Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

(University of the City of Manila)

Intramuros, Manila

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND FINANCE

Chapter 6 : Electricity

In Partial fulfillment for the Subject: General Physics

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Finance & Treasury Management

Submitted by:
Amaya, Anne Cristine O.
Cabanes, Ma. Lourdes R.
Esperas, Ma. Jellie Mae D.
Gatmen, Klaire Ann B.
Idiesca, Serge Ann O.
Nace, Christine
Onaro, Christian Angelo T.
Socito, Leira Mae M.
Ygana, Denise Angela M.

Submitted to:
Engr. Aileen Atienza

February 3 , 2016

Introduction and Electric force and fields

Electricity - is simple as flow of electric charge
- electrons and protons
- flowing motion of charges
Electric Force it exists between charges
- can either be attractive or repulsive
Types of Charges :
- positive and negative
Coulomb's Law - The strength of the electric force between any two charged objects
depends on the amount of charge that each object contains and on
the
distance between the two charges. As the amount of charge gets
bigger,
the force gets bigger, and as the distance between the two
charges gets
larger, the force gets smaller.
-

Electric field - electric force per unit charge

Electric potential energy

Electric potential energy is energy stored in a system of charged particles due to

their electrical interactions

An object may have electric potential energy by virtue of two key elements: its
own electric charge and its relative position to other electrically charged objects.

The energy a charge has due to its position relative to other charges

The idea of electric potential energy is similar to that of gravitational potential

energy

Has similarities to the use of analogy or concept to electric potential energy

Just like mass in a gravitational field it has gravitational potential energy, charges
in an electric field have an electric potential energy.

Electric potential energy is similar but with charges instead of masses.

Equation:

Where:
U= electric potential energy
K= coulombs constant
q= charges
d or r= radius or distance
When a test charged is moved by an external force in an electric field, the
test charges gains/ loses

RESISTORS IN SERIES:

-Resistors can be connected in series; that is, the current flows through them one after
another. A resistor is not only a fundamental electronic component that can be used to
convert a voltage to a current or a current to a voltage, but by correctly adjusting its value a
different weighting can be placed onto the converted current and/or the voltage allowing it to
be used in voltage reference circuits and applications.

Note that since there is only one path for the current to travel, the current through each of
the resistors is the same.
[1]

Also, the voltage drops across the resistors must add up to the total voltage supplied by
the battery:
[2]
Since V = I R, then
[3]
But Ohm's Law must also be satisfied for the complete circuit:
[4]
Setting equations [3] and [4] equal, we get:
[5]
We know what the current through each resistor (from equation [1]) is just I.
[6]
So the currents cancel on both sides, and we arrive at an expression for equivalent
resistance for resistors connected in series.
[7]
In general, the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their
resistances. That is,
[8]
This can also be written in terms of conductance, since conductance is just the reciprocal
of resistance:

[9]

A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has
only one path to take. The current is the same through each resistor. The total resistance
of the circuit is found by simply adding up the resistance values of the individual
resistors:
Equivalent resistance of resistors in series: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

A series circuit is shown in the diagram above. The current flows through
each resistor in turn. If the values of the three resistors are:

With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is:

I = V / R = 10 / 20 = 0.5 A. The current through each resistor would be 0.5 A.

One important point to remember about resistors in series networks to check

that your math is otal resistance ( RT ) of any two or more resistors connected
together in series will always be greater than the value of the largest resistor
in the chain.

Resistors in Parallel

Resistors can be connected such that they branch out from a single point (known as
a node), and join up again somewhere else in the circuit. This is known as
Parallel connection.
*Nodes- these are the electrical junctions or wires between the resistors or the
components.
Each of the three resistors in Figure 1 is another path for current to travel between
points A and B.

Figure 1 Example of a circuit containing

three resistors connected in parallel

At A, the potential must be the same for each resistor. Similarly, at B the potential must also be
the same for each resistor. So, between points A and B, the potential difference is the same. That
is, each of the three resistors in the parallel circuit must have the same voltage.
[1]
Also, the current splits as it travels from A to B. So, the sum of the currents through the three
branches is the same as the current at A and at B (where the currents from the branch reunite).
[2]
By Ohm's Law, equation [2] is equivalent to:

[3]
By equation [1], we see that all the voltages are equal. So the V's cancel out, and we are left with

[4]
This result can be generalized to any number of resistors connected in parallel.

[5]
Since resistance is the reciprocal of conductance, equation [5] can be expressed in terms of
conductances.

[6]

Examples:
Example No1
Find the total resistance, RT of the following resistors connected in a parallel network.

The total resistance RT across the two terminals A and B is calculated as:

This method of reciprocal calculation can be used for calculating

any number of individual resistances connected together within a
single parallel network.

However, there are only two individual resistors in parallel then we

can use a much simpler and quicker formula to find the total or
equivalent resistance value, RT and help reduce the reciprocal maths
a little. This quicker method of calculating two resistors either equal
or unequal connected together in parallel is given as:

Example No2
Circuit which has only two resistors in a parallel combination.

Using our formula above for two resistors connected together in parallel, calculate the total circuit
resistance, RT as:

One important point to remember about resistors in parallel, is that the total circuit resistance
( RT ) of any two resistors connected together in parallel will always be LESS than the value of
the smallest resistor in that combination.

Electric Bill Computation

Electricity from power station comes by two wires:
-Live wire
-Neutral wire.
Household circuit consists of three wires:
-live wire (red in color ),
- neutral wire (black),
-earth wire (green ) - is used for safety purposes, any current leaked into
appliances flows harmlessly to earth.
The amount of heat produced in the wire depends on three factors:
-The amount of current passing through the wire
-The resistance of the wire
-The time for which current is passed in the wire
Current can rise due to following reasons :
-Overloading (too many higher power appliances turned on)
-short circuiting ( live wire and neutral wire joined together )
-fluctuation in voltage
Electrical energy consumed is measured by meter in a unit called B.O.T ( Board of trade )
unit or Kilowatt hour (KWh). 1 unit = 1 KWh
1 KWh = 3600000 joule = 3.6 106

Transmission of Power from the Generating Station

How to Calculate Electricity bill

Calculate Electricity Consumption - 4 Easy Step

STEP #1 -Watts Per Day
To calculate energy consumption costs, simply multiply the unit's wattage by the
number of hours you use it to find the number of watt-hours consumed each day.
For example, let's say we use a 125 watt television for three hours per day. By
multiplying the wattage by the number of hours used per day, we find that we are
using 375 watt-hours per day.
125 watts X 3 hours = 375 watt-hours per day

STEP #2 - Convert to Kilowatt

But electricity is measure in kilowatt hours on our electricity bill. Since we know
that 1 kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts, calculating how many kWh a particular
device uses is as easy as dividing by 1,000.
375 watt-hours per day /1000w= 0.375 kwh per day

STEP #3- Usage Over a Month Period

Now to find out how much that's actually going to cost us on our electric bill, we
need to take the equation a bit further. First we need to figure out how many kWh
the TV uses per month.
0.375 kwh per day X 30 days = 11.25 kWh per month

STEP #4 - Figuring Out the Cost

Next, pull out a last electric bill and see how much we pay per kWh. For this
example, we pay Php 7.6153 per kwh. To find how much the tv costs in a month
multiply the electricity rate by the kwh per month.
11.25 kWh per month X Php 7.6153 per kWh = Php 85.672 per month

Common Wattages for Household Appliance

Coffee maker -900-1200 watts

Microwave-

750-1100 watts

Toaster-800-1400 watts
Dishwasher- 1200-2400 watts
Washer-

350-500 watts

Dryer- 1800-5000 watts

Iron-

100-1800 watts

Ceiling fan-

65-175 watts

Space heater- (40gal) 4500-5500 watts

Hair dryer-

1200-1875 watts

Laptop- 50 watts
Computer monitor-

150 watts

Computer tower-

120 watts

Television 19"-36"-

65-133 watts

Television 53"-61"-

170 watts

Other examples.
A 300 watts refrigerator runs for 24 hours a day
= 300 watts x 24 hours = 7200 watt-hours per day
=7200 watt-hours per day x 1kwh/1000w = 7.2 kwh per day
= 7.3 kwh per day x 30 days = 216 kwh per month
=216 kwh per month x Php 7.6153 per kwh = Php 1,644.9 per month

You use a 50 watts laptop for 5 hours per day

=50 watts x 5 hours = 250 watt-hours per day
= 250 watt-hours per day x 1kwh/1000w = 0.25 kwh per day
= 0.25 kwh per day x 30 days = 7.5 kwh per month
= 7.5 kwh per month x Php 7.6153 per kwh = Php 57.11 per month

Electricity - is simple as flow of electric charge

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