Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
,,-<'.
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'tJICCode
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2\6 S-E',-,
Li \).
772-2
R"
..
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Code for the use of rubber bearings
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- 3-
772- 2
Contents
- Introduction
2.1 - Properties
...
2.2- Use
2.2.1 - Non-reinforced bearings
2.2.2 - Reinforced bearings
2.3 - Effect of the defonnation of bearings on the supported structure
2.4 - Effect of the deformation of bearings on themselves and on the
supporting structure
2.4.1 - Vertical loading
2.4.2 - Horizontal loading
3 - Definition of materials
3.1 - Rubber
i-
,
~
3.1.1 - Type
3.1 .2 - Special properties
3.1.3 - Mechanical properties
"
772- 2
...I. .
6Y~
-4
....
3.2 - Steels for plates
3.2.1 - Mechanical properties
3.2.2 - Thickness of steelplates
3.2.3 - Machining of steel plates
3.3 - Adhesives
3.4 - Other materials'"
'"
"
4.2.3 - Plates
4.2.4 - pmiting states to be considered
-
:.
I,
Ii
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....
...
-.
-5 -
'-
...
... :,
772 - 2
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5 -Instalfation
5.1 - Positioning
5.2 -'Levelling
..
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- 7-
772- 2
R
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Introduction
This leaflet is based on studies carried out from 1961 to 1965 by the
060 Specialists' Committee of the Office for Research and Experiments
(ORE) at the request of the ule 7th Committee. These studies resulted
in the drawing up of "Recommendations" (Appendix 2 of the Final ORE
report 0 60/RF dated October 1965). The many tests carried out for this
report allowed fonnulae to be proposed for the deSign of the bearings,
which were prepared in relation to the test results and are dealt with more
specifically in section 3 below.
This leaflet was revised to bring it in line with limit state methods.
.,
.
_.\
-,
'"
772- 2
- B
'-
'. R
'.
~~
Gs
..
A'
"
- h
I:
i
s ...
:I
=.;
= a -b
h'
(a - u) b
\
\
"
I \~
r YP~S~}\T~======~~
,
-_-:.-:...,.:-.:.::.:... _-.:..:
====.:.: ::_-.:t_-_
l:
tj
2 - Geometrical characteristics
: ]
ti
T
Thickness of casing
Eg
(1)
E9
'~
.........
772- 2
_"1; ;.
...
-9
"I/'"
II
,;.. I
A
At = (a-u) b
Sj
ts
3 Forces
Pe
Ps
H = Hc+Hs
He
Hs
<1>
~-
= Pc+ Ps
4 Stresses
Compressive stress
O'm
'$~
Normatload
lp
'tn
'tH
...
772-2
;.
- 10
1s
5 Deformations
reinforced bearing .
ej
.nonreinforced ~aring
;i
"
eic
ec
~on-re;nforced bearing
tarry
larryc,s
u = Uc + Us
apP';calio1!J?' slow
Rotation
Installation tolerances
-,.
uc
I,
Us
a= Clc+ as
Clc
Cl{)
as
A
I
r
..
772-2
;,
- 11
R
1 - Purpose of the leaflet
The purpose ofthe leaflet is to define the scope of use of rubber bearings,
the types to be used, the design of the bearings, their installation and
also the precautions to be taken with regard to inspection, maintenance
and replacement.
The only bearings to which the code is intended to apply the two :kinds
desoribed below, to the exclusion of any other different fonns and
arrangements, which will have to be made the subject of special provi
sions (see also Leaflet 172-1).
-,
"
1.2 .. Reinforced bearings
.
Reinforced bearings consist of a certain numberof rubber layers, usually
rectangular, separated by sheet steel plates, also rectangular, ~ith or'
without perforations, which during manufadure are strongly bonded .(1)
to the rubber layers to reduce deformation. The sidesof the steel plates
may be visible or encased in rubber during manufacture. The same
applies to the external faces of the end plates. When the bearing is
completely enclosed, it has the appearance
of a unitonn block.
.
,
In the case of skew bridges bearings wHha circular form can be adopted.
Their calculation will be governed by the regulations below.
..
772-2
- 12
R"
2 Properties and use
2.1 - propenles
'"
.2.2 Use
"
" They are used as mpvablEhor fixed bearings. In the first case the
defolTTlation of rubber absoibs both the rotation and tangential move
; ~; m~nt of the supported structure within the limits specified below. In the
.~ se~ond
.. case it is necessary to install special equipment preventing any
'..possibility of tangential movement (in either one or both directions)
Without however hindering rotation and corq>ressibility of the bearing.
"
'"
I
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Ij
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772-2
"
- 13
""
;,
772-2
- 14
R
2.4 .. Effect of the deformation of bearings on the supponlng
structure
....
ot
I,
772- 2
- 15
R
3 - Definition of materials
3.1 Rubber
3.1.1 - Type
The rubber may be of a natural or synthetic type. It must satisfy the
regulations and any standards in force in each country.
\j;
iii
!
!
772- 2
- 16
R
ModuJusG and Shore hardness A of the rubber. often used for accep
tance tests, usually increase correspondingly.
The foflowingcomparison (at a temperature of 20 C) is given as a guide.
Shore hardness A
50
Modulus G
0.5
60
0.8
70
1.1
(MPa)
<"
In the case of bearings' for railway bridges the Shore hardness A ;,s
i' generally 60 5 (1).
....\
3.2 Steels for plates
3.2.1 Mechanical properties
The sleel used for the plates must have:
- a yield strel)gth of not less than 240 MPa,
- a'tensile strength of not less than 42-0 MPa.
..
(1) It may be accepted that the reacings given by the Shore durometer A are approximatefy
the same as the readings in international rubber hardness degrees (I A H D) to which
certain standards rafer.
I
~
-.
772-2
-17
R
3.3 - Adhesives
Any adhesives used to bond together the steel plates and rubber pads
or, where applicable, two steel plates during vulcanisation must have at
least the same shear strength as the rubber used. They must also be
fully resistant to the action of oils, weather, atmospheric ozone, biological
agents and extreme temperatures to which the bearing may be
subjected.
"~
;' I
"
. ...
7722
R
- 18
To carry out the calculations the nominal loads and partial safety factors
of UIC Leaflet nS-1 are used.
The vertical loads of the UIC load diagram should be increased in
accordance with the dynamic shear coefficient of the element supported.
Furthermore, tests have shown that rapidly applied normal loads should
be catered for b.,y an enhancing coefficient to make allowance for their.
hostile effect as fa"r as the shear stresses are concerned (under normal
and rotational forces).
'. ~ J
Checking and validation -~hould be carded out generally with load case
II as.described in ule Leaflet 776-1.
In certain special cases load scheme V could be envisaged. The partial
s.afety coefficients must then be fixed in relation to the construction
stages and to the forces liable to develop. However, these coefficients
must not faU below those of load schemes I and II combined.
4.2 Validation to be provided
j
.
772-2
- 19
In the case of fixed bearings where special arrangements are made for
preventing any ITIOvernenl, by transmitting forces directly, this check
need not be made.
- limitation of distortion
- no buckling of the
, bearing
4.2.3 - Plates
- strength of the plates
..
Serviceability
stale
Ultimate
state
Non-reinforced bearing
Servicemlily
state
Average pressure
Non-slip
.X
Distortion
No uplift
Ultimate
state
No buckling
Shear
Strength of plates
.
Not applicable
..
772- 2
20
Ii.
772-2
..
21
R
GeneraJly, His advantageous to use a rubber with a fairly high shear.
~obtain the lowest possible values of A and 8 . ....-::;::.
." J
/'
h ' : h -Eg
"
r.
\
"
Eg
r"
\
.~:-
u .
Possible
casing
.0,
..
The thickness
of the bearing
is measured
without any
parts~t into
the bedstone
or support.
4.3.2.2 Compression:
'.,
p
or O'm= A
772-2
-22
R
The value of k depends on the conditions of use of the bearing all( J IIti
dimensions. 81 is the shape coefficient (see 1) below'and 4.3.3.5).
t
P
Si
ab
Si = 2 ti (a + b)
4.3.2.3 - Distortion
If
77'2- 2
- 23
'tH
R
~
'tH
T =G
or 'tH = G T
'tH= A=
GU'
T
8.
, ..:!ili<ii~'{
~"I"':::iC~.,~<
and, therefore
He= GA Ue
T
Hs =2GA
US
772- 2
- 24
with/~~;(~i;~{. ;i~~~t_:;~~)/j;)
A higher permissible pressure may be used (without however exceeding
15 MPa) if confirmed by appropriate tests (see Appendix 1, para
graph 2.1.4.3.)
I'
[
~"
i,
.(
The following two conditions' must be fulfmed for the most adverse
operating situation in the serviceability state:
.~
'f
I.
,
772- 2
- 25
R
p
1)
Om min = A
;<!:
2 MPa
2)
Tests have shown that I, the coefficient of friction, is at least equal to:
f = O~12 + 0.2
om
f == 0.10+ 0.6
am
Higher values can be obtained by bonding, for example, but these must
tgyc,s =
'tH
G
0.7
,
He Hs
4.3.3.4 .. No uplift at the most rightly loaded edge of. the bearing:
The tangents of rotations ac and ex. calculated forthe ultimate state must
satisfy the most adverse of the following conditions (Clc making allo
wance for the positioning tolerances <Xo):
,
l
dl
772-2
- 26 .
1)
with
(theoretical compression
of the Jayer with index I,
not encased, under verti
Ii amc
eic =
4GsF+ 30'mc
calloadi~)
- pc
mc -
A'
nd S' _
a
I -
ab
2ti (a + b)
(shape coefficient)
'"
2)
with
ei=
;:'
Ii Om
4GSf+
-d::"---"
30m
~}:
The value of coefficient k given in 4.3.2.2 is only known for very special
cases (square slabs k. 2/3 approximately). Tests and experience
have shown that the condition O'm';;; (Jerit (am calculated for the ultimate
state) is generally satisfied when
whatever the form of the~b.
f'
772-2
- 27
Considering that u and a can have different signs for slow loads and
rapid loads it is recommended that check is also made for permanent
loading alone.
<
_
'i
.,
Om:=
Pc+ Ps
A'
cond~jon O'm
< 2GS.
II ....
772-2
- 28
1)
A' > (1
a
+ b) MPa ;
2)
H < f. P
am
see 4.3.3.3.
. 4.3.4.4 No uplift at the most lightly loaded edge of the bearing (ultimate
state)
The tangents of rotation CXc and a. imposed on the bearing must satisfy
the most adverse of the following conditions: ({Xc must take po~itioning
tQI~rances into account):
1)
with
Pc
T arne
and Orne = I::
ec = 10GS + 2Gmc
2)
with
e=
TOm
see 4.3.3.5 .
'
..
772- 2
29
5 - Installation
5.1 .. PosItioning
This should be such that the bearings support both the vertical and
horizontal forces transmiHed by the deck, at the same time allowing for
movement due to live loads, temperature, shrinkage and creep.
It is possible to accommodate the horizontal forces by means of stops
..
'Ie
5.2 - Levelling
The contact face between the bearing and bedstone must be properly
prepared and, generally, be horizontal, in order to eliminate tangential
forces due to gravity.
When the deck is sloping laterally or'longitudinally, it is generally very
slight (some %0) and is compensated forby the deformation ofthe bearing
itself. If this is notthe case, it is advisable to establish a horizontal bearing
Surface, possibly by varying the thickness of the plate placed between
the upper bear~ng face and the lower face of the beam.
....
--r,
772-2
- 30
R
Comments
Reinforced
rt<!
1: . . . '
rubber:::r'
~...
pads
....
-.
,:.'
'\.
. .'1: ;~
Concrete
filling
Horizontal faces
movable bearing
, Fixed
- bearing
Horizontal
section of
the intrados
~
Other structures
l
Reinforced
rubber
pads
~. i. ". ...
~
!.' .
J. '.1
Plate
of varying
thickness
!
i
I
!
I
I
772-2
- 31
R
5.3 - limitation of lateral bridge deck movements
When lateral movements due to the distortion of rubber are very large,
it will often be advisable to install a restraining device between the
bearing and the structure to restrict such movements within acceptable
limits.
~I
~~
~;,
772- 2
R
t:
- 32
Plan view
Cross-section
Jacking position
(beams, for example)
i'
"
,.
Jacking position
Reinforced
rubber
bearing
5.5 Adjustment
I'
The same attention is necessary for accuracy in plan and leve. as for
meta. bearings.
1;.
~{"
It is particularly important that the two faces of the bearing are parallel
(or conform with the calculation condition.s and installation tolerances).
In the case of very large bearings, it may be appropriate to provide a
bearing plate in steel plate of 20 mm minimum thickness levelled-in on
a mortar b~d.
ii,
it'.
ti\
{..
'~
r'
t:.
i
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- 33 .
772- 2
the cleanliness of the bearings and their immediate surrounding. Particular care must be taken to prevent contact wHh grease, oil, petrol, etc.
6.2 - Maintenance
Where appropriate:
1) maintenance is applied to the visible parts of the steel plates (special
paint),
2) bearings are released (elimination of abnormal distortion and rota
tion) after ensuring that this is feasible and does no harm.
6.3 - Replacement
This must atways be provided for. If nis not possible to raise the deck
"
~.
v"
.)
I XfON3ddV
H
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772 .. 2
- 37
R
APPENDIX 1
Contents
1 General
1.1 Range of validity
1.2 Purpose of the appendix
2 Approval tests for bearings
.;
.-" c
;;
7 7'2 - 2
39
R
APPENDIX 1
1 General
1.1 Range of validity
This appendix, like the leaflet itself, appUes only to those types of
bearings in the form of a parallelepiped, rectangular in plan, containing
one or several layers of rubber (natural or synthetic).
Bearings formed by simple stacking of separate bearing pads are not
permitted.
When the types of bearing or the properties of the materials proposed
differ from those which were investigated by the ORE 060 Specialists'
Committee (1). it may be necessary to consider other conditions of
approval, acceptance and use from those given in this Code.
0;
..
(1) Office for Research and Experiments of the International Union of Railways.
,.;
772 .. 2
40
R
APPENDIX 1
Attention is drawn to the fact that the following tests at feast must be
carried out to obtain approval:
comp~ession
.
,J.
772-2
- 41 .
R
-
APPENDIX 1
."
The lest must be continued up to the limit stress am max specified by the
railway.
-~
The test is then repeated.
The vertical stress-strain diagram is plotted during the second load
and the load limit am max referred to above. The pressure am min must
not be less than 2 MPa (no-slip pressure).
The test is considered to be satisfactory, if the values obtained do not
differ from the value laid down by more than 20 0/0.
t
f
~
,t
)
772-2
- 42
R
APPENDIX 1
;.
.,.
.~
2H
t
..
\'
:.~--
"
~/
,..
772 - 2
- 43
R
APPENDIX 1
G=
t91
in which 't =
and lGY = ~
with
H = horizontal force
u = horizontal distortion
. T = clear height of the b~aring, i.e. total height of the bearing reduced
by the thicknes~ of the steel plates.
The test is considered to be satisfactory if the values of G obtained do
not differ from the value laid down by more than 15 0/0.
tg ,
;
tg 15
(0.26795)
tg 30
(0.57735)
0.9
.,
772-2
- 44
R
APPENDIX 1
The breaking strength ITKJst not be less than six times the working stress
O'm laid down for the be~nng and eight times as much, jf O'm lies between
11 and 15 MPa.
;:.
2.1.4.4 - Test of the bond between the rubber and the plates
To check the bond between the rubber and the plates. or between the
plates, following the test described in 2.1.4.2, the load P is increased
,.nUl a pressure. of 10 MPa is obtained and,the horizontal force is
increased until deformation corresponds to tarry = 2..0.
\
+ 100) G
Any permanent deformation resuHing from this test should not be consi
dered as a cause for rejection.
\/
772-2
- 45
R
APPENDIX 1
~ Fatigue tes.!~.
2..2.. 1 Pulsating vertical load test with constant shear angle {tarry = 0.. 9}.
The procedure is as follows:
.. \
,0
. - Dynamic tests: .
,.
- Dynamic tests:
....
""
;:
....
,;
.........
772-2
- 46
R
APPENDIX 1
4 - Acceptance
of bearings
.....
sa:>ueJaIOI,euo!SUaWIO
ZXION3ddV
l:f
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772 - 2
- 49
R
APPENDIX 2
Contents
1 - Plan dimensions
2 - Thicknesses
01"
772- 2
- 51
R
APPENDIX 2
1 - Plan dimensions
Tolerances on length and width: - 0, + 5 mm.
2 - Thicknesses
2.1 - Thickness tolerances for a single layer
h
h
h
h
30 mm: 1
mm
E' 50 mm: 1.2 mm
Et 80 mm: 1.5 mm
Et 120 mm: 1.B mm
:s;;
1.5 %
iii
s,dwexa ufi!saa
&XION3ddtl
- (9
1,
772-2
- 55
R
APPENDIX 3
Contents
Conditions
A - Mean pressure - Serviceability state
772-2
. 57
R
APPENDIX 3
- Rapid loads:
Pc
tanac
UC
Ps
tanas
Us
=
=
=
:;;
60 000 daN
- 0.5 X 10-3
1 cm
40 000 daN
+ 0.3 X 10-3
O.Scm
- Width of bearing:
52 em
- Quality of rubber:
G = 1.1 MPa
(
.
<1=
1.15
1.0
1.0
1.0
Ultimate state:
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.2
i~
1.2
240 MPa
,
420 MPa
r
f
I
t
"
...
.r
772-2
- 57
R
APPENDIX 3
Pc
:II
tanac
uc
- Rapid loads:
Ps
tana,
:II
==
==
Us
:II
60 000 daN
- 0.5 x 10-3
1 em
40 000 daN
+ 0.3
10-3
O.Scm
- Width of bearing:
52 em
- Quality of rubber:
G == 1.1 MPa
<ll= 1.15
..
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
0_9
1..2
1.2
240 MPa
.,
420 MPa
Ill
772-2
R
- 58
APPENDIX 3
= 60 000 +
.U
= Uc + Us =-
1.5 em
Om -
5? (a - 1.5)...
.
=
m
~ __
106000
or a - 1.5 -.. ~ _ = 18.6 em
a:a= 20.1 em
.' or a-u =
henee
a
4a
""5
4a
5"
;;J!!
18.6 em
23.2 em
= Pc = 60 000 daN
a x b =' 25 x 52
>.
"
= 1 300
cm 2
t,~
F~'!
f.J~
Lil
772-2
- 59
A
APPENDIX 3
60000
am = 1300 =
Condition verified.
2) H < f P
External metal plates:
f = 0.12 + 0.2
(Jm
am= A
with GA
orGA
T>
= H
GA. u
0.12 P + 0.2 A
t
(0.2 in MPa)
a) Slow loads
GA .Uc
T> O.12Pc + 0.2 A
~,
Ii
\f.
l
r
772-2
60
R-..
APPENDIX 3
or in appropriate units
>
,,?
11 x 25 .)( -- ...
"X. 1
b) Rapid loads
T> GA Ue + ,~ GA US
0.12 P + '0.2 A
t
.... ~ .
~ 0.7
with 'tH = G
'tH
:=
'tHe
+ 'tHs
or 'tH = G ~ + G ~ = G
'tH
"(3=
T;;,
Uc + Us E;
(Ue + US)
0.7
+ Us _ 1 + 0.5 = 2. 14 em
0.7 - 0.7
Ue
T;;, 2.14 em
~.
..
772-2
- 61
R
APPENDIX 3
D No
uplift at the edge wHh the least load fracture state (4.3.3.4)
ab
Si = 2 ti (a + b)
S;
25 x 52
2 ti (25 + 52)
=i
8.44
ti
ti
= 0.8 cm
Si = 10.55
---'l
772-2
- 62
R
APPENDIX 3
~ Orne
eie=
4 G5j + 30me
x 10-3 ,
Fracture state
-.
72000
' .
2
eie =
0.8 x 5 54
=
2
4 x 1.1 x 10.55 + 3 x 5.54
0..00875 em
~,
Condition verified.
b)
Itga.c +
ei=
tgac
~crm
2
4GSj + 30m
= 3.15 X
10-3
Ultimate state
Relief effect
--
~~
~
i>-'
l,
J
772-2
- 63
R
APPENDIX 3
it
am =
= 9.8 MPa
0.8 X9.8
= 0.015 em
Ui =0.015
x 3
=0.045 em
18.55 x 10-31.< 6
Condition verified.
-'I
. !
E .. No buckling (4.3.3.5)
T=2.4em
a ='25 em
all 0 s= 2.5 em -
10
815 = 5
em
b
-=T<-
r
i
Ir
tp + tH + ta < 5G
1) t = 1.5. Pc + 1.5 P s
P
S;
a. b
..
,
!
f.
.,
7722
- 64
R
APPENDIX 3
1:
= 1.5
148.8 daN/cm2
Si
= 14.9 MPa
. Si.
2) 'tH = G (Uc:.+ Us) = 1.1_X.1.5 = 0.69 MPa
j'
.
Ga2
'3) 1:a = 2 T ti (tgUc + 1.5 tgas)
x 3) 10-3
Si
Ii
'If
Condition verified.
ts
~~
Si
aa .. . "(s
O'm
am = 9.8 MPa
i:... . .
'
-;
..
1
772- 2
- 65
R
APPENDIX 3
t ;;. 25
If
If
If
i1'2)= 0.7
S
Is -= 0.19cm
9.8
S,'/42o:B
,
"
"---..-_/
Ii = 2.4,
Ii = 1.2
ti = O.B.
t
ts
Is
== 2 mm
-= 0.09 cm = 1 mm
-= 0.06 em
25
52
3 (8 + 2)
ts/2 =- 1 mm
tj
ti
= B mm
ts
;;;: 2 mm
ts
;;;: 2 mm
= 8 mm
t- ;;;: 8 mm
' , { { ( t-ffr'fti
ts/2 == 1 mm
h = 30 mm
f.'~
I
~
hi
:'<'"4
.,.
..
772-2
- 67
Application
AU UIC railways.
Record references
.....
'
,j
....
.....
...