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A. Background
language is the most important toolin communicating and interact in public life.1
are similar, but the language is also used in heterogeneous (mix of different
elements) and social backgrounds and different customs, language and a variety of
closely related with the community. Because language used by society. And with
language we can find out the origins of culture, thus, language and culture is as
Culture is indigenous or habits that have been made with the results of
consultation and used by humans, as well as cultural languages, are both showing
a person's identity. Thus the language, culture and people related to each other and
need each other. Cultures also vary so much from culturally and linguistically
heterogeneous. Moreover, if the foreign culture into the culture of origin, the
foreign cultures will act as support and complement the culture2. So with the kind
of culture and the cultural mixing that occurs a variation in language. And the
1
.Leonard bloomfield.language.PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. Hal 01.
2
Tim Antropologi. Antroplogi kelas 3 SMU. Yudhistira. Jakarta hal.106.
1
Sociolinguistics study is the relationship between language society3.
Human beings are formed into various languages. This also happens because of
cultural factors. Like a lot of examples we see, due to cultural, language can
change. Then a lot of change and transition language. This theory is studied in
it takes two languages.4 Usually this happens because there was no expression in
... .. To the point ... is that English language and mixed Indonesian with the
aja ... .. .... The first language used is English, that is ... .. To the point ... .... Then
proceed with the Indonesian.... Aja ... . Because it does not have an expression in
language first used, namely English. So it is differ with code switching. Code
Code switchingis the transition from one language toanother language. Code
switching is situation people speak to language or more and have to choose which
language will be used.5 Usually said as a phenomenon switching from one code to
another code. In this case code switching is general term for switching two
3
Abdul chaer and leonie Agustina.2004 sociolinguistic.Rineka.Jakarta.P.2
4
Paul ohoiwutun.1997.sociolinguistic. Devisi kesaint blanc. Indonesia. Jakarta. P.71
5
Paul ohoiwutun Op, Cit.P 71
2
varieties. Code switching distisngued from other language chotact phenomena
such as loan translation calques,borrowing, pidgins and creoles and the transfer or
order to clarify the subject, the following this example, it is observed that sarah
and mere code switch from English to maori during their conversation. The
language shifts these people perfirm reflect their ethnic identity and functions as
abridge that builds solidarity among them, which is related to the high intimacy
You can see the speakers A change her language from French to
Indonesia. The franch language is tu veux du gado-gado? The meaning is, "would
you like gado-gado"? Than switched to Javanese is "pack mar hodgepodge pesen
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ne e karo es dawet loro" the meaning is "mar pack, please bring us two gado-gado
and es dawet.
2. Over the internal code if rather than a variant form of the code, such as
transfers from Indonesian into one of the other regional languages. For
example;
is bandung language. Its caused the change situation from formal situation to
informal situation.
the tribal code in which the child has many examples that the interest of children
cultures that comes in and affects the child's interest in. And in this study the
researchers chose the title “An analysis of code switching in suku anak
dalam conversation”
2. What are the reasons of code switching in suku anak dalam conversation ?
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ibid
4
C. The objective of Research
1. To find out type of code switching used in suku anak dalam conversation
2. To find out the reasons of code switching used in suku anak dalam
conversation
1. In this research, researcher has search the code switching in suku anak dalam
2. This reaserch will analyze code switching inter-ential, intra-sential, and intra-
1.For lecture
this research will become an example so lecture can teach their students by
not only opening and reading book but also they can give instrumen to apply
2. For student
code switching in suku anak dalam conversation. They will can aplly in
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learning language by more practices so that they can learn more meaning then
spoken.
3. For researcher
switching. The important significance of this research for me, I can improve
To conduct this research, the researcher hopes it will be available for the
all of English study program in order to get better understanding in using code
accordance with situational or purely personal factor. Code switching thus far
with the notion that it occurs where speakers change from one language to
another in conversation.
sentences.
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c. intra-word switching is switching within a word itself, such as at a
morpheme boundry.
2. Suku anak dalam are the people who were ancient (primitive) that customary
not the same as the indigenous people. As we both know the tribe has not
known children in languages other than their language. but the authors find
different things than usual, which is a group of children who have approached
the modern-day vernacular is almost the same and are recognizable by the
surrounding community. Even the kids had a lot of tribal the school. And
research, the limitation of the research, the significance of the research, the
in this chapter the researcher explanation about definition code and code mixing,
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type of code mixing, reasons of code mixing, different between code mixing and
object the research, the technique of collecting data research procedure, and
and discussion.
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CHAPTER II
According to chaer and agustina that a person who can use both languages is
connected with the using of both languages or codes. So, in many of the world is
biligual community8.
ability in the secong language. Since the members of a bilingual community vary in
the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able
to set a condition where they can communicate effectively. The condition leads them
1. Code switching
use two languages or more) will often awitch from one code to another. And
purpose of the language activity. This situation, where speaker shifts from one
Code switching will involve situating code switching within the set of a
linguistic varietis which show either morphemes from two or more languages
7
Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina. 2004. Sociolinguistic. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.P.84
8
Florian coulmas. The handbook of sociolinguistic. 1997. Publisher. Cambridge.p.
9
According to Suwandi, code switching is any one aspect about language
that society almost impossible if a speaker uses language without use a bit of
the situation and codeswitching has become a common term for alternate us of
two or more language, or even speech styles. Based on najmah in thesis Heni
Fransiska, code switching is term in linguistics reffering to using more the one
term for switching two languages or more or some style from one style.
another code . Thealander in Chaer explained that code switching occur when
in conversation happen the transition from one clause of one language to other
clause language11. So, inthis case code switching is generally term for
In our life the speaker often change their language depend on condition
and situation, in this situation the speaker will choose the variety of language
From the description above, it is know that peple often switch from one
code to another code. Code switching is situation whenever people speak two
language varietis within or single the same utterance or during the same
9
Sarwiji Suwandi.2008. Serbalinguistik Mengupas Pelbagai Praktik Berbahasa.
Surakarta.: LPP UNS dan UNS Press. P. 86
10
Heni Fransiska. Thesis title an analysis of code switching in indonesian films. STAIN
CURUP. P. 11
11
Abdul Chaer. Linguistik Umum. 1994. Renika Cipta. P.
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conversation. Therefore, code switching is an indication for shift of language
From the structural point of view, past researchers identified two main
analysis is not the sentence but rather the complement phrase or the maximal
projection.
conversant find themselves, for example they speak one language in one
code switching happen when speaker change their language and the same time
the topic that they talk is change. In methaporical code switching the speakers’
change the code as they redefine the situation. Formal to informal, official ti
code switching
12
Florian coulmas. Op. Cit
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the other. This type of code switching which happens between
sentences.
espanyol” (English-Spanish)
boundary.
ending) or Kuenjoy (English enjoy with the swahili prefix ku, meaning
to).13
reasons for bilingual to switch their language. A reason finds that talking about a
particular topic because people sometimes prefer to talk a particular topic in one
language rather in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable
13
Gul zamin khan.code switching and code mixing.2009. university of malakand. 5
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Quoting somebody else, people sometimes like to quite a famous
figures are mostly from some English speaking countries. Then because many of
the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous expression or
using a language that is not native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about
second language to his firs language. On the other hand, there are some cases
where people feel more convenient tube emphatic in their second language rather
speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, he/she can sometime use
bothof the languages that the masters saying the same utterance ( the utteranceis
said repeatedly)
talk to another bilingual, there will be lots of code switching occurs, it means to
make the contents of his/ her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the
hearer.
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Expressing group identity, code switching can also be use to express group
reasons.
people, code switching Indonesian language into English can also soften a request
because English is not their native tongue so is does not sound is direct as
since the speaker can feel more powerful then the listener can because he/she can
Because of real lexical need, the most common reasons for bilingual to
switch their language is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages.
When an English Indonesian has a word that is lacking in English, he will find it
easier to say it in Indonesian language. In addition, vice versa, when he/she has a
word that a lacking in Indonesian language, they will use the English term.
community they belong. To avoid the other community or people interfering their
14
Najmah wahdani.an analysis of code switching and code mixing in the novel macarin anjing. available in
www. Google.com.10/05/2010
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communication, they may try to exclude those people by using the language that
whenever people speak two languages or more and have to use the varian
language each other16. And according to fasold, code switching occurs if one
clause with use gramatical one language, and continue by next clause with use
sociolinguistics, that Code mixing occurs when conversant use both languages
or more together to the extents that they change from one language to the other
kriteria to differ of code mixing from code switching 19. If the people use one
word or phrase from one language is happens code mixing. So, code mixing is
Differ with code switching, based on Holmes in Fentaria states that the
mix of one or more words of a language with other code is called code mixing.
Barman (2007) states that when two languages are mixed in somebody's
15
Paul Ohoiwutun. 1997. Sosiolinguistik. Devisi kesaint balance. Indonesia. Jakarta. P.71
16
Nita Martiana. Op. Cit. P. 5
17
Abdul Chaer. Loc. Cit
18
Nita Martiana. Op. Cit.
19
Abdul Chaer. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. PT. Rineka cipta. Jakarta. 2004. P. 115
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called 'code-mixing'20. The feature of code mixing is casual situation of
informal situation. In informal situation, where people use one code, there is no
code mixing (it would be rare in this situation). It might be caused no right
expression, phrase or word in the language used. So that they need to use word
or phrase of another language. So, that code mixing is using to refer to all cases
where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in
one sentence. People sometimes use code mixing because they want to show
Suku anak dalam are the people who were ancient (primitive) that
customary not the same as the indigenous people. As we both know the tribe
has not known children in languages other than their language. but the authors
find different things than usual, which is a group of children who have
approached the modern-day vernacular is almost the same and are recognizable
by the surrounding community. Even the kids had a lot of tribal the school.
20
Fentaria Op. Cit. P. 21
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B. Review of related finding
There are researchers have already studied code mixing were Jeane Maghdalena,
2001. Code switching and code mixing by Broadcaster of Hit Chart of the Lessita
showed that the broadcaster did mixing more than switching.the forms of code
switching (80%), and discourse switching (15,21%). The forms of code mixing
applied by the broadcaster were word mixing 937,5%), and phrase mixing
(62,5%).
mixing. The form of code mixing applied by intructors were sentence mixing
(17,45%) and word mixing (7,23%). The function of code mixing applied by
sentence, gving signal that she has finished mentioning the items, talking to
herself or himself,giving clues to help students toa nswer question, asking for help
to borrow something, telling what to do, regulating interaction, telling what part to
reading the exercise, giving chance to students to ask, asking about students,
giving instruction to the students, telling what page the material of lesson, and
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Iming Fentaria 2009, Forms and Functions of Code-Mixing in the
showed that the students did mixing. The forms of code mixing applied by the
students were phrase mixing (44, 79 %), clause mixing (23, 92%), sentence
mixing (15, 95 %), word mixing (12, 88%), and discourse mixing (2, 45%). The
function of code mixing applied by the students were ; asking to repeat, asking for
translation, giving signal that she or he has finished mentioning items, talking to
herself or himself, giving clues to help say her or his part, asking for help,
signalling to start, telling someone what to do, telling someone what part to
explain, asking for borrow something, asking friend’s argument, giving question
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METODOLOGY
learn about language with the related the eksternal factor of language such as using
language by person. In this case will discuses or analyzed of code switching in suku
1. Population
Dalam.
2. Sample
and the teachers of SDN 01 Suku Anak Dalam that uses code-switching
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The data were collected by observation, checklist and recorder, the researcher
recorded the utterances of the student and data from audio recording was ut in the
form of transcript. Then data transcript was put into checklist before being to
The instruments used by researchers are the checklist and recorder. Checklist
is a sample list will to search and also use recorder to get more valid data. Both
instruments were used to determine what type of control code is often used in
suku anak dalam conversation. The recorder was used for recording the utterances
of the student. And then it used to fill out the checklist. And also the checklist was
E. data analysis
After the data are collected, the next step is data analysis which the data
• Intersentialcode switching
d. Calculating
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Tabulating each kind of code mixing by using the following
P = ----- x 100%
P : percentage
F : Frequency
N : total of frequency
f. Making conclusion.
21
Nana Sudjana. 1989. Penelitian dan Penilaian Pendidikan. Bandung. Sinar baru. P.
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