TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS1.................................................................................................................
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
1.0 INTRODUCTION3-4..................................................................................................................
1.1 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................5
1.2 THEORY..........................................................................................................................6Y-7
2.0 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................8
2.1 APPARATUS/MATERIAL..............................................................................................8Y-9
2.2 PROCEDURE10-1.............................................................................................................Y1
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................................12
3.1 DATA ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................12
3.2 CALCULATION.................................................................................................................13
3.3 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................18
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................20
4.1 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................20
4.2 RECOMMENDATION20.......................................................................................................
REFERENCES2............................................................................................................................21
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................22

ABSTRACT

The objective of this experiment is first to demonstrate on how to determine the

correlation of water to air mass flow ratio with increasing water flow rate, to determine the
cooling load effect, effect of different air flow rates and also the effect of different flow rates on
the wet bulb approach. Besides, estimating the water rate of evaporation (water loss) from the
tower. The important method that was used in this experiment is to perform energy and mass
balance on the cooling tower system to observe the effects of these process variables parameters
on the exit temperature of water.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The experiments of cooling tower system in laboratory can be conducted by how the
adjustment of one or more of these process variables parameters such as the cooling load effect,
effect of different air flow rates and also the effect of different flow rates to estimate the water
losses from the water provided (water heater). Not only will these factors influence the quantity
of air drawn through the tower, but they will also affect the velocities and flow patterns, besides
the transfer coefficients between air and liquid.

1.1 OBJECTIVES
To determine the correlation of water to air mass ratio with increasing the water
flow rate
To find the cooling load effect, different air flow rates effect and the different flow
rates effect .
To estimate the evaporation rate of water (water loss) for the cooling tower.

1.2 THEORY
.
When hot water going into the cooling tower and flows, it loses its energy to the surrounding
cool air whereby heat is transfer from hot temperature gradient to lower temperature gradient.
This enthalpy can be determined by using the enthalpy of saturated liquid water in the steam
table. The enthalpy of the water coming out from the cooling tower system is also being
calculated by using the same method. However, linear interpolation should be applied for desired
temperature when calculating the enthalpy as the data in the steam tables are usually not given
for every temperature. After that, the enthalpy of the water is then being multiplied by its flow
rate. A basis was being made of an operation of 1 minute to make the calculation easier. The
change in enthalpy for the water is calculated by using the formula of:

The determination of the enthalpy of air is more complicated than the determination of the
enthalpy for water, as the mass flow rate of dry air is known, the enthalpy values of the inlet and
also outlet streams can be determined. The change in enthalpy of the water should have a
negative value whereby the change in enthalpy of the air must have a positive value.
Theoretically, when the enthalpy of water and the enthalpy of air are added, the result will
become zero. Thus, the first law of Thermodynamics which is energy cannot be created or
destroyed but can changes form is verified whereby:

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 APPARATUS/MATERIAL

1. Stopwatch
2. Deionized water or distilled water
3. SOLTEQ Bench Top Cooling Tower Unit (Model HE 152)

2.2 PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Valves V1 and V6 were ensured to be closed and valve V7 was partially opened.
The load tank is filled with distilled or deionized water.
The make-up tank is filled with distilled or deionized water up to the zero mark level.
The wet bulb sensor reservoir was also added with distilled or deionized water.
The appropriate cooling tower packing was installed for the experiment.
All appropriate tubing was connected to the differential pressure sensor.
The temperature set point was then set to 45C with the 1.0kW water heater was switched

on and the water was heated up until approximately 40C.

8. For different heater values has damper opening that was constant by fully opened the
blower and flow rate of 1 LPM.
9. The fan of the damper was ensured to be fully open, the fan is then switched on.
10. The cooling tower unit was left to run for about 15 minutes, for the float valve to
correctly adjust the level in the load tank. The make-up tank was refilled as required.
11. After 15 minutes, all the data were recorded.
12. Wait until the unit stabilized for about 5 minutes, the temperature must not fall below
45C.
13. The readings was recorded.

3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 DATA ANALYSIS

RESULTS
Table 1: Effect of cooling load
Cooling load
(kW)
Air inlet dry bulb, T1

0.5
29.8

1.0
30.0

1.5
29.9

(C)
Air inlet wet bulb, T2

27.3

27.0

26.7

(C)
Air outlet dry bulb, T3

27.6

27.7

29.9

(C)
Air outlet wet bulb, T4

27.6

27.7

30.0

36.7

44.0

49.4

temperature, T6

26.3

26.3

26.5

(C)
Orifice differential, Dp1

73

74

74

(Pa)
Column differential, Dp2

67

62

67

(C)
Water inlet
temperature, T5
(C)
Water outlet

(Pa)
Water flow rate, Ft1
(LPM)
Heater power, Q1

1.0
430

812

(W)
Blower

Fully open

1227

Table 2: Effect of different damper opening or blower

Damper Opening (%)
Air inlet dry bulb, T1

Half-Open (50%)
30.3

Fully-Open (100%)
30.0

(C)
Air inlet wet bulb, T2

26.8

27.0

(C)
Air outlet dry bulb, T3

27.2

27.7

(C)
Air outlet wet bulb, T4

27.2

27.7

(C)
Water inlet, T5

46.9

44.0

(C)
Water outlet, T6

26.8

26.3

(C)
Orifice differential, Dp1

63

74

(Pa)
Column differential, Dp2

60

62

(Pa)
Cooling load
(kW)
Heater power, Q1

1.0
835

806

(W)

Table 3: Effect of different water flow rate

Flow rate

1.0

2.0

(LPM)
Air inlet dry bulb, T1

30.0

30.1

(C)
Air inlet wet bulb, T2

27.0

26.6

(C)
Air outlet dry bulb, T3

27.7

28.7

(C)
Air outlet wet bulb, T4

27.7

29.7

(C)
Water inlet, T5

44.0

40.3

(C)
Water outlet, T6

26.3

26.9

(C)
Orifice differential, Dp1

74

71

(Pa)
Column differential, Dp2

62

64

(Pa)
Cooling load
(kW)
Heater power, Q1

1.0
835

806

(W)
Blower

Fully open

3.2 CALCULATION
Experiment 1: Different Heater Power
Kept constant:

I.

Water flow rate, L= 1.0 LPM = 0.0167 kg/s

Damper : 100% (Fully Opened)

Power = 0.5 kW
T = T5 T6
= 36.7C 26.3C
= 10.4 C
From psychometric chart:
Water mass balance:
H2 = 0.0223 kg water/ kg air , H1 = 0.022 kg water/kg air
L2 = 2 (kg/min)
, L2 = 0.03 kg/s
1 min/60s
Water mass balance:
L1 = L2- L(H2-H1)
= (0.03) (0.0167 kg/s)(0.0223-0.022)
= 0.03 kg/s
Energy balance:
Q = G (Hy2 Hy1)
Hy1= (1.005 + 1.88(H1))(T) + 2501.4 H1
= 1.005 + 1.88(0.022))(10.4) + 2501.4 (0.022)
= 65.913 kJ/kg air
Hy2= (1.005 + 1.88(H2))(T) + 2501.4 H2
= (1.005 + 1.88(0.0223))(10.4) + 2501.4 (0.0223)
= 66.67 kJ/kg air
Q = L (Hy2 Hy1)
= 0.0167 kg/s (66.67 kJ/kg air - 65.913 kJ/kg air)

= 0.0126 kJ/s
= 0.0126 kW
II.

Power = 1.0 kW
T = T5 T6
= 44.0C 26.3C
= 17.7 C

III.

Power = 1.5 kW
T = T5 T6
= 49.4C 26.5C
= 22.9 C
= 0.3774 kW

Experiment 2: Different Damper Opening

Kept constant:

Water flow rate = 1.0 LPM = 0.0167 kg/s

Heater Power : 1.0 kW
Cooling range for each damper opening, T (approach to wet bulb) =
Water inlet temperature, T5 Water outlet temperature, T6

I.

II.

Damper Opening = 50%

T = T5 T6
= 46.9C 26.8C
= 20.1 C
Heat Load, Q = mCpT
=(0.0167 kg/s)(4.186 kJ/kg.K)(293.25K)
= 20.4591 kJ/s
=20.4591 kW
Damper Opening = 100%
T = T5 T6
= 44.0C 26.3C
10

= 17.7 C
Heat Load, Q = mCpT
=(0.0167kg/s)(4.186 kJ/kg.K)(290.15K)
= 20.2428 kJ/s
=20.2428 kW

Experiment 3: Different Water Flow rates

Kept constant:

Damper Opening : 100% (Fully Open)

Heater Power : 1.0 kW

I.

Water flow rate = 1.0 LPM = 0.01625 kg/s

T = T5 T6
= 44.0C 26.3C
= 17.7 C
Heat Load, Q = mCpT
=(0.0167 kg/s)(4.186 kJ/kg.K)(290.85K)
= 20.2916 kJ/s
=20.2916 kW

II.

Water flow rate = 2.0 LPM = 0.0333 kg/s

T = T5 T6
= 40.3C 26.9C
= 13.4 C
Heat Load, Q = mCpT
=(0.0333 kg/s)(4.186 kJ/kg.K)(286.55K)
= 39.98 kJ/s
=39.98 kW

11

3.3 DISCUSSION
1)

In this experiment There are tow level of heat source first we use 1 kw then we use 1.5
kw .

2)

The amount of water transfer to the air is very low.

3)

The air humidity inlet in second case is more than first case that mean the air there is
error coming from water evaporation from tower in side laboratory .

4)

the amount of heat transfer from liquid to the gas in second case less than first case.

5)

The number of transfer unit in second case is larger than the first case.

6)

The mass transfer coefficient approximately constant.

7)

In this experiment no resistance to heat transfer in liquid phase was assumed.

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

12

4.1 CONCLUSION

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
There are some suggested ideas in order to improve the on-going experiment;
1. For the titration process, it is convenient to replace the color indicator which is
phenolphthalein with pH meter.
2. As it was too difficult in order to predict whether the solution was already changing its
color or not and the color changes not the same with other samples. Thus, make sure the
changes of color should be constant in every titration.
3. The eye position should be parallel on the meniscus while taking readings to avoid
parallax error. White paper can be place at the back of measuring equipment to aid taking
measurements.
4. Titration should be repeat several times to get average values and the experiment can be
repeated at least 3 times to get a very accurate value to be compared.
5. Used magnetic stirrer during mixing up the trichloroethylene- propionic acid- water
solution to get a very well mixed solution rather than only by swirling the volumetric
flask besides saving time in conducting experiment that can be used to repeat the
experiment to get average readings.

REFERENCES

13

APPENDICES
Results of experiments:

14

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