusingthemathematical

VariousGeometries

definition: Crack faces loaded with concentrated load,

Symmetric load and asymmetric load, SIF for collinear cracks

evenlyspaced,SIFforfinitestrips.
26SIFforEmbedded

Verification of class experiment on multiple cracks, SIF by

Cracks

method of superposition, SIF for embedded circular flaw, SIF

for embedded elliptical flaw, Parametric representation,
Extension of the result to nonelliptical embedded flaws,
Modelingofsurfaceflaws.

28ModelingofPlastic

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Empirical relations of Newman and Raju continued,

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Deformation

Triaxialityatthecracktippictorialexplanation,Selectionof
fracture toughness for various types of cracks, Insights of SIF
forvariouscracks,Principalstressesatthecracktip,Triaxiality
mathematicaldefinition,Simplisticmodeltogetplasticzone
lengthandshapeforModeIusingTrescaandvonMisesyield
criteria.

29IrwinsModel

Approximate plastic zone shapes in plane strain and plane

stressforModeIandModeIIloadings,plasticzoneshapein
ModeIII, Accounting for redistribution of load, Irwins
model, Plastic zone length in plane stress and plane strain,
Small scale yielding approximations, Motivation of Dugdale
model.

30DugdaleModel

Dugdale model, Experimental result of Hahn and Rosenfield,

Plastic zone lengths and correction to crack lengths
summary, Plasticity corrected SIF, Variation of plastic zone
shapeoverthethicknessofthespecimen,Slipplanesinplane
strain and plane stress, Transition of plane strain to plane
stressalongthelengthofthespecimen.

31FractureToughness

Variation of plastic zone over the thickness, Slip planes in

Testing

plane strain and plane stress, Experimental evidence,

Minimumthicknessforfracturetoughnessspecimenbasedon
plastic zone, Fracture testing early attempts, Fracture
toughness as a function of specimen thickness, Requirements
ofthetest,Candidatefracturetoughness,Compacttensionand
three point bend specimens, Chevron notch visualization
exercise.

32PlaneStrainFracture

Specimens for the test, Constraints on specimen dimensions,

ToughnessTesting

Chevronnotch,Fatigueprecrackingrestrictions,Experimental
procedure, Measurement of load, Measurement and
acceptancecriteriaofcracklength,Selectionofspecimenfrom
stock,Someimportantstandardsandpractices:E39906,B645
07,E182099,andE182396.

33PlaneStressFracture

Material anisotropy in fracture toughness testing, Fracture

ToughnessTesting

toughness values for selected materials, Plane stress fracture

toughness testing, Antibuckling guide, Influence of panel
width, Stable fracture followed by catastrophic fracture,
Residual strength diagram, Apparent toughness, Feddersens
approach, Experimental validation, Conventional fatigue test,
Questionstobeansweredinfracturemechanics.

Module7CrackInitiationandLifeEstimation
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

34ParisLawand

Lacuna of fatigue test, Crack growth curve, Paris law,

SigmoidalCurve

Validation of Paris law, Threshold stress intensity factor,

Definitionofstressratio,Sigmoidalcurve:RegionI,RegionII
and Region III, Donahue Law, Forman Law, Complete
Sigmoidal curve, Mean stress influence and environmental
effectsoncrackgrowthrate.
35CrackClosure

Review of Paris law, Crack closure: Designers approach,

Empirical relations of Keff, Current focus. Residual stress
ahead of a crack in a cycle, Plasticity induced crack closure,
Plasticwake,Differentcrackclosuretypes:Phasedeformation
induced, Oxide induced, Roughness induced. Influence of
overloadoncrackgrowth.

36CrackGrowthModels

Residual stress in a cycle, Influence of overload on crack

growth, Wheelers model, Issues on fatigue crack growth
calculations, NASGRO, AFGROW, Summary of empirical
fatigue crack growth models, Crack initiation, Intrusion and
extrusion,Evidenceofslipbands.

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Module8AdvancedTopics
Lecture

ConceptsCovered

37JIntegral

Eshelbys line integrals, Jintegral, Path independence of J

integral, Analytical evaluation of Jintegral for the DCB

specimen, Graphical interpretation of J, Importance of strain
history in elastoplastic analysis, Extension of NLEFM to
EPFM,Proportionalloading.
38HRRFieldandCTOD

Review of elastoplastic material behaviour, J as stress

intensity parameter, CherepanovHRR field, JQ approach,
Limitation of HRR field, Work of Begley and Landes,
Application areas of EPFM, CTOD: Definition, Estimation of
CTOD from: Irwins result; Dugdales work, J and CTOD,
Interrelationshipbetweenfractureparameters.

39FADandMixedMode
Fracture

RelationshipbetweenJandCTOD,CODdesigncurve,Failure
Assessment

Diagram

(FAD):

Motivation,

Historical

development, FAD curve definition, Definition of Kr and Lr.

Mixedmodefracture:Selfsimilarcrackgrowth,Crackgrowth
direction in Mode II, Criteria based on energy release rate,
Maximum tangential stress criterion, Calculation of crack
growthangle,Conditionforfractureinstability.
40CrackArrestandRepair

Mixedmode fracture continued, Strain energy density

Methodologies

criterion,ComparisonofcrackgrowthandcriticalvalueofKII
by MTS and SED, Experimental work of Wu, Empirical
relations in mixedmode fracture, Crack arrest principle, Use
of patches, Photoelastic demonstration of usefulness of a
patch, Hole drilling to delay crack reinitiation, Self healing
polymers,Metallicstitching.

Module9DiscussionSessionII

Lecture

ConceptsCovered

41DiscussionSessionII

Afewquestionsraisedbythestudentsfromthewholecourse
werediscussed.Thelistofquestionsisavailableasa.pdffile
fromtheDownloadablesection.

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