INTRODUCTION

Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce

economically a desired product from a variety of starting
materials through a succession of treatment steps. The raw materials
undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the
form in which they can be reacted chemically. They then pass
through the reactor. The products of the reaction must then undergo
further physical treatment like separations, purification, etc for the final
desired product to be obtained.
I n c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g , c h e m i c a l re a c t o r s a re v e s s e l s d e s i g n
e d t o c o n t a i n c h e m i c a l re a c t i o n s . T h e d e s i g n o f a c h e m i c a l
re a c t o r d e a l s w i t h m u l t i p l e a s p e c t s o f chemical engineering.
Chemical engineers design reactors to maximize the net present
value for the given reaction. Designers ensure that the reaction proceeds
with the highest effi ciency towards the desired output product,
producing the highest yield of product while requiring the least amount
of money to purchase and operate.
Reactor is one of the most important parts in industrial sector. A good reactor
will give a high production and economical. One of criteria to choose or to
design a good reactor is to know the effectiveness of the reactor itself. There
a many types of reactor depending on the nature of the feed materials and
products. One of the most important we need to know in the various
chemical reaction was the rate of the reaction. By studying the saponification
reaction of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate in a
batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor, we can evaluate the rate data
needed to design a production scale reactor.
A stirred tank reactor (STR) may be operated either as a batch reactor or as
a state flow reactor (CSTR). The key or main feature of this reactor is that
mixing is complete so that properties such as temperature and concentration
of the reaction mixture are uniform in all parts of the vessel. Material balance
of a general chemical reaction described below. The conservation principle
requires that the mass of species A in an element of reactor volume dV
obeys the following statement:(Rate of A into volume element) - (rate of A
out of volume element) + (rate of A produced within volume element) =
(rate of A accumulated within vol. element)

In a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), reactants and products are

continuously added and withdrawn. In practice, mechanical or hydraulic
agitation is required to achieve uniform composition and temperature,
a choice strongly influenced by process considerations. The CSTR is the
idealized opposite of the well-stirred batch and tubular plug-flow reactors.
Analysis of selected combinations of these reactor types can be useful in
quantitatively evaluating more complex gas-, liquid-, and solidflow behaviors.
Because the compositions of mixtures leaving a CSTR are those within the
reactor, there action driving forces, usually the reactant concentrations, are
necessarily low. Therefore, except for reaction orders zero- and negative,
a CSTR requires the largest volume of the reactor types to obtain desired
conversions. However, the low driving force makes possible better control of
rapid exothermic and endothermic reactions. When high conversions
of reactants are needed, several CSTRs in series can be used. Equally good
results can be obtained by dividing a single vessel into compartments while
minimizing back-mixing and short-circuiting. The larger the number of CSTR
stages, the closer the performance approaches that of a tubular plugflow reactor.
The types of process this equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor which is this
reactor is almost always operated at steady state. The CSTR reactor used are most
commonly used in industrial processing, primarily in homogeneous liquid-phase flow
reactions, where constant agitation is required. They may be used by themselves, in
series, or in a battery. It is referred to as the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). It is
normally operated at steady state and is assumed to be perfectly mixed. The
characteristic of this equipment is run at steady state with continuous flow of reactants
and products, the feed assumes a uniform composition throughout the reactor, and exit
stream has the same composition as in the tank.

Figure 1 Cross-sectional diagram of Continuous stirred-tank reactor

The CSTR can run as single reactor and also in series. The CSTR reactor is connected in
series so that the exit stream of one reactor is the feed stream for another
reactor. There are three reactor vessels connected in series by piping, each containing
a propeller agitator driven by a variable speed electric motor and the unit based on the
simplest classic case of well mixed, multi-staged process operation. The solution in each
reactor is well stirred and the concentration can be measured. These three reactors are
to compare the measured responses of the vessel concentrations to deliberate change
at the inlet with a theoretical prediction.

Figure 2 Single Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)

The piping arrangement has been designed to include a dead time coil in the system.
Feed liquid to the first vessel is drawn from of the two sump tanks by a pump, via a flow
meter and control valve. The trace material concentration in each sump tank is made to
be different. At a selected instant, a sudden change from one feed to the other is made:
either for continuous period is known as the step function, or for a short interval is
known as impulse function, and the concentration or conductivity changer with time in
each vessel is measured.

Figure 3 Continuously Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) in series.

The advantages of CSTR are easily maintained, good temperature control, cheap to
construct, reactor has large heat capacity and interior of reactor is easily accessed.
Meanwhile, the disadvantages of using CSTR are lowest conversion per unit
volume and also by-passing and channeling possible with poor agitation.

APPARATUS
1. Continuous stirred tank reactor ( Model BP:100)
2. Stopwatch
3. Beaker
4. Pipet
5. Volumetric cylinder
6. Solution :
0.1 NaOH
0.1 Ethyl acetate
0.25 HCl
Sodium hydroxide

REFERENCES

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2. Robert H.Perry, Don W.Green,Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook ,McGraw Hill,1998.
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Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 2006.
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3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY:Delmar Cangage Learning, 2011
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York, 1999.
7. S c h m i d t , L a n n y D . ( 1 9 9 8 ) . The Engineering
of Chemical Reactions.New York: Oxford University Press.
8.

K e n n e t h A . C o n n o r s Chemical Kinetics, the study

of reaction rates in solution,1991, VCH Publishers.

9 . http://www.chem.arizona.edu/~salzmanr/480a/480ants/chemkine.html.

10.
Isaacs, N.S., "Phys ical Orga nic Chemistry,
2 n d e d i t i o n , S e c t i o n 2 . 8 . 3 , Ad i s o n Wesley Longman, Harlow UK,
1995.
11.
Frogment, G. F., AND K. B. Bischoff, Chemical Reactor Analysis
and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1990.

REFERENCES