Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
- Amino acids -
- Building blocks of protein e.g. -
HALF TERM!!!
Writing up any practical (e.g. for immobilized enzymes) –
Title – aim –what are you trying to do? / find out?
Introduction – see background to the topic as appropriate
E.g. what is an immobilized enzyme? What are the advantages of their
use?
Give an example of this and another process used commercially (detail)
Apparatus – Just list??
Safety – there were no safety hazards
Method – procedure e.g. a 1% solution was prepared ---- totally impersonal
Result + conclusion – what u found out? Demonstrated –look back at aim
Enzyme Activity -
- A single cell organism requires oxygen and nutrients to remove waste. Exchange
of these materials over its whole surface by diffusion. There is a limit to the size of
an individual cell because of the limiting surface area to volume ratio.
Watson and Crick received a Nobel Prize for finding the structure of DNA
From using X-ray crystallography they found out a double helix.
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine. These all control protein synthesis and are
the 4 nitrogenous bases.
Two Nucleotides (DNA) –
Protein synthesis -
1.Transcription – when the DNA genetic code is transcripted into an RNA genetic
code.
2.Translation – RNA at the ribosome translates the genetic code into a protein.
Recombinant DNA Technology (genetic engineering) –
E.g. for Hormones like insulin which lowers blood sugar levels by storing excess as
glycogen.
Isolate either the INSULIN GENE from the human genome or extract mRNA from
the human pancreas. It is easier to reverse the mRNA to DNA using an enzyme
called reverse transcriptase which is a virus grown especially for this process. This
is called reverse transcription because the process is reversed –
mRNA
DNA
Bacterium plasmid extracted and DNA inserted (uses restriction enzymes,
endonucleases enzyme and DNA Ligase enzymes)
Plasmid replaced into bacterium
Grown in fermenter
Product (insulin) extracted and purified