Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
LINK BUDGET
Updates: 9/24/13; 10/6/14
Introduction
Any system (wired or wireless) receives and generates
unwanted signals
Natural phenomena or man-made (Noise)
Unwanted signals from other systems (Interferences)
supply)
Natural Noise: due to random movements and agitation of
electrons in resistive components (e.g., due to
temperature)
We focus on system thermal noise!
media
Cannot be eliminated
Particularly significant for satellite communication
The Sun contributes to the thermal noise at the receiver
http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~cuypers/satellite_noise.pdf
N 0 = kT ( W/Hz)
N0 = noise power density (in watts) per 1 Hz of
bandwidth
k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.3803 10-23 J/K (or W/
(K.Hz))
T = temperature, in kelvin (absolute temperature)
Note Watt = J/sec = J.Hz
watts):
N 0 = kT (W/Hz )
N = kTB
or, in decibel-watts
thermal noise
This is due to difference between the resistors terminals
N = kTB
N 0 = kT (W/Hz )
Noise random
process has
Gaussian
Distribution with
zero mean and
some SD
R
Vrms
True RMS
Multimeter
Rs=RL=R
Thus, VL(t) = Vs(t)/2
PLoad
2
VL (t)2 [Vs (t) / 2]2 Vs (t)2 Vrms
=
=
=
=
2
R
4R
4R
kT/2=No/2 (W/Hz)
VL(t)
Rs
Vs(t)
Equivalent Thermal Noise Model
Sub
system
RL
2.15
-10
2.16
-10
Thermal Noise in dB
%MATLAB CODE:
T= 10:1:1000;
k= 1.3803*10^-23;
B=10^6;
No=k*T;
N=k*T*B;
N_in_dB=10*log10(N);
semilogy(T,N_in_dB)
title(Impact of temperature in
generating thermal noise in dB)
xlabel(Temperature in Kelvin)
ylabel(Thermal Noise in dB)
2.17
-10
2.18
-10
2.19
-10
2.2
-10
100
200
300
400
500
600
Temperature in Kelvin
700
800
900
1000
several parameters:
VL(t)
Rs
Sub
system
Vs(t)
Equivalent Thermal Noise Model
RL
several parameters:
Available Gain (G)
No /2
Available Gain:
The available output noise spectral density due to input white noise
will be:
Sao = G N 0 / 2 ( W/Hz)
The available output noise power due to input white noise will be:
Pao = G 2B N 0 / 2 ( W)
No
2
No
Pao = So ( f )df =
G( f )df
Pao = G 2B N 0 / 2 ( W)
1
B=
G( f )df
2G
The available
output noise
power due to
input white noise
Output Power
Spectrum Density
So(f)
Input Power
Spectrum Density
Si(f)
G(f)
Example A
(1) Find the BW for a first-order low-pass Butterworth filter
1
G( f ) =
1+ ( f / f3dB )2
(2) Assuming the input of the system above is driven by
Input Power
Spectrum Density
Si(f)
G(f)
f3dB
Remember:
Two-Ports Sub-System Noise Characterization
A subsystems noise behavior can be characterized by
several parameters:
VL(t)
Rs
Sub
system
Vs(t)
Equivalent Thermal Noise Model
RL
F = SNRi / SNRo
Te
= 1+
To
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5952-8255E.pdf
sub-system
Te is effective (internal) temperature of the subsystem
To is output equivalent temperature into the subsystem
Sub
System
G, B,
F, Te
Psi.G
F = SNRi / SNRo
= 1+
Te
To
Pao(noise) =
kTGB + kToGB(F 1) =
kGB(T + To(F 1))) =
k(T + Te) G B
Note: T=To
Find the expression for
SNRi? SNRi = Psi/kToB
Example B
Assume the antenna contributes to the input thermal noise of the system by
T=10K
Find the available input noise spectral density (Sai)
Find the available output noise spectral density (Sao)
Find the available output noise power (Pao)
Find the noise figure for the system (F)
Draw the thermal noise circuit model for the antenna
Antenna
Gain = 100dB
B=150 KHz
Te = 140 K
Cascaded System
Antenna
(G,
To,
R)
Or
(G,
T)
Unit 1
(F1, G1, B1)
Unit 2
(F2, G2, B2)
Unit 3
(F3, G3, B3)
Pao
Note that:
Total Gain
Example C
Antenna
(G,
T)
Cascaded System
Received
Power
Antenna
Noise
Mixer
(F2, G2, B2)
RX Model
(F_total, G_total, Te, B)
To
IF
Amp
Pnd
Psd
Pnd=Pao
T_ant=20K
For
LNA:
G1=10
dB,
F1
=
3
dB
For
Mixer:
G2
=
9
dB,
F2
=
6.5
dB
Find
G_total,
F_total,
Te,
Noise
Power,
Pnd
Simplied
Model:
G_total
=
G1.G2
F_total
=
F1
+
(F2-1)/G1
Te
=
(F_total
1).To
See notes!
Example
D
Wireless
Transmi`er
Digital
Data
Freq. Converter
Power Amplifier
(PA)
Pt
RF
Transmitter
Matched
Network
Feedline
Expression Eb/N0
Ratio of signal energy per bit (J/b) to noise power density
Eb S / R
S
=
=
N0
N0
kTR
10^-4
8.4 dB
operation)
Noise Analysis is generally significant to characterize the received signal
by the receiver
System is generally balanced in term of dynamic range (in TX and RX
directions)
Design Objective:
Link Budget
Detailed View
Pt
Digital
Data
Freq. Converter
Power Amplifier
RF Transmitter
Pr
Feedline
RF Unit
Receiver
(F, Go, B)
Pn
Decoder
Digital
Data
Feedline
Pr
Example E
Antenna
(Go,
To,R)
Feedline
(F1,
G1)
RF Unit
Receiver
(F2, G2, B2)
Psd
Pnd
Decoder
Digital
Data
Pr
Example E
Antenna
(Go,
T)
Part
I
Solu7on
No
=
KT
Feedline
(F1,
G1)
RF Unit
Receiver
(F2, G2, B2)
Received
Power
Antenna
Noise
Pnd
Decoder
RX Model
(F_total, G_total, Te, B)
Psd
Digital
Data
Psd
Pnd
Part
II
Solu+on:
Signal
Power
Required
for
the
Part
IV
Solu+on:
L_path
+
Pt
P_marg
=
Psens
(dB)
Impulse noise
Crosstalk
(coupling)
What Next?
Other types of impairments..
Channel characteristics
Other Impairments
Atmospheric absorption water vapor and oxygen
contribute to attenuation
Multipath obstacles reflect signals so that
multiple copies with varying delays are received
Refraction bending of radio waves as they
propagate through the atmosphere
Impairments
Why are they important?
References
Black, Bruce A., et al. Introduction to wireless systems.