Confrontative Surface Values:

(BAHALA NA)
Rationale:
BAHALA NA rests on a belief that one can leave matters as they are by
following the line of least resistance, as the supernatural spirits will take care of him
or her (Panopio and Rolda, 2007). By etymology, it literally means leave it up to GOD
or more popularly and locally known as BATHALA. It was directly linked to the culture
of adaptation of the Filipinos when they faced stressful points or crisis of their life.
BAHALA NA was viewed as a manifestation of the fatalistic outlook of the
Filipino the let come what may attitude/perspective). In fact it was defined and
interpreted by Thomas Andres on his book Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values
as the Filipino attitude that makes him accept sufferings, and problems leaving
everything to GOD.
Another point of view emerge from Filipino Psychologists. They point out that
bahala na is not fatalism. Instead it is viewed as determination or risk-taking. It is
viewed that Filipinos are determined and that stating bahala na is a form of
readiness on whatever would be the possible outcome on the near or far future.
It was even symbolized as a pump or push to self to be courageous on facing
such challenging task.

Confrontative Surface Values:

(PAKIKIBAKA)
Rationale:
PAKIKIBAKA or resistance this value refers to the ability of a person to battle
complexities and hardships such as death. The concept of PAKIKIBAKA is closely
associated with pakikisama.
According to Virgilio Enriquez (1989), PAKIKIBAKA san be simply defined as
cooperative resistance and a level of fusion in a common struggle in the face of
injustice and exploitation. For him, pakikisama and pakikibaka are two harmonious
values. When a person is able to adjust to certain factors affecting his decision like
beliefs, morals, principles, ideologies, convictions for the sake of social orientation is
a proof of its harmonious relationship.

Confrontative Surface Values:

(LAKAS NG LOOB)
Rationale:
Translated as Resentment or guts, LAKAS ng LOOB is referred as an attitude
of a Filipino to be courageous in the middle of crises and uncertainties. Lakas ng
Loob is viewed by Filipino Psychologists as the strength and courage the Filipino
depicts in times of challenges.
This is seen as a positive attribute by most of the Filipino. Courage to face
everything, courage to hurdle difficulties and courage to conquer trials and difficulties.
Literally, it is meant to depict the inner energy of the person. This inner energy
is said to exist in order to drive the person to strive and to thrive despite of hardship
that is present to his or her life.
Lakas ng loob is also considered one of the state of loob of a Filipino. This
states of mood ranged from kusang-loob, masamang-lob, pagbabalik-loob at marami
pang iba.

Accommodative Surface Values:

(HIYA)
Rationale:
HIYA has been interpreted differently by different psychologist. In general,
there were two emerging English translation for HIYA. The first English translation is
shame and the other translation is sense of propriety which is considered the most
acceptable and appropriate for Filipino Psychologist.
HIYA was seen by LYNCH (1961) as uncomfortable feeling that accompanies
awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially
unacceptable action.
But on the perspective of Philippine language, Hiya can create a multiple
forms. Armado Bonifacio (1976) expounded further on his study that napahiya could
be different from nakakahiya or ikininahihiya. Thus, it was suggested that proper
understanding of affixation is vital in the analysis of Filipino language especially if we
are dealing with the word HIYA.
On the other hand, Salazar (1981) identified two aspects of HIYA. The first
aspect is external and second is internal. External is viewed to be interpersonal
HIYA felt towards other person while Internal is viewed to be intrapersonal or being
HIYA felt inside by the person.

Accommodative Surface Values:

(UTANG NA LOOB)
Rationale:
UTANG NA LOOB was interpreted by a kind of reciprocity.
Reciprocity is viewed as principle where every service received, whether
solicited or not, demands a return. It was translated by KAUT (1961) as debt of
gratitude.
The form of gratitude is paid by the person who wanted to show his/her
gratitude for whatever service or product he/she received from the sender. The
process sometimes is difficult to understand as the time and quantification to repay
the gratitude is not fully defined. Although not fully defined, failure to repay or to show
the gratitude may cause the development of HIYA.
According to Enriquez (1977), the opportunity to show utang na loob is not
absolutely obligatory in the immediate future. It could be on your generation or next
generation.
Further, this value is very popular to Filipinos. It is embedded on the a saying
which states, Ang hindi lumingon sa pinangalingan ay hindi makakrating sa
paroroonan.

Accommodative Surface Values:

(PAKIKISASAMA)
Rationale:
PAKIKISAMA is a Filipino attitude guided by being able to get along well with
others or the ability to conform with the majority. It is translated by Lynch (1961) as
maintenance of smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the group or the
majority decision companionship/esteem.
On a book entitled Culture and Society, it is defined as a folk concept of good
human relations and it implies giving in or yielding to the wish of majority even if it
contradicts ones own ideas. It implies getting along with others even they are not
interested or enticed with the idea being served by the group.
On a study by Randolf David (1977), PAKIKISAMA is one of the most
important and highly valued qualities. It can be observed on different people on
different walks of life.
PAKIKISAMA can be traced way back on our home, wherein we were still
young children. We were introduced on rules such as not to fight with each other
share whatever we have and develop social skills needed for possible future
relationships with the so-called KAPWA or others.