Module A:

electromagnetic theory
of light scattering
LECTURE 1 :
small particles and spheres

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OUTLINE - LECTURE 1

0. prerequisite what you should know about the electromagnetic waves

I. concept what is light scattering?

III.1 Rayleigh theory

III.2 instructions of use for the Rayleigh theory

IV. case of the sphere the Mie solution

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II.1 the direct problem

II.2 the inverse problem
II.3 light scattering fundamentals

III. case of the small particle Rayleigh scattering

I.1 light scattering geometry

I.2 fundamentals
I.3 types of light types of particles
I.4 types of scattering
I.5 main parameters governing light scattering

II. context why light scattering?

0.1 electromagnetic field and Maxwell equations

0.2 plane transverse em wave, shape and polarization
0.3 the oscillating electric dipole

IV.1 Mie theory

IV.2 instructions of use for the Mie solution
IV.3 Mie theory numerical codes

0. PREREQUISITE

what you should know about the em waves

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0.1 EM FIELD AND MAXWELL EQUATIONS

- THE UNCHARGED, NON-MAGNETIC, ISOTROPIC CASE

em field (E , B) is a couple of complex-valued vectors, solution anywhere anytime of

the Maxwell equations:
no charge

D 0
B
E
t

B 0
D
H
t

non-magnetic

D e oe r E ; B o H
no current

for isotropic dielectric material, er ( = relative electric permittivity) is a scalar depending

on the material. The refractive index m is such that: m2 = er

for this kind of material, only three components of the vector field are independent
(for example : vector E)

at boundary between two dielectric uncharged non-magnetic materials:

the normal components of D and of B are continuous through the interface
the tangential components of E and of H are continuous through the interface

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0.2 PLANE TRANSVERSE EM WAVE

SHAPE AND POLARIZATION

em monochromatic plane wave of frequency w and wavenumber k, propagating along

the z-axis and linearly polarized along the x-axis, is:

E Eo ei w t k z e x
which is solution of the Helmoltz equation:

2E m

2
w
2

E0

k = m(w/c)

(dispersion relation)

k = 2p/l

(wavelength definition)

any em wave can be expanded in a series of em monochromatic wave, since the

Maxwell equations are linear (superposition theorem and Fourier theorem)

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0.3 THE OSCILLATING ELECTRIC DIPOLE

RADIATED ELECTRIC FIELD

an oscillating electric dipole of dipole moment p radiates electric field of the form
(spherical coordinates) :
radiative

k 2 eikr
Edip
4pe o r

static

induction

i
1
(e r p) e r 3 e r (e r p) p 2 2
kr
k r

Every piece of volume v of

a dielectric material submitted to external
electric field, becomes an electric dipole of moment :

p v Eext
polarizability per unit of volume = 3 (m21)/(m22)

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Electric dipole radiation. The dipole lies in the plane of the drawing, point vertically upward and oscillates.
Colour indicates the strength of the field travelloing outward (Wikipedia)

OUTLINE - LECTURE 1

0. prerequisite what you should know about the electromagnetic waves

I. concept what is light scattering?

III.1 Rayleigh theory

III.2 instructions of use for the Rayleigh theory

IV. case of the sphere the Mie solution

R. Botet 04/2016

II.1 the direct problem

II.2 the inverse problem
II.3 light scattering fundamentals

III. case of the small particle Rayleigh scattering

I.1 light scattering geometry

I.2 fundamentals
I.3 types of light types of particles
I.4 types of scattering
I.5 main parameters governing light scattering

II. context why light scattering?

0.1 electromagnetic field and Maxwell equations

0.2 plane transverse em wave, shape and polarization
0.3 the oscillating electric dipole

IV.1 Mie theory

IV.2 instructions of use for the Mie solution
IV.3 Mie theory numerical codes

I. 1. DEFINITION

the source of light is not seen directly

sunlight is scattered by small dust particles

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I. 1. LIGHT SCATTERING GEOMETRY

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I. 1. LIGHT SCATTERING GEOMETRY

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I. 2. LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS wave scattering = redirection of radiation out of the incident direction of propagation

scattering results from light-matter interaction

(e.g. interaction with particles)

reflection, refraction, diffraction, are forms of wave scattering

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reflection nebula IC 2631 MPG/ESO

frequency = actual speed of light/wavelength

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I. 3. TYPES OF LIGHT...

light visible by human eye

I. 3. TYPES OF LIGHT AND OF PARTICLES

objects visible by human eye

gas molecules

fog

Aitken particles

mist

drizzle
rain

viruses

smoke

viruses

PM2.5

PM10
tobacco smoke

bacteria

bacteria
snowflake

Diesel smoke
Diesel smoke
pollen

ice crystal
ice crystal

snowflake

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pollen

I. 4. TYPES OF SCATTERING (1)

elastic scattering

wavelength of scattered light

= wavelength of incident light

inelastic scattering

wavelength of scattered light

wavelength of incident light

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I. 4. TYPES OF SCATTERING (1)

elastic scattering

wavelength of scattered light

= wavelength of incident light

inelastic scattering

wavelength of scattered light

wavelength of incident light

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I. 5. MAIN PARAMETERS GOVERNING LIGHT

SCATTERING
particle shape

optical size parameter :

contrast :

x p L/l

difference of refractive index mm0

particle material

m0
wavelength : l
incident wave

sphere of radius a L = diameter = 2a

cube of side a
L=a

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I. 5. MAIN OBSERVABLES FOR LIGHT SCATTERING

angular distribution of the scattered intensity: Isca(q , f ) = (IscaI//sca)
P = (IscaI//sca)/(IscaI//sca)

linear polarization:

scattering, extinction cross sections:

Csca , Cext
x

einc

f
q

e||inc

esca
e||sca
y

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I. 5. MAIN OBSERVABLES FOR LIGHT SCATTERING

angular distribution of the scattered intensity: Isca(q , f ) = (IscaI//sca)
P = (IscaI//sca)/(IscaI//sca)

linear polarization:

scattering, extinction cross sections:

Csca , Cext
x

einc

e||inc

esca
e||sca

analyzer Isca
analyzer || I||sca
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I. 5. MAIN OBSERVABLES FOR LIGHT SCATTERING

angular distribution of the scattered intensity: Isca(q , f ) = (IscaI//sca)
linear polarization:

P = (IscaI//sca)/(IscaI//sca)

scattering, extinction cross sections:

Csca , Cext
x

Beer-Lambert law
n
Iinc

scattering

Itrans

scattering

absorption

Itrans = Iinc

eCext n l

scattering

scattering

y
Note
Im{m} = 0 absorption = 0
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loss of intensity due to

scattering and absorption

SUMMARY OF THE SECTION:

GENERALITIES ABOUT LIGHT SCATTERING

light scattering = em wave/particle interaction

two fundamental non-dimensional parameters:
the optical size parameter x p L/l
the contrast mm0

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OUTLINE - LECTURE 1

0. prerequisite what you should know about the electromagnetic waves

I. concept what is light scattering?

III.1 Rayleigh theory

III.2 instructions of use for the Rayleigh theory

IV. case of the sphere the Mie solution

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II.1 the direct problem

II.2 the inverse problem
II.3 light scattering fundamentals

III. case of the small particle Rayleigh scattering

I.1 light scattering geometry

I.2 fundamentals
I.3 types of light types of particles
I.4 types of scattering
I.5 main parameters governing light scattering

II. context why light scattering?

0.1 electromagnetic field and Maxwell equations

0.2 plane transverse em wave, shape and polarization
0.3 the oscillating electric dipole

IV.1 Mie theory

IV.2 instructions of use for the Mie solution
IV.3 Mie theory numerical codes

II. 1. THE DIRECT PROBLEM

you know the incident em wave
you know the particle shape and material

m0
wavelength : l
incident wave

goal: controlling the scattered wave

(intensity, polarization)
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II. 1. THE DIRECT PROBLEM

1) write the Maxwell equations for all the em waves
2) write the boundary conditions on the particle
3) solve the vector linear equations

m0
wavelength : l
incident wave

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II. 1. THE DIRECT PROBLEM

the mathematical problem is well-posed and
it is possible to obtain the exact solution in a few cases:

1) the homogeneous sphere

2) the coated sphere
3) the infinite cylinder

(G. Mie, 1905)

(A. Aden and M. Kerker, 1951)
(J.R. Wait, 1955)

4) the aggregate of homogeneous spheres (F. Borghese, 1979)

core

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coating

II. 2. THE INVERSE PROBLEM

you know the incident em wave
you know the scattered em wave

m0
wavelength : l
incident wave

goal: characterizing the scattering particles

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II. 2. THE INVERSE PROBLEM

the mathematical problem is ill-posed and
there is no general way to characterize the particles
only : guess-fit-errors

though it may be the most important problem

pollution
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: which particles?

remote objects: which structure?

medical: which hazard?

II.3 LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS incident field = em transverse plane wave

x-linearly polarized em plane wave

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II.3 LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS Esca E scae sca Escae sca

esca

e||sca

einc

e||inc

Einc E ince inc Eince inc

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= plane wave

= transverse
wave

II.3 LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS Esca E scae sca Escae sca

esca

e||sca

E sca eik ( r z ) S 2

kr S 4
E sca
einc

e||inc

Einc E ince inc Eince inc

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S3 E inc

S1 Einc

amplitude-scattering
matrix elements

II.3 LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS to know the amplitude-scattering coefficients

to know everything about the far-field scattered light

E sca eik ( r z ) S 2

kr S 4
E sca

S3 E inc

S1 Einc

Isca= Iinc

1
2
2
2
2
S1 S 2 S3 S 4
2

= angular distribution of the scattered intensity

S1 S 2 S3 S4

S1 S2 S3 S 4

P=

= degree of linear polarization of the scattered light

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II.3 LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS to know the amplitude-scattering coefficients

to know everything about the far-field scattered light

E sca eik ( r z ) S 2

kr S 4
E sca

S3 E inc

S1 Einc

Beer-Lambert law
N
Iinc

Itrans

Itrans = Iinc eCext N l

Cext

2p
2 ReS1 (q 0) S 2 (q 0)
k

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Csca =

sca

(q , f ) sin q dq df

II.3 LIGHT SCATTERING - FUNDAMENTALS when several scattering particles are illuminated at the same time, two cases may appear:
either the particle positions are correlated one each other (they form a rigid aggregate)
fields are additive (coherence)

I sca

(i)
2

sca

sca

(i)

or the particle positions are uncorrelated (they all move independently)

intensities are additive (no coherence)

I sca E sca (i) E sca (i)

i

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OUTLINE - LECTURE 1

0. prerequisite what you should know about the electromagnetic waves

I. concept what is light scattering?

III.1 Rayleigh theory

III.2 instructions of use for the Rayleigh theory

IV. case of the sphere the Mie solution

R. Botet 04/2016

II.1 the direct problem

II.2 the inverse problem
II.3 light scattering fundamentals

III. case of the small particle Rayleigh scattering

I.1 light scattering geometry

I.2 fundamentals
I.3 types of light types of particles
I.4 types of scattering
I.5 main parameters governing light scattering

II. context why light scattering?

0.1 electromagnetic field and Maxwell equations

0.2 plane transverse em wave, shape and polarization
0.3 the oscillating electric dipole

IV.1 Mie theory

IV.2 instructions of use for the Mie solution
IV.3 Mie theory numerical codes

III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

derivation in a nutshell

- RAYLEIGH THEORY -

Step 1 : replace the particle by em dipole

Step 2 : the Maxwell equations give the polarizability of the dipole

Step 3 : the scattered field is the resulting dipolar field

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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY radius << wavelength

electric field inside the particle constant

dielectric homogeneous particle

scattering particle

incident wave

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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY m

Einc

particle of volume v, with refractive index m embedded in a medium of relative permittivity

m =1 and a uniform electric field Einc

solution of the Maxwell equations is dipole radiation from the dipole moment:

2
m
1
3
pt 4p a 2
Einc t
m 2
3 volume

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material

electric field

III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY m

Einc

particle of volume v, with refractive index m embedded in a medium of relative permittivity

m =1 and a uniform electric field Einc

solution of the Maxwell equations is dipole radiation from the dipole moment:

pt Einc t

polarizability
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m2 1
3v 2
m 2

III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY m

Einc

particle of volume v, with refractive index m embedded in a medium of relative permittivity

m =1 and a uniform electric field Einc

solution of the Maxwell equations is dipole radiation from the dipole moment:

pt Einc t

small particle = electric dipole

polarizability
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m2 1
3v 2
m 2

III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY -

an oscillating electric dipole radiates the far-field electric field:

vector form

E sca

eikr k 3

e r e r ( Einc )
kr 4p
er
incident wave

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III.1
LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE
exercise : write the formula in the matrix form
- RAYLEIGH THEORY -

an oscillating electric dipole radiates the electric field:

vector form

E sca

eikr k 3

e r e r ( Einc )
kr 4p
er
incident wave

E sca eik ( r z ) S 2

kr S 4
E sca
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S3 E inc

S1 Einc

III.1
LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE
exercise : write the formula in the matrix form
- RAYLEIGH THEORY -

vector form

E sca

eikr k 3

e r e r ( Einc )
kr 4p
E//sca

ex

ey ey

E//inc

Einc

ey

ez er

ex
ez

E inc

matrix
form
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incident wave

Esca

z=0

Eo
sin q
ik z

0 e ; er 0
0
cos q

cos q

er (er E inc ) Eo cos q 0

sin q

ik cos q
E sca e

i
kr 4p 0
E sca
ik ( r z )

0 E inc

1 Einc

ex

III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY -

particle volume

particle material

E sca eik ( r z ) ik 3 cos q

i
kr 4p 0
E sca

0 E inc

1 Einc

angular dependence

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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY graphic representations of the angular distribution of the scattered intensity in the Rayleigh theory

1
2
2
2
2
I sca / I inc S1 S 2 S3 S 4
2

I sca 1 cos 2 q

and

E sca eik ( r z ) ik 3 cos q

i
E
kr
4
p
sca

0 E inc

1 Einc

|| ||
z

.
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the scattered intensity at 90 is the forward intensity

III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY consequences of the wavelength dependence of the scattered intensity in the Rayleigh theory

1
2
2
2
2
I sca / I inc S1 S 2 S3 S 4
2

and

E sca eik ( r z ) ik 3 cos q

i
E
kr
4
p
sca

I sca

0 E inc

1 Einc

l4

Isca(l 450 nm) = 10 Isca(l 800 nm)

small particles scatter much more the small than the large wavelengths
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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY consequences of the wavelength dependence of the scattered intensity in the Rayleigh theory
(provided m does not depend on the wavelength)

I sca

l4

explains the color blue of the sky

(scattering by molecules 0.3 nm)
scattered blue

and the reddening of forward transmission

not-scattered red
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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY consequences of the wavelength dependence of the scattered intensity in the Rayleigh theory

I sca

l4

but why blue and not violet?...

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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY -

I sca

l4

but why blue and not violet?...

Rayleigh scattering
atmosphere optical absorption

blue sky spectrum (white curve)

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III.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SMALL PARTICLE

- RAYLEIGH THEORY degree of polarization of the scattered intensity in the Rayleigh theory

S1 S 2 S3 S4

S1 S2 S3 S 4

P=

and

E sca eik ( r z ) ik 3 cos q

i
kr 4p 0
E sca

q 180
backscattering

0 E inc

1 Einc

sin 2 q
P
1 cos 2 q

q 90

linearly polarized
partially polarized

unpolarized

q 0
forward

Paraselene,
2007, Nikon D80, Sigma lens 10-20 mm, polarizing filter. unprocessed image
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04/2016

SUMMARY OF THE SECTION:

RAYLEIGH THEORY

when particle is small enough, it can be represented by an

em dipole
the dipole may be anisotropic if the real particle is not
spherical
the scattered field is the em dipolar field

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III.2 RAYLEIGH THEORY

REQUIREMENTS

INPUT:

1) refractive index, shape and volume of the particle

REQUIREMENT:

1) table relating the effective (anisotropic) refractive index to the shape

of the particle

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III.2 RAYLEIGH THEORY

CONDITIONS OF USE

CONDITIONS :
1)

x < 0.3
that is very small particles : L < 0.1 l ex. : L < 50 nm for l 500 nm
(or : N < 150000 Fe atoms)

2) a less restrictive condition is sometimes used : |m|x < 1, though it is very

similar

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III.2 RAYLEIGH THEORY

PROS & CONS
PROS :
valid for any finite particle shape
fully analytical, then easy to handle

CONS :
only for very small particles

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III.2 RAYLEIGH THEORY

- APPLICATIONS -

any very small particles

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OUTLINE - LECTURE 1

0. prerequisite what you should know about the electromagnetic waves

I. concept what is light scattering?

III.1 Rayleigh theory

III.2 instructions of use for the Rayleigh theory

IV. case of the sphere the Mie solution

R. Botet 04/2016

II.1 the direct problem

II.2 the inverse problem
II.3 light scattering fundamentals

III. case of the small particle Rayleigh scattering

I.1 light scattering geometry

I.2 fundamentals
I.3 types of light types of particles
I.4 types of scattering
I.5 main parameters governing light scattering

II. context why light scattering?

0.1 electromagnetic field and Maxwell equations

0.2 plane transverse em wave, shape and polarization
0.3 the oscillating electric dipole

IV.1 Mie theory

IV.2 instructions of use for the Mie solution
IV.3 Mie theory numerical codes

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY as plane waves form natural basis for a medium invariant by translation,
vector spherical harmonics form natural basis for the spherical symmetry
Step 1 : search for scalar functions y solutions of the scalar Helmoltz equation

2y k 2y 0

derivation in a nutshell

under the form y = f(r) g(q ) h(f), and which are finite everywhere
Step 2 : for each scalar function y, define the two vector functions :

M ry

1
M
k

then: M and N are both solutions of the corresponding vector Helmoltz equation
Step 3 : expand the incident em plane wave Einc and the em scattered wave Esca as sums of the
vector spherical wave functions M and N
Step 4 : write the boundary conditions for the em fields at the surface of the sphere to find
equations relating the various coefficients in the expansions of the waves in M and N
Step 5 : solve the equations

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IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY -

En Eo i n

the incident plane wave writes :

Einc Eo e

ikr cosq

e x En M (oR1n) iN (eR1n)

2n 1
n(n 1)

n 1

where the vector spherical wave functions M(R), N(R) can be written in terms
of associated Legendre and Bessel functions of the reduced distance r = k r :

cos p e

M (oR1n)

n q

N (eR1n) n(n 1) cos sin q p n

1
sin ne y n

yn
1 dy n

cos

sin
p
e
r
n q
n
r2
r dr

with the angular functions :

p n Pn1 cos q / sin q

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n dP cos q / dq
1
n

y n r

p
2

r J n1/ 2 r

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY examples of Legendre and Bessel functions :

p1 1

1 = cos q

y1 = (sin r r cos r)/r

p2 3 cos q

2 = 3(2cos2 q 1)

y2 = ((3- r 2 )sin r 3 r cos r)/r 2

cos p e

M (oR1n)

n q

N (eR1n) n(n 1) cos sin q p n

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n dP cos q / dq

yn
1 dy n

cos

sin
p
e
r
n q
n
r2
r dr

p n Pn1 cos q / sin q

1
n

1
sin ne y n

y n r

p
2

r J n1/ 2 r

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY the wave inside the spherical particle writes generally :

E sph En cn M (oR1n) i d n N (eR1n)

n 1

with the same vector spherical wave functions M(R), N(R) as for the incident wave
(because the field has to be finite at the origin)

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IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY the scattered wave writes generally :

E sca En bn M o1n i an N e1n

n 1

where the vector spherical wave functions M and N are the same as M(R), N(R),
replacing the regular yn by the general xn
(because the field has not to be finite at the origin):

cos p e

M o1n

n q

N e1n n(n 1) cos sin q p n

1
sin ne x n

xn
1 dx n

cos

sin
p
e
r
n q
n
r2
r dr

in which :

p n Pn1 cos q / sin q

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n dP cos q / dq
1
n

x n r

p
2

r J n1/ 2 r iYn1/ 2 r

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY note that only the radial component of the corresponding vector spherical
functions are different :
cos p neq sin ne 1 xn
M o1n

cos p e

M (oR1n)

n q

x n r

y n r

r J n1/ 2 r iYn1/ 2 r
r J n1/ 2 r

M (oR1n) is the regular part of Mo1n

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1
sin ne y n

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY we then write the em boundary conditions, namely:

the tangential components of the electric field inside the particle just
beneath the surface must be equal to the tangential components of the
sum of the incident field and the scattered field just above the surface

the same for the components of H (that is essentially E )

E sph En cn M (oR1n) i d n N (eR1n)

n 1

Einc E sca En M (oR1n) bn M o1n i N (eR1n) an N e1n

at r a

n 1

and using the orthogonality of the vector spherical wave functions (angular part),
one eventually finds four linear equations in the four unknowns an, bn, cn, dn

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k1,n
an k1,n
an

k
k
b 2,n
bn
1 2 , n
An n

A
n
c
k 3, n
k 3, n
cn
n

d k
d
k
n 4,n
n
4,n

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY the coefficients an, bn allow to compute straightforwardly the scattered em field
anywhere outside the sphere

E sca En bn M o1n i an N e1n

n 1

and the coefficients cn, dn can be used to compute the em field inside the sphere

E sph En cn M (oR1n) i d n N (eR1n)

n 1

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the first term (n 1) is called the dipolar term, the other terms (n 2) are the multipolar terms

IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY in particular, the amplitude-scattering matrix writes simply :

E sca eik ( r z ) S 2

kr 0
E sca

0 E inc

S1 Einc

2n 1
(anp n bn n )
n 1 n( n 1)

2n 1
S2
(an n bnp n )
n 1 n( n 1)

S1

from which all the optical scattered quantities can be deduced

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IV.1 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY 2n 1
S1
(anp n bn n )
n 1 n( n 1)

2n 1
S2
(an n bnp n )
n 1 n( n 1)

the coefficients an, bn write :

an

my n (mx)y n ' ( x) y n ( x)y n ' (mx)

my n (mx)x n ' ( x) x n ( x)y n ' (mx)

y n (mx)y n ' ( x) my n ( x)y n ' (mx)

bn
y n (mx)x n ' ( x) mx n ( x)y n ' (mx)
y n x
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x J n 1/ 2 x

2
p
x n x
x J n 1/ 2 x iYn1/ 2 x
2

SUMMARY OF THE SECTION:

MIE THEORY

the known incident field, the unknown inner field and the
unknown scattered field are expanded on the basis of the
vector spherical functions attached to the spherical particle
the coefficients of the expansion are given by the em
boundary conditions on the surface of the sphere

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IV.2 MIE THEORY

REQUIREMENTS

INPUT:

1) refractive index and radius of the sphere

REQUIREMENT:

1) numerical code

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IV.2 MIE THEORY

CONDITIONS OF USE

CONDITIONS :
1) restricted to homogeneous simple shape with specific symmetries
(sphere, spheroid, infinite cylinder)

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IV.2 MIE THEORY

PROS & CONS
PROS :
very precise (exact) and stable
extended to multi-layers

CONS :
only for a few perfect homogeneous shapes

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IV.2 MIE THEORY

- APPLICATIONS -

perfect sphere

coated sphere
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IV.2 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- THE TYPES OF THEORIES -

Mie solution is the complete solution

(any wavelength, refractive index
and particle radius)

though approximate theories are

useful for simple formula at hand,
better understanding, etc

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IV.3 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- THE TYPES OF THEORIES -

Geometric scattering

.
Rayleigh scattering

.
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IV.3 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- THE TYPES OF THEORIES -

absorbance is measured by the

extinction efficiency :

Cext

2p
2
k

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(2n 1) an bn
n 1

IV.2 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- RAYLEIGH FROM MIE THEORY if truncated to the first term (|m|x << 1) and x << 1 Rayleigh scattering

E sca eik ( r z ) S 2

kr 0
E sca
3
S1 a1 b1 cos q
2
3
S 2 a1 cos q b1
2

and :

E sca eik ( r z ) ik 3 cos q

i
kr 4p 0
E sca
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0 E inc

S1 Einc

2 3 m2 1
a1 i x 2
3
m 2

b1 0

0 E inc

1 Einc

IV.3 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY numerics

most popular free code in FORTRAN from Bohren and Huffman : BHMIE.f

for example here https://code.google.com/archive/p/scatterlib/

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IV.3 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY numerics

most popular free code in FORTRAN from Bohren and Huffman : BHMIE.f

optical efficiencies

S11 is the scattered intensity (unpolarized/unpolarized)

POL is the degree of polarization of the scattered light
S33 = Re(S1S2*+S3S4*)
S34 = Re(S2S1*+S4S3*)
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easy to modify the code to obtain the desired quantities

IV.3 LIGHT SCATTERING BY A SPHERE

- MIE THEORY numerics

there are also a number of alternative free code

a list http://diogenes.iwt.uni-bremen.de/vt/laser/wriedt/Mie_Type_Codes/body_mie_type_codes.html

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Summary of the Lecture 1

very small particles Rayleigh scattering

approximation L 0
analytical
any shape

spherical particles Mie theory

exact
computer code
homogeneous spheres (coated, infinite cylinders, spheroids)

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