Typical Turbine System and Description

Industrial Resources, Inc.
www.indresinc.com
PO Box 3686, Biloxi, MS 39540
Phone: 228-392-3973
Fax: 228-392-7257
Typical Turbine System and Description
PREFACE
This Training System Description has been designed to assist you in meeting the
requirements of Turbine System of the Plant Operator Training Program. It contains
information about the Turbine System. This includes system function, flow path, and
details about the major system components and operation.
You should review each chapter objective. In doing so you will be better prepared to
learn the required information. You should also walk down the system and identify the
components and controls. Should you have additional questions about the system, ask
your supervisor.

TYPICIALTURBINE SYSTEM TRAINING SYSTEM DESCRIPTON
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
Introduction......................................................................................................................... 7
1.1
Function .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2
Basic System Description ................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1
Turbine System Parameters ............................................................................................. 9
1.3
System Flow Path ............................................................................................................... 9
2.0
System Major Components............................................................................................... 12
2.1
Main Stop Valves.............................................................................................................. 13
2.1.1
Main Steam Stop Valve Data......................................................................................... 17
2.1.2
Main Stop Valve Control ............................................................................................... 17
2.2
Control Valves .................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1
Control Valve Data ........................................................................................................ 21
2.2.2
Control Valve Controls .................................................................................................. 21
2.3
High Pressure (HP) Turbine Section................................................................................. 21
2.3.1
High Pressure (HP) Turbine Section Data ..................................................................... 23
2.3.2
High Pressure (HP) Turbine Section Controls............................................................... 23
2.4
Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs)................................................................................... 23
2.4.1
Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs) Data ....................................................................... 27
2.4.2
Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs) Controls ................................................................. 27
2.5
Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine................................................................................... 27
2.5.1
Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine Data ....................................................................... 29
2.5.2
Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine Controls ................................................................. 29
2.6
Low Pressure (LP) Turbines ............................................................................................. 30
2.6.1
Low Pressure (LP) Turbines Data.................................................................................. 32
2.6.2
Low Pressure (LP) Turbine Controls............................................................................. 32
2.7
Turbine Front Standard ..................................................................................................... 33
2.7.1
Turbine Protective Devices............................................................................................ 33
2.7.2
Low Speed Switch ......................................................................................................... 34
2.7.3
Shaft Driven Main Oil Pump ......................................................................................... 34
2.7.4
Permanent Magnet Generator ........................................................................................ 34

2.7.5
Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation ............................................................................ 34
2.7.5.1
Eccentricity Detector ..................................................................................................... 35
2.7.5.2
Differential Expansion Detector .................................................................................... 35
2.7.5.3
Shell Expansion Detector............................................................................................... 35
2.7.5.4
Speed Sensors ................................................................................................................ 35
2.8
Middle Standard................................................................................................................ 36
2.8.1
HP/IP to LP-A Coupling ............................................................................................ 36
2.8.2
Thrust Bearing Wear Detector ....................................................................................... 37
2.9
Turbine Bearings............................................................................................................... 38
2.9.1
Journal Bearings............................................................................................................. 38
2.9.2
Thrust Bearing ............................................................................................................... 41
2.9.3
Turbine Bearing Data..................................................................................................... 44
2.9.4
Turbine Bearing Controls .............................................................................................. 44
2.9.4.1
Temperature Controls - Monitoring............................................................................... 44
2.9.4.2
Vibration Controls Monitoring ................................................................................... 46
2.10
Turning Gear..................................................................................................................... 48
2.10.1
Turning Gear Data ......................................................................................................... 50
2.10.2
Turning Gear Controls ................................................................................................... 50
2.11
2.11.1
Turbine Auxiliary Equipment ........................................................................................... 53

Auxiliary Valves ............................................................................................................ 54
2.11.1.1 Ventilator Valve (VV) ................................................................................................... 54

2.11.1.2 Equalizer Valve.............................................................................................................. 55
2.11.1.3 Packing Blowdown Valve (BDV) ................................................................................. 55
2.11.1.4 Heating Steam Blocking Valve (HSBV) ....................................................................... 56
2.11.2
Turbine Drains ............................................................................................................... 56
2.11.2.1 Main Stop Valve Above and Below Seat Drains........................................................... 56

2.11.2.2 Control Valve Steam Lead Drains ................................................................................. 58
2.11.2.3 Intercept Valve After Seat Drains.................................................................................. 59
2.12
Turbine Subsystems .......................................................................................................... 59
2.12.1
Extraction Steam System ............................................................................................... 60
2.12.2
Exhaust Hood Cooling System ...................................................................................... 60
2.12.3
Turbine Lube Oil System............................................................................................... 61
2.12.4
Electro Hydraulic Control System ................................................................................. 61

3

2.12.5
Rotor Prewarming System ............................................................................................. 62
2.12.6
Steam Seal System......................................................................................................... 63
3.0
System Operation.............................................................................................................. 73
3.1
System Startup .................................................................................................................. 73
3.2
Normal Operation ............................................................................................................. 76
3.3
Abnormal Operation ......................................................................................................... 77
3.3.1
High Vibration ............................................................................................................... 77
3.3.2
Operation With Feedwater Heaters Removed From Service......................................... 77
3.3.3
Turbine Trip ................................................................................................................... 79
3.3.4
Auxiliary Steam Seal System......................................................................................... 80
3.3
System Shutdown.............................................................................................................. 80
4.0
References......................................................................................................................... 82

List of Figures:
Figure 1 Main Stop Valve
Figure 2 Stop Valve Bypass
Figure 3 Main Stop Valve Lower Steam Leakoff
Figure 4 Separate Mounted Control Valves (Typical)
Figure 5 Control Valves
Figure 6 Combine Reheat Valve (CRV)
Figure 7 Left Side (No.1) CRV
Figure 8 Right Side (No.2) CRV
Figure 9 LP Turbines
Figure 10 Low Pressure Turbine A
Figure 11 Front Standard
Figure 12 Middle Standard
Figure 13 Solid (Rigid) Coupling
Figure 14 Thrust Wear Detector
Figure 15 Tilt Pad Bearing
Figure 16 Typical Forces Applied to Individual Pads
Figure 17 Elliptical Journal Bearing (Typical)
Figure 18 Thrust Bearing
Figure 19 Tapered Land Oil Wedge (Typical)
Figure 20 Vibration Monitor Probe
Figure 21 Turning Gear
Figure 22 Turning Gear Local Controls
Figure 23 Packing Gland Arrangement HP/IP Turbine
Figure 24 Packing Gland Arrangement LP Turbines
Figure 25 Steam Pressure Unloading Valve (SPUV)
Figure 26 MOV-B, Steam Pressure Unloading Valve, Bypass Valve
Figure 27 Steam Diverting Valve
Figure 28 Auxiliary Steam Seal Regulator
Figure 29 Gland Steam Condenser and Exhauster

List of Drawings:
Drawing 1 Unit 7 Basic Steam Flow
Drawing 2 Shell and Nozzle Assembly
Drawing 3 Turbine HP Section
Drawing 4 Turbine IP Section
Drawing 5 Turbine Steam Drains
Drawing 6 Steam Seal System

1.0
Introduction
Chapter Objectives:
Describe the functions of the Turbine System
1. State, from memory, the functions of the Turbine System
2. Draw a simplified Turbine System.
3. Describe the flow path and how the Turbine System performs its
function.
3. List the normal Turbine System operating parameters of pressure,
temperature and flow.
Your Turbine
1.1
Function
The function of the main turbine is to convert the thermal energy, contained in the steam,
into mechanical energy for turning the main turbine and generator.

1.2
Basic System Description
Refer to Drawings 1 and 2 to follow the flow of steam through the main turbine.
Unit 7 is provided with one (1) General Electric tandem-compound eighteen-stage,

opposed flow reheat turbine with two (2) double-flow low pressure sections and consists
of the following major components:
1. Main stop valves (2)
2. Control valves (4)
3. High pressure turbine
4. Combined reheat intercept valves (2)
5. Intermediate pressure turbine
6. Low pressure turbines (2)
7. Turbine front standard
8. Turbine middle standard
The main turbine consists of an opposed flow high-pressure intermediate section, and two
(2) double-flow low-pressure sections. The high-pressure section includes the high-pressure
turbine stages, and the intermediate pressure reheat turbine stages. The high-pressure stages
are referred to as the high pressure, or HP turbine. The intermediate pressure reheat turbine
stages are referred to as the intermediate pressure, or IP turbine. The double-flow, lowpressure sections are referred to as low pressure, or LP turbines.

1.2.1
Turbine System Parameters
Manufacturer
General Electric
Type
Tandem-compound opposed flow HP, reheat

turbine with two (2) double flow low-pressure
sections
Number of stages
18
Throttle pressure
2400 psig
Design back pressure
1-inch Hg
Speed
3600-rpm
Superheat/reheat steam temperature
1000/1000 degrees Fahrenheit
Steam flow
3,800,000 lb per hour
Design capacity
512,094 kW
1.3
System Flow Path
(Refer to Drawing 1)
High-pressure steam from the secondary superheater outlet is routed through the main steam
line to the main stop valves. The main steam line splits into two (2) individual lines
upstream of the stop valves, passing the steam to the two (2) main stop valves. The steam
passes through the stop valves to the external control valve chest, where four (4) control
valves are located. The steam passes through the control valves, and to the main turbine
through four (4) lines called steam leads. Two (2) of these steam leads enter the bottom of
the high-pressure turbine, and two (2) enter at the top. Each of the four (4) steam leads pass
steam to an individual 90 degree nozzle box assembly mounted in quarter segments around
the periphery of the first stage of the high pressure turbine.
High-pressure steam enters the turbine near the center of the HP section, flowing through
the individual nozzle boxes and the six-stage HP turbine toward the front-end standard. The
steam then leaves the HP turbine, and returns to the reheat section of the boiler. The
reheated steam returns to the turbine through single hot reheat line, which splits into two (2)
individual lines upstream of the combined reheat intercept valves. Steam flows through the
combined reheat intercept valves, and into the five-stage IP turbine.
The inlet end of the IP turbine is located near the center of the high-pressure section, next to
the HP turbine inlet. Steam flow in the IP turbine is in the direction of the generator; this is
opposite to the direction of flow in the HP turbine.
Steam is exhausted from the IP turbine into a single crossover pipe, which routes steam
from the IP turbine exhaust to the inlet of the two (2) double-flow LP turbines. Steam then
enters the center of each seven-stage LP turbine.
The LP turbines consist of two (2) identical sets of LP turbine stages. In each LP turbine;
one-half of the steam flows through one (1) set of LP turbine stages in the direction of the
turbine front standard, the other half of the steam flows through the other set of LP turbine
stages in the direction of the generator. The steam then exits the LP turbines and is
exhausted into the condenser.
The main turbine shaft is connected to and rotates the main generator. Controlling the steam
flow to the main turbine controls the generator speed and/or load. The generator and the
exciter are fully discussed in Training System Description, Generator and Generator
Excitation System.
10
Main
Steam
Hot Reheat
Steam
Control
Stop Valves
Valve
Left
Side
CRV
LP Crossover Pipe
Top Steam Lead

Bottom Steam Lead
1
2
HP
IP
4
2
Stop
Valve
LP-A
TE
LP-A
GE
LP-B
TE
Cold Reheat
Bottom Steam Lead

Top Steam Lead
Control
Valve
Chest
CONDENSER
Hot Reheat
Steam
Right
Side
CRV
HOTWELL
Drawing 1 - Basic Steam Flow
11
LP-B
GE
This Page Intentionally left Blank
12

2.0
System Major Components

Chapter Objectives:
Describe how the Turbine System Components perform their functions and
how they interface with other System components.
1.Draw from memory a diagram of the Turbine System showing major
components
2.State from memory, the names and functions of major Turbine System
components.
3.Describe the construction of and flow paths through the major components.
The main turbine consists of the following major components:

1. Main Stop Valves (2)
2. Control Valves (4)
3. High Pressure (HP) Turbine
4. Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs) (2)
5. Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine
6. Low Pressure (LP) Turbines (2)
7. Turbine Front Standard
8. Turbine Middle Standard.
Components are described below as necessary to illustrate how they contribute to the
performance of the main turbine function.
2.1
Main Stop Valves
The primary function of the main stop valves is to quickly shut off main steam flow to
the turbine under emergency conditions. The stop valves (Figure 1) also provide a
second line of defense against turbine overspeed in the event the control valves fail. The
main stop valve bypass valves are also used for full arc operation during startup and
shutdown of the turbine. Full arc to partial arc transfer is discussed in the accompanying
Unit Operating Procedure, , and in Training System Description, Electro Hydraulic
Control (EHC) System.
13
High-pressure steam is admitted to the main turbine through two (2) parallel main stop
valves. The main stop valves are located in the main steam piping between the boiler and
the turbine control valve chest. The outlet of each stop valve is welded directly to the valve
chest.
Steam
Strainer
Steam
Inlet
Valve
Disc
Pressure
Seal Head
Valve
Seat
Valve
Stem
Steam
Outlet
Closing
Spring
Actuator
Figure 1 Main Stop Valve
The main stop valves are totally unbalanced and cannot open unless the pressure drop across
the disk is reduced to approximately 15 percent of initial pressure. The stop valves can open
when the pressure drop has been reduced by operation of the internal bypass valve (Figure
2) located in each stop valve.
14
MAIN STOP
VALVE,
BYPASS
VALVE DISC
MAIN STOP
VALVE DISC
BYPASS
VALVE
PORTS
(8 EA)
MAIN STOP
VALVE DISC
SEATING
SURFACE
MAIN STOP
VALVE STEM
Figure 2 Stop Valve Bypass
The bypass valve disk is fastened to the end of the stem by special coarse threads strong
enough to withstand full closing force, yet designed to permit freedom of disk movement
relative to the stem so that the valve will seat.
The bypass valve is held in the valve disk by a bolted cap. Holes are located in the cap for
steam entrance, and holes in the valve disk pass the steam when the bypass valve is utilized.
When the stop valve is opened the bypass valve opens first as the valve stem moves in the
open direction. When the bypass valve is fully open it contacts a bushing on the stop valve
and pulls it open. When the stop valve is fully open, a bushing seats on the inner end of the
valve stem bushing and prevents steam leakage along the valve stem.
Each stop valve has two (2) steam leakoff points where the stop valve stem passes through
the stop valve casing. The first leakoff point located closest to the stop valve is referred to
as the high-pressure leakoff and is routed to the steam seal header. During startup or low
loads steam is supplied to this leakoff to assure a seal. After the turbine is loaded, steam is
15

fed through this line from the stop valve stem into the steam seal header. The second
leakoff point is referred to as the low-pressure leakoff (Figure 3) and is routed to the gland
steam condenser. The gland steam condenser and steam seal system are fully discussed in
section 2.12.6.
Figure 3 Main Stop Valve Lower Steam Leakoff
Full arc to partial arc transfer is fully explained in Training System Description Electro
Hydraulic Control (EHC) System.
16

2.1.1
Main Steam Stop Valve Data
Manufacturer
General Electric
Quantity
Two (2)
Actuate (Open)
Hydraulic Cylinder (Servomotor)
Actuate (Close)
Closing Spring
Operating Pressure (Steam)
2400-psi
Operating Temperature
1000 degrees Fahrenheit
2.1.2
Main Stop Valve Control
The main steam stop valves are operated and controlled by the turbines Electro Hydraulic
Control System in concert with the Units DCS Control System.
2.2
Control Valves
Refer to Drawing 2 when reading this section.

The control valves (Figure 4) regulate the steam flow to the turbine to control the main
turbine speed and/or load. The four (4) control valves are mounted in line on a common
external valve chest. Steam is supplied to the external valve chest through the main stop
valves. The valve chest is separated from the turbine, and individual steam leads from the
valve chest are provided from each control valve to the inlet of the HP turbine. Each control
valve is operated by a hydraulic power actuator which positions the control valves in
response to signals from the Electro Hydraulic Control System.
During startup, the control valves are wide open (full arc), and the stop valves internal
bypass valves control the steam flow to the turbine. Under these conditions, steam is
admitted through all four (4) steam leads around the entire periphery of the HP turbine inlet.
The purpose of this full arc admission is to reduce thermal stresses caused by unequal steam
flow through the nozzle sections. During full arc admission, throttling of the steam occurs at
the stop valve bypass valves only, and there is uniform steam flow into the HP turbine. This
also results in lower steam velocities at the turbine inlet. Because of the lower steam
velocities the temperatures cannot change as rapidly. Full arc admission is used until the
high transfer point is reached, at which time transfer to partial arc will occur.
17
Figure 4 Separate Mounted Control Valve (Typical)
NOTE: The high transfer point is determined by a set of micro-switches activated by the
stop and control valve stem positions. Therefore, the load point at which transfer occurs
varies according to the steam temperature and pressure.
18

Steam From
No. 3
Control Valve
Steam From
No. 1
Control Valve
Snout Pipes
Snout
Pipe
Seal
Rings
HP
Inner
Shell
180 Degree Nozzle Box
HP
Inner
Shell
HP
Inner
Shell
Upper
Rotor
Lower
HP
Inner
Shell
HP
Inner
Shell
180 Degree Nozzle Box
HP
Inner
Shell
Snout
Pipe
Seal
Rings
Snout Pipes
Steam From
No. 2
Control Valve
Steam From
No. 4
Control Valve
Drawing
- Shelland
andNozzle
Nozzle Assembly
Drawing
2 2Shell
Assembly
19

During normal operation, the main stop valves are wide open and the control valves control
steam flow to the turbine. The control valves (Figure 5) operate sequentially to control
steam flow to the turbine and the Unit load. All four (4) control valves are never open the
same amount for any given load up to full load with wide-open control valves. This is
referred to as partial arc admission. Transfer to partial arc admission is normally
automatically performed by the low transfer and high transfer micro- switches but may also
be initiated by the operator when the OK TO TRANSFER light comes on. The control
valves are throttled until they have control of steam flow and the stop valves then
automatically run full open. A detailed explanation of full arc to partial arc transfer is
discussed in Training System Description EHC Control System.
Figure 5 Control Valves
Number l and 2 control valves are balanced type, with internal pilot valves. Number 3 and 4
control valves are unbalanced single disk type.
The balanced type valves are equipped with an internal pilot valve connected to the valve
stem. When opening, the pilot valve is opened first to equalize the pressure across the main
valve disk. Further opening of the stem opens the main disk.
20

The disk of the unbalanced type valve is directly connected to the stem.
Each control valve is provided with two (2) steam leakoff points where the control valve
stem passes through the external steam chest wall. The first leakoff point located closest to
the external steam chest is referred to as the high-pressure leakoff and is routed to the hot
reheat steam line. The second leakoff point is referred to as the low-pressure leakoff and is
routed to the steam seal header.
2.2.1
Control Valve Data
Manufacturer
General Electric
Quantity
Four (4)
Actuate (Open)
Actuate (Close)
Closing Spring
2400-psi
2.2.2
Control Valve Controls
The control valves are operated and controlled by the turbines Electro Hydraulic Control
(EHC) System in concert with the Units DCS Control System.
2.3
High Pressure (HP) Turbine Section
Refer to Drawing 3 when reading this section.

The high-pressure turbine is a six-stage, single-flow turbine. Steam enters the HP turbine
through separately mounted stop valves and control valves. A steam lead from each of the
control valves routes the steam to the center of the high-pressure casing. Two (2) steam
leads are connected to the upper half of the casing and two (2) to the lower half. Steam is
admitted to both casing halves allowing for uniform heating of the casing and thus
minimizing distortion.
21

Flow
Diaphrag
(Stationary
6th
5th 4th 3rd

2nd
Nozzle
(1st
HP Section
6th
5th
4th 3rd 2nd
IP
1st
Buckets/Blad
(Rotating
Drawing 3 - Turbine HP Section
Each control valve regulates the steam flow to one (1) of four (4) nozzle box-opening
sections (nozzles/partitions). The nozzle boxes are located within the HP casing; thus
containing the steam before it passes through the first stage nozzle openings.
The steel alloy high pressure outer shell is supported on the front standard at the turbine end,
and the middle standard at the generator end.
The high-pressure inner shell is supported in the outer shell on four (4) shims and is located
axially by a rabbit fit. The inner shell is keyed on the upper and lower vertical centerlines to
locate it transversely. This arrangement maintains accurate alignment of the inner shell
under all operating conditions. The nozzle box steam inlets are equipped with slip ring
expansion joints that permit the nozzle boxes to move with respect to the shells and still
maintain a steam-tight fit.
Rotating blades (buckets) are placed in grooves machined into the rotor. Each blade is
pinned to ensure its position is fixed.
22
The fixed blades are mounted in interstage diaphragms located between each stage of
moving blades. The interstage diaphragms serve as nozzles to increase the velocity of the
steam and to direct the steam flow onto the next stage of moving blades. Each interstage
diaphragm is constructed of two (2) halves that are mounted in grooves in the upper and
lower casings. When assembled in the turbine, the diaphragms are sandwiched in between
the rotating wheels.
Steam leaving the nozzle boxes is directed through the six (6) stages of HP turbine blading,
with the steam flowing toward the turbine front standard. The expanded steam exhausts
through two (2) nozzles at the bottom of the casing and is routed to the reheat section of the
boiler through the cold reheat line.
A small portion of the high-pressure turbine exhaust is extracted from the cold reheat line
for 7-7A and 7-7B feedwater heaters.
2.3.1
High Pressure (HP) Turbine Section Data
Manufacturer
General Electric
Type
Impulse
Speed
3600 rpm
Number of Stages
Six (6)
Inlet Pressure
2400-psi
Inlet Temperature
2.3.2
High Pressure (HP) Turbine Section Controls
The HP turbine is operated and controlled by the turbines Electro Hydraulic Control
2.4
Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs)
Two (2) combined reheat stop and intercept valves are provided, one (1) in each hot reheat
line supplying reheat steam to the intermediate pressure turbine (Figure 6, Figure 7 and
23

Figure 8). As the name implies, the combined reheat intercept valve is actually two (2)
valves, the intercept valve (IV) and the reheat stop valve (RSV), incorporated in one (1)
valve casing. Although they utilize a common casing, these valves have separate operating
mechanisms and controls. The function of the intercept valves and reheat stop valves is to
protect the turbine against overspeed from stored steam in the reheater.
The intercept valve disk is located above the reheat stop valve disk, with its stem extending
through the upper head. The reheat stop valve stem extends downward through the belowseat portion of the casing. Both valves share a common seat; however, the intercept valve is
designed to travel through its full stroke regardless of the reheat stop valve position, while
the intercept valve must be in the closed position for the reheat stop valve to open.
During normal operation of the turbine-generator unit, the intercept valves are fully open.
The purpose of the intercept valve is to shut off steam flow from the reheater, which,
because of its large storage capacity, could possibly drive the Unit to overspeed upon loss of
generator load. The intercept valve is capable of reopening against maximum reheat
pressure and of controlling turbine speed during reheater blowdown following a load
rejection.
24
Steam
Strainer
Balance
Chamber
Closing
Springs
In
Intercept
Disc
Intercept
Actuator
Out
Reheat Stop
Disc
Closing
Springs
Reheat Stop
Actuator
Figure 6 Combined Reheat Valve (CRV)
25
Figure 7 Left Side (No.1) CRV
The reheat stop valves' primary function is to provide a second line of defense (backup
protection) against the energy storage of the reheater in the event of failure of the intercept
valves or the normal control devices. However, note that the reheat stop valves also close
upon a routine shutdown, or by operation of certain boiler and electrical trips whenever the
main stop valves are closed. The reheat stop valve power actuators are sized so that the
reheat stop valves are capable of reopening against a steam pressure differential of
approximately 15 percent of maximum reheat pressure.
26
Figure 8 Right Side (No.2) CRV
2.4.1
Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs) Data
Manufacturer
General Electric
Quantity
Two (2)
Actuate (Open)
Actuate (Close)
Closing Spring
650-psi
2.4.2
Combined Reheat Valves (CRVs) Controls
The operation of the combined reheat valves is controlled by the turbines Electro
Hydraulic Control (EHC) System in concert with the Units DCS Control System.
2.5
Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine
The IP turbine (Drawing 4) is a five-stage, single-flow unit. The IP turbine is located on the
generator end of the HP turbine. Steam is routed to the IP turbine through two (2) parallel
27

combined reheat intercept valves. During normal operation, the reheat stop and intercept
valves are fully open. Steam flow to the IP turbine is equal to the steam flow to the HP
turbine less the extraction flow to 7-7A and 7-7B feedwater heaters.
Hot
Reheat
Steam
Diaphragms
(Stationary Stages)
11th
9th 10th
8th
7th
Nozzle
Block
IP Section
HP
7th 8th
9th
10th 11th
Buckets/Blades
(Rotating Stages)
Drawing 4 - Turbine IP Section

The outlets of the combined reheat intercept valves are welded directly to the bottom half of
the HP turbine casing, near the center.
Steam enters the IP turbine and passes through a nozzle block, which directs the steam onto
the first stage of IP turbine blades. Throughout the turbine, the turbine stages are numbered
sequentially beginning with the first stage of the HP turbine. Therefore, the first stage of the
IP turbine is the seventh turbine stage.
28

The IP turbine moving blades are attached to the common HP and IP turbine rotor. The
blades are placed in grooves machined into the rotor and held in position by pinning.
Interstage diaphragms are located between each stage of moving blades.
The steam expands as it passes through each of the IP turbine stages and exhausts through a
single crossover pipe in the upper casing. The crossover pipe directs the steam to the LP
turbines. The steam flow through the IP turbine is toward the generator end, which is
opposite to the flow in the HP turbine. By arranging the flows in the HP and IP turbines in
opposite directions, the axial thrust caused by the pressure drop through the turbine stages is
reduced.
A portion of the steam flowing through the IP turbine is extracted at the 9th and 11th stages
of the turbine and supplied to feedwater heaters 7-6A, 7-6B and deaerating heater No. 5
respectively. The 11th stage extraction steam is also the normal low-pressure steam supply
to the boiler feed pump turbines and a source of fire protection to the mills.
2.5.1
Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine Data
Manufacturer
General Electric
Type
Impulse
Speed
3600 rpm
Number of Stages
Five (5)
Inlet Pressure
650-psi (Approximate)
Inlet Temperature
2.5.2
Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine Controls
The operation of the IP turbine is controlled by the turbines Electro Hydraulic Control
29

2.6
Low Pressure (LP) Turbines
The function of the LP turbines (Figure 9) is to convert part of the remaining energy
contained in the steam exhausted from the IP turbine to mechanical energy for rotating the
main generator.
Crossover Pipe
LP B
LP A
Figure 9 LP Turbines
There are two (2) LP turbines arranged in tandem with the HP and IP turbine. Refer to
Figure 10, as the LP turbines are described in the following paragraphs.
30
Steam Flow
Atmospheric Relief
Diaphragm
Atmospheric Relief
Diaphragm
Low Pressure
Exhaust
Inner Case
Bearing
No.3
Bearing
No.4
Steam
Figure 10 Low Pressure Turbine A

The LP turbines are seven-stage, pressure compounded, double-flow units. IP turbine
exhaust steam flows through the crossover pipe to the LP turbines. This steam enters each
LP turbine at the center of the casing. As on the HP and IP turbine, this arrangement
provides for even heating of the turbine casing and prevents distortion. Inside the turbine,
the steam flow is split, flowing across seven (7) stages of blading to each end. The exhaust
steam leaving the LP turbines is then drawn through the exhaust hood to the main
condenser.
Extraction steam is taken from the following stages:

1. 13th stage, which supplies heating steam to feedwater heater 7-4
4. 17th stage, which supplies heating steam to feedwater heater 7-1A and 7-1B.
31

The LP turbine casing consists of two (2) halves, upper and lower. The casing halves are
machined and bolted together to ensure a steam-tight fit. The upper half is provided with
two (2) rupture discs, which relieve to the turbine room atmosphere if the turbine exhaust
pressure exceeds five (5) psi. The lower casing half consists of an inner and outer casing.
The inner casing is the exhaust hood. Exhaust steam enters the main condenser through this
hood. Exhaust hood spray is required to limit exhaust hood temperatures during startup and
low loads, since the steam flow through the turbine is not adequate to remove heat generated
by the rotating turbine blades. The Condensate System supplies water to the exhaust hood
sprays.
The LP turbine rotor is a single solid forging. The rotating blades are placed in grooves
machined in the rotor. Each blade is pinned to ensure its position is fixed. The fixed blades
are placed in grooves machined into the turbine casing. They are also pinned to ensure their
positions are fixed.
2.6.1
Low Pressure (LP) Turbines Data
Manufacturer
General Electric
Type
Impulse
Speed
3600 rpm
Number of Stages
Seven (7) TE and Seven (7) GE (Both the A and B
Rotors)
Exhaust Pressure
2.6.2
1.0-inch Hg
Low Pressure (LP) Turbine Controls
The operation of the LP turbines is controlled by the turbines Electro Hydraulic Control
32

2.7
Turbine Front Standard
The turbine front standard, shown in Figure 11, houses the following components:
1. Main Turbine Bearing No.1 (Discussed in Section 2.9 of this System Description)
2. Turbine protective devices (emergency trip valves)
3. Turbine low speed switch
4. Turbine shaft driven oil pump
5. Permanent magnet generator
6. Turbine supervisory instrumentation.
Figure 11 Front Standard

2.7.1
Turbine Protective Devices
Turbine protective devices include:

1. Manual mechanical trip valve
2. Master trip solenoid valve
3. Oil trip and reset solenoid valve
4. Extraction air relay dump valve
5. Auxiliary speed sensor unit.
33

These devices are fully discussed in Training System Description CF7-PG02-SD, EHC
Control System.
2.7.2 Low Speed Switch

The low speed switch is a hydraulic device which trips at least one (1) of two (2) electrical
switches as the hydraulic pressure decreases below a preset value. These switches sound an
alarm and automatically engage the turning gear. The low speed switch consists of a
toothed wheel, an oil supply, and receiving nozzles. The teeth of the wheel intermittently
interrupt the flow of oil from the supply to the receiver jets. If the shaft speed decreases to
less than two (2) rpm, the toothed wheel will not interrupt oil flow and the pressure switches
are activated. The 25 psi turbine lubrication oil header supplies oil for use in the low speed
switch.
2.7.3
Shaft Driven Main Oil Pump
The turbine shaft driven oil pump is a double-suction, centrifugal type, and is described in
Training System Description Lube Oil System. It is mounted directly to the turbine shaft,
and therefore operates at turbine speed.
2.7.4
Permanent Magnet Generator
The function of the permanent magnet generator is to supply redundant control power to the
Electro Hydraulic Control System. It is driven directly from the turbine shaft. The output of
the permanent magnet generator is 420 hertz, 118 volts AC.
2.7.5
Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation
Turbine supervisory instrumentation, located in the front-end standard, includes the

following:
1. Eccentricity detector
2. Differential expansion detector
3. Shell expansion detector
4. Speed sensors.
34

2.7.5.1 Eccentricity Detector
The eccentricity detector, located on the stub shaft in the front end standard, detects the
amount of wobble (bow) of the shaft while on turning gear and transmits this information to
a recorder in the control room.
2.7.5.2 Differential Expansion Detector

The differential expansion detector consists of a collar machined onto the turbine stub shaft,
sitting between two (2) magnetic sensors attached to the front standard. The combination of
these gives information of the difference in expansion between the turbine shaft and turbine
casing.
2.7.5.3 Shell Expansion Detector

The shell expansion detector is attached to the front standard base plate with a shaft
extended against the front end standard. Because the front standard is attached to the turbine
casing, any movement of the casing causes the front standard to move. This movement is
indicated on a recorder in the control room via the shell expansion detector.
2.7.5.4 Speed Sensors

Three (3) speed sensors provide the speed signals for the EHC speed control and auxiliary
speed sensor units. The speed sensors are positioned around an 80-toothed wheel, which is
attached to the stub shaft. The number of teeth is selected to give a 4800 Hz signal at rated
speed. The speed sensor has no moving parts and does not make contact with the toothed
wheel. The sensor consists of a magnet and a coil of wire. Each time a tooth passes a
sensor, a pulse is generated. The faster the speed of the toothed wheel, the faster the pulses.
A circuit board in the TSI cabinet changes the varying frequency (pulses) to a varying
voltage; thus, with more rpm more voltage is transmitted to the meter in the control room
indicating higher turbine speed.
35

2.8
Middle Standard
The turbine middle standard, illustrated in Figure 12, houses the following components:
1. Main turbine journal bearings 2 and 3 (Discussed in Section 2.9 of this System
Description)
2. High pressure and "A" low pressure shaft coupling
3. Thrust bearing (Discussed in Section 2.9 of this System Description)
4. Thrust bearing wear detector.
Figure 12 Middle Standard
2.8.1
HP/IP to LP-A Coupling
The high pressure and "A" low-pressure rotors are connected with solid-bolted couplings
shown in Figure 13.
36
Coupling
Bolt Holes
Female
Register
Fit
Male
Register
Fit
Coupling
Bolt Holes
Figure 13 - Solid (Rigid) Coupling
2.8.2
Thrust Bearing Wear Detector
The thrust bearing wear detector (Figure 14) is a hydraulic device, which continuously
detects axial position of the turbine shaft compared to the thrust bearing casing. The device
is mounted close to the thrust bearing in the middle standard.
Oil pressure is bled from an opening at the tip of the thrust bearing wear detector probe
against a beveled section on the thrust bearing collar. As the shaft moves axially, the
distance between the probe and the collar changes, allowing either more or less oil pressure
to be bled off. This change in oil pressure is then transposed into a wear reading, and
37

activates two (2) pressure switches. Activation of a single pressure switch sounds an alarm;
activation of both switches trips the Unit. The thrust bearing wear detector trip points are
tested weekly as described in Training System Description EHC Control System.
Figure 14 Thrust Wear Detector
2.9
Turbine Bearings
The main turbine is equipped with 10 radial bearings and one (1) double thrust bearing.
2.9.1
Journal Bearings
The No.1 and No.2 bearings are of the tilt pad design, which is illustrated in Figures 15
and 16.
38
Figure 15 Tilting Pad Bearing
Figure 16 Typical Forces Applied to Individual Pads

The journal bearings are numbered one (1) through 10 beginning with No. 1 located in the
front standard, and proceeding through No. 6 located at the generator end of No. 2 LP
turbine. Journal bearings No. 7 and 8 are generator bearings, and 9 and 10 are exciter
bearings.
39

Journal bearings No. 1 and 2 are tilting pad, self-aligning bearings consisting of six (6)
Babbitt-lined steel pads as shown in Figure 15. The pads are supported on a straight seal in
the bearings shells, three (3) in each half, so as to be free to pivot in the direction of shaft
movement and adapt them to the greatest oil film wedge during operation.
Oil is fed into the bearing at the center joint on the upcoming side of the journal. The oil
groove at the opposite joint contains a drilled hole, which restricts the flow sufficiently to
build up a slight pressure on the discharge side of the bearing. Oil passing through this
discharge hole is carried to the oil sight box; most of the oil, however, discharges through
the ends of the bearings.
Journal bearings No. 3 through No. 10 are elliptical bore-type bearings, which are illustrated
in Figure 17.
The ellipse of the bearing bore is obtained by machining the bore to the larger horizontal
diameter, with shims inserted in the joints of the bearings; the shims are then removed for
final assembly. The bore has an overshot oil groove extending over the top half of the
lining.
40
Rotation
Figure 17 Elliptical Journal Bearing (Typical)
To facilitate the entrance and discharge of the oil, the bearing has the Babbitt cut away at the
horizontal joint. This forms oil grooves with well rounded edges, which extends to within a
short distance of the ends of the bearing. Oil is fed into the bearing at the center joint on the
upcoming side of the journal. The oil groove at the opposite joint contains a drilled hole,
which restricts the flow sufficiently to build up a slight pressure on the discharge side of the
bearing. Oil passing through this discharge hole is carried to the oil sight box; most of the
oil, however, discharges through the ends of the bearing. The TURBINE BRG TEMP
HIGH alarm is energized whenever the exiting oil temperature exceeds 155 degrees
Fahrenheit.
2.9.2
Thrust Bearing
The thrust bearing, illustrated in Figure 18, is located on the main shaft of the turbine.
Independently mounted inside the middle standard, the thrust bearing absorbs the axial
thrust of the turbine and generator rotors, which are connected by a solid coupling.
41
Copper Backed
Tapered Land
Thrust Plates
Thrust Runner
Thrust Runner
Thrust Case
Turbine Shaft
Thrust Case
Spacer Plates
Figure 18 - Thrust Bearing
This tapered-land thrust bearing consists of two (2) stationary thrust plates, and two (2)
rotating thrust collars on the turbine shaft, which provide the front and back faces to the
bearing. These plates are supported in a casing so that they may be positioned against the
rotating faces of the collars. The thrust collar faces are machined and lapped, producing
smooth, parallel surfaces.
The surfaces of the two (2) thrust plates are Babbitted, and have tapered lands of fixed
converging surfaces, permitting a wedge of oil (see Figure 19) to exist between the rotating
thrust collars and the thrust plates. The thrust plates are constructed as split copper rings,
42

with the Babbitted surfaces divided into lands by radial, oil feed grooves. The surface of
each land is tapered, so that it slopes toward the rotating collar, both in the direction of
rotation and from the inner to the outer radius at the leading edge of the land. The radial
grooves are dammed at the outer ends, maintaining an oil pressure in the groove.
Copper Backed
Thrust Plate
Babbitted Tapered Lands
Oil Wedge
Oil Wedges Formed by
Tapered Lands
Thrust Runner
Direction of Rotation
Figure 19 Tapered Land Oil Wedge (Typical)
Bearing oil, at 25-psi, is fed into the thrust bearing by separate feed pipes to each thrust
plate. The proper amount of oil is metered to the bearing by an orifice in each pipe. The
individual oil supplies enter the lower half of the casing radially, and are carried into the
radial oil grooves of each thrust plate.
Most of the oil from the thrust bearing discharges through the casing and into the bottom of
the standard, where it is returned to the oil tank through the drain pipe. A portion of the
discharge oil is piped through a sight box on the standard. This permits a visual inspection
of the oil flow and temperature measurement of the oil.
The temperature of the inlet oil should be 110 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The normal
temperature rise of the oil should not exceed 45 degrees Fahrenheit. The bearing should
43

operate at a fairly constant temperature rise under full-load conditions. Any sudden increase
in the average temperature rise [five (5) degrees Fahrenheit or greater] should be considered
abnormal, even though the total rise may be within 45 degrees Fahrenheit. The TURB
THRUST BRG TEMP HIGH alarm is energized whenever the exiting oil temperature
exceeds 175 degrees Fahrenheit.
The four (4) Generator and Exciter bearings are of the elliptical design and are also
insulated. Refer to Generator and Exciter System Description CF7-PG06-SD for more
complete details on these bearings.
2.9.3
Turbine Bearing Data
Manufacturer
Quantity
General Electric
(Turbine)
Quantity (Generator/Exciter)
Six (6) Journal and One (1) Double Thrust

Two (2) Each, Total of Four (4) (See CF7-PG06-SD)
Turbine Journal Bearing Type

No.1 and No.2 Bearings
Six (6) Section, Flooded, Tilting Pad, Babbitted
Bearings
No.3 through No.6
Horizontal Split, Elliptical, Babbitted Bearings
Thrust Bearing Type
Copper Backed, Babbitted, Tapered Land
Thrust Bearing Quantity
Two (2), One (1) Active and One (1) Inactive
2.9.4
Turbine Bearing Controls
Oil to the bearings is controlled by oil orifices and the regulated oil pressure to the bearings.
2.9.4.1
Temperature Controls - Monitoring
The bearing temperatures are monitored and recorded by a Yokogawa multi-point print
wheel, which stamps the number of points being monitored. The temperature recorder
monitors both bearing metal temperature and bearing oil temperature with the scale between
0-400 degrees Fahrenheit.
44

The following is a list of points monitored and recorded:
1.
Turbine bearing No. 1 oil drain temperature
2.
Turbine bearing No. 1 metal temperature
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A thrust bearing temperature recorder indicates and records the metal and oil temperatures
of the thrust bearing, as well as the turbine oil cooler and condenser circulating water
temperatures in and out of the condenser.
45

The following is a list of the points monitored and recorded by the thrust bearing
temperature recorder:
1.
Turbine thrust bearing front plate metal upper temperature
2.
Turbine thrust bearing rear plate metal upper temperature
3.
Turbine thrust bearing front plate metal lower temperature
4.
Turbine thrust bearing rear plate metal lower temperature
5.
Turbine thrust bearing front plate oil drain temperature
6.
Turbine thrust bearing rear plate oil drain temperature
7.
Turbine oil cooler inlet temperature
8.
Turbine oil cooler outlet temperature
9.
Condenser 7-1 circulating water inlet temperature
10.
Condenser 7-2 circulating water inlet temperature
11.
Condenser 7-1 circulating water outlet temperature
12.
Condenser 7-2 circulating water outlet temperature
40
7-1 Cooling water inlet average
41
7-2 Cooling water inlet average
42
7-1 Cooling water outlet average
43
7-1 Cooling water outlet average
2.9.4.2
Vibration Controls Monitoring
A bearing vibration recorder monitors and records the six (6) turbine, two (2) generator, and
two (2) exciter bearings. The recorder consists of a continuous strip chart with three (3) dual
ranges of 0-15 mils, and a multi-point print wheel which stamps the number of the bearing
being monitored. The recorder is driven by a two-speed motor. In the SLOW speed, the
paper moves 1-inch per hour and stamps every six (6) seconds. In FAST speed, the chart
moves 15-inches per hour and prints every 1.2 seconds. The recorder prints the correct time
on the chart, regardless of speed. The speed switch is located below the recorder door. Fast
speed is normally selected when the turbine is rolled and then transferred to slow speed
when the unit is on load.
46

A vibration monitor, mounted on the top of each bearing (Figure 20), extends through the
bearing cap with an arm and a detector shoe that rides on the shaft. The detector measures
bearing vibration and transmits an equivalent electrical signal to the turbine supervisory
instrument cabinet which then sends the signal to the recorder.
Vibration
Monitor
Probe
Figure 20 Vibration Monitor Probe
The following is a list of points monitored and recorded:

Turbine Vibration
1
Vibration bearing No. 1
47

9
10
A vibration phase - angle measurement meter monitors the phase angle (position of the
unbalance) of any particular bearing. This information is useful for plotting trends in
balance and to assist in the balancing procedure.
The monitor is equipped with a meter with a range of 0-360 degrees, a filter, and a selector
switch unit. The selector switch selects any of the 10 bearings for monitoring on the meter.
The filter switch is in the IN position when the turbine is at 3600 rpm, and in the OUT
position at any other speed.
2.10
Turning Gear
The motor-driven turning gear (Figure 21) is mounted separately and independently of the
turbine-bearing cap, adjacent to the turbine- generator coupling, to permit meshing with a
bull gear. The primary function of the turning gear is to rotate the turbine-generator shaft
slowly and continuously during shutdown periods when rotor temperature changes are
occurring. The turning gear is driven by a vertical electric motor and power is transmitted
through a reducing gear train to the turbine-generator shaft.
When a turbine is shut down, cooling of its inner elements continues for many hours. If the
rotor is allowed to remain stationary during this cooling period, distortion begins almost
immediately. This distortion is caused by the flow of hot vapors to the upper part of the
turbine casing, resulting in the upper half of the turbine being at a higher temperature than
the lower half. The parts do not return to their normal position until the turbine has cooled
to the point where both the upper and lower halves are at approximately the same
temperature.
48
Figure 21 Turning Gear
During shutdowns, the turning gear is used to keep the rotor revolving continuously until the
temperature change has stopped and the casings have become cool. This eliminates the
possibility of distortion.
The turning gear is also used to jack the rotor over small amounts at desired intervals for
inspection.
During the starting period, operation of the turning gear eliminates the necessity of
"breaking away" the turbine-generator rotor from standstill with steam, and thereby provides
for a more uniform and controlled starting. It is recommended, therefore, that the turning
gear be placed in operation whenever the turbine is shut down and that it is used until the
turbine is again ready for service or until the turbine casings have become thoroughly cooled
in cases of indefinite shutdown.
49

Lubrication for the turning gear and the turbine bearings is provided from the main turbine
lubricating system. Any of the auxiliary or emergency oil pumps will, therefore, provide the
lubricating requirements for turning gear operation. However, since it is possible that the
turbine may be on turning gear operation for extended periods of time, a turning gear oil
pump is provided which supplies only the turbine bearing and turning gear requirements.
Use of this pump avoids operating the emergency bearing oil pump, which is for the sole
purpose of providing a final backup of the lubricating system.
2.10.1 Turning Gear Data

Manufacturer
General Electric
Quantity
One (1)
Output Speed of Turbine
Three (3) rpm
2.10.2 Turning Gear Controls

The turning gear is controlled from a two-position control switch in the Unit Control Room,
and from a series of control switches and pushbuttons located at the local console beside the
turning gear motor (Figure 22).
Figure 22 Turning Gear Local Controls
50

The two-position control switch in the Unit Control Room is spring-loaded to return to the
center (neutral) position from the START or STOP positions.
START:
Starts the turning gear motor provided the following permissives are
satisfied:
1. Switch is not locked out
2. Control switch on local panel is in the NORMAL position
3. Lube oil pressure at the turning gear is greater than 15 psi
4. Generator breakers are open.
After the turning gear motor is started, the turning gear automatically engages if the low
speed switch at the front end standard is energized.
STOP:
Stops the turning gear. The STOP position is also provided with a PULLTO-LOCK feature. Placing the control switch in the STOP position and
pulling outward on the pistol grip handle lock out the turning gear.
However, the turning gear may be run from the JOG pushbutton and local
start control switch located on the local console.
Red and green indicating lights, located above the control switch in the Unit Control Room,
indicate whether the turning gear motor is running (red) or off (green).
Red and green indicating lights, located above the control switch in the Unit Control Room,
indicate whether the turning gear motor is engaged (red) or disengaged (green).
Two (2) three-position control switches, two (2) pushbuttons and four (4) indicating lights
are located on the turning gear local control console.
The two (2) three (3)-position control switches are:

1. Turning gear switch
2. Turning gear oil pump switch.
51

The turning gear switch has three (3) positions: START, NORMAL, and STOP, with
spring-return back to NORMAL from the START and STOP positions.
START:
Starts the turning gear motor provided the following permissives are
satisfied:
1. START position selected on the control switch
2. Lube oil pressure at the turning gear is greater than 15 psi
3. Generator breakers are open.
After the turning gear motor is started, the turning gear automatically
engages if the low speed switch at the front end standard is energized.
NORMAL
(AUTO):
Allows the turning gear to be started automatically by the low speed switch,
and started or stopped by the control switch located in the control room.
Locking the control room control switch out does not affect starting or
stopping from the local panel.
The turning gear automatically starts if all the following conditions occur:
1. The local control switch is in the NORMAL position

2. The low speed switch at the front end standard is energized due to
turbine shaft speed
3. The lube oil pressure at the turning gear is greater than 15-psi
4. The generator breakers are open.
STOP:
Placing the control switch in the Stop position stops the turning gear motor.
The turning gear oil pump control switch is discussed in Training System
Description CF7-PG03-SD, Main Turbine Generator Lube Oil and
Conditioning.
52

The two (2) pushbuttons on the local panel are:
1. ENGAGE pushbutton
2. JOG pushbutton.
ENGAGE:
Depressing the turning gear ENGAGE pushbutton energizes an air solenoid

causing an air piston to engage the turning gear if the:
1. Turning gear motor is running
2. Low speed switch at front standard is energized.
JOG:
Allows the turning gear motor to be energized from the local console if the
following permissives are satisfied:
1. Local control switch is in the NORMAL or START position
2. Turning gear lube oil pressure is above 15 psi.
The turning gear trips if an overcurrent condition occurs. An alarm sounds if any of the
following conditions exists:
1. Low bearing oil pressure
2. Turning gear not engaged or not operable.
Local panel indicating lights are:

1. Turning gear run: A red light indicating when the turning gear motor is running
2. Turning gear disengaged: A green light indicating the turning gear is disengaged
3. Turning gear engaged: Red light indicating the turning gear is engaged
4. Turning gear ready for auto start: A red light indicating 15 psi oil pressure
available.
2.11
Turbine Auxiliary Equipment
The main turbine is provided with the following auxiliary equipment:

1. Auxiliary valves
2. Turbine drains
53

2.11.1 Auxiliary Valves
The main turbine auxiliary valves are:
1. Ventilator valve (VV)
2. Equalizer valve
3. Packing blowdown valve (BDV)
4. Heating steam blocking valve (HSBV)
5. Turbine Drains
2.11.1.1 Ventilator Valve (VV)

In the event of a turbine trip while carrying load, the high-pressure turbine blading may
seriously overheat, due to heat build up caused by windage, if allowed to spin in highpressure bottled-up steam.
The purpose of the ventilator valve is to open during a turbine trip. This allows steam to be
drawn from the reheat section of the boiler backwards through the rotating turbine blades,
through the ventilator valve, and then exhaust to the condenser. This valve is not used to
quickly blowdown the reheater, but rather only to provide a relatively small cooling flow
through the HP turbine with the turbine tripped and the shaft still rotating.
The ventilator valve connects the HP turbine downstream of the No. 1 control valve to the
main condenser. The ventilator valve, which is normally closed, automatically opens when
a turbine trip is initiated to allow the high-pressure steam in the reheater to flow backward
through the HP turbine to the main condenser.
The ventilator valve is pneumatically operated by control signals supplied from the Electro
Hydraulic Control System. The ventilator valve automatically opens when the control
valves are closed in partial arc admission or the stop valves are closed in full arc admission,
and the reheat pressure is above 10 percent. There is also a limit switch attached to the
ventilator valve, which trips the Unit when the ventilator valve is opened.
54

The valve is a balanced type valve with an internal pilot valve. The upward stroke of the
stem lifts the pilot valve off its seat. This action allows steam to flow through drilled
passages in the main disk to the downstream side of the valve. As the pressure drop across
the valve equalizes, the stem force lifts the main disc off its seat. An alarm VENT VALVE
OPEN, is energized in the control room, when the valve opens. A temperature switch actuates an additional alarm VV OUTLET TEMP HIGH.
2.11.1.2 Equalizer Valve

The equalizer valve allows reopening of the reheat stop valves following a trip anticipator
action. It is located on the No. 2 combined reheat intercept valve. The equalizer valve
reduces the pressure differential across the reheat stop valve by connecting the intercept
valve reheat chamber through piping to the condenser.
The equalizer valve is an air-opened, spring-closed, valve specially designed to seal against
condenser vacuum. It opens anytime both combined reheat intercept valves are closed.
2.11.1.3 Packing Blowdown Valve (BDV)

The packing blowdown valve connects the interstage packing chamber (mid span) between
the HP and IP turbine to the main condenser. The packing blowdown valve helps prevent
the turbine from over speeding following a turbine trip.
When the turbine is tripped the main stop valves, control valves, intercept valves, and reheat
stop valves close. This results in a large volume of steam at high energy levels being bottled
up in the reheat section of the boiler and the HP turbine. This steam is at reheat pressure
while the IP turbine and LP turbine sections downstream of the reheat stop valves are under
a vacuum. Because of this, steam flows through the shaft packings between the HP and IP
turbines. If these packings are worn, sufficient steam leakage flow is possible to drive the
turbine to overspeed if allowed to expand through the low-pressure end of the turbine.
55

The packing blowdown valve prevents the steam packing leakage from entering the IP
turbine following a turbine trip. The packing blowdown valve automatically opens
whenever the intercept valves are less than 20 percent open.
2.11.1.4 Heating Steam Blocking Valve (HSBV)

The heating steam blocking valve connects the HP turbine exhaust end seal leakoff to the IP
turbine exhaust. The heating steam blocking valve is normally open. Steam from the HP
turbine exhaust end seal leakoff enters the IP turbine exhaust downstream of the extraction
check (dump) valve.
The same trip signal that opens the packing blowdown valve closes the heating steam
blocking valve. This prevents the steam leakoff from expanding through the IP turbine,
causing a turbine overspeed should the extraction check (dump) valve fail to close. During
rotor prewarming, the heating steam blocking valve is given a hard close signal by the
prewarming circuit. This assures no steam flow between the high-pressure packing and IP
turbine during rotor prewarming; thus, lessening the chance of rolling the turbine off turbine
gear with steam.
2.11.2 Turbine Drains

Refer to Drawing 5 as the turbine drains are described in the following paragraphs.
Drains are installed in the turbine steam inlet piping to remove moisture that might collect
due to the condensation of steam. These drains are located at various low points where
water collects. The following drains are provided:
1. Main stop valves above and below seat drains
2. Control valve steam lead drains (SLDV)
3. Intercept valve after seat drains.
2.11.2.1 Main Stop Valve Above and Below Seat Drains

Drains from above the main stop valves are routed to the blowdown header through motoroperated isolation valves. Drains from below the seat of main stop valves are routed to the
condenser through motor-operated isolation valves.
56
The above seat drain valves drain the valve body upstream of the seat, and also drain a
portion of the main steam line. The below seat drain valve drains the valve body
downstream of the seat, and also the steam chest between the stop valves and control valves.
The main stop valves above and below seat drain valves are interlocked to open when the
generator breaker opens and close when the generator breaker closes.
The four (4) main stop valves above and below seat drains are automatically controlled.
Any one (1) of the following conditions will cause these valves to open:
1. Turbine trip
2. Appropriate generator disconnect switch 1404 auxiliary relay de-energized
3. Both the appropriate generator air circuit breaker 1401 auxiliary relay deenergized, and the appropriate generator air circuit breaker 1405 auxiliary
relay deenergized.
57
Main
Steam
To
Condenser
MOV
SV2
Left
Side
CRV
MOV
IV2
To
Condenser
Control
Valves
Stop
Valves
1
1
2
MOV
SV1
HP
IP
4
2
3
Orifice
MOV
SV3
MOV
SV4
Right
Side
CRV
To
Condenser
To Blowdown
Header
MOV
IV4
Control Valve Drain Manifold
MOV
S4
To
Condenser
To
Condenser
Drawing 5 - Turbine Drains
2.11.2.2 Control Valve Steam Lead Drains

A drain line is connected to each of the four (4) steam leads from the control valves to the
HP turbine. Each steam lead is tapped at its low point and piped to a common drain
manifold, which is routed to the condenser through a motor-operated manifold drain valve
(S4). The motor-operated manifold drain valve is opened during startup and remains open
until the turbine-generator is up to 15 percent load 1st stage pressure. The No.1 steam lead
drain is routed directly to the manifold. The No.2 and No.3 steam lead drains are routed to
the manifold through pneumatically operated drain valves. These drain valves are operated
58

by the Electro Hydraulic Control System. The No.4 steam lead drain is routed to the
manifold through a 3/16-inch orifice.
The two (2) pneumatically operated drain valves (No.2 and No.3) automatically open by
either of the following:
1. The drain valves are opened at any time below a control valve position
corresponding to the cracking point of the No. 2 control valve when in partial arc
admission.
2. The drain valves open when operating in full arc admission if the stop valves are
not fully opened.
This arrangement of steam lead drains provides adequate draining of the steam leads during
startup, and continued heating of the control valves and steam leads with minimum loss as
load is increased, thus avoiding thermal shock as the control valves open.
2.11.2.3 Intercept Valve After Seat Drains

The intercept valve after seat drain valves drain the valve body downstream of the valve
seat. The after seat drain lines are routed to the main condenser through motor-operated
isolation valves.
The intercept valve after seat drain valves are opened during startup, and automatically close
after the turbine reaches 15 percent 1st stage pressure.
2.12
Turbine Subsystems
In addition to the main turbine component and auxiliary equipment, the main turbine is also
supplied with individual support subsystems:
1. Extraction Steam System
2. Exhaust Hood Cooling System
3. Turbine Lubricating Oil System
4. Electro Hydraulic Control System
5. Rotor Prewarming System
59

6. Steam Seal System.
2.12.1 Extraction Steam System
The Extraction Steam System extracts steam from various turbine stages and supplies steam
to the following:
1. Feedwater Heaters
2. Boiler Feed Pump Turbines.
The major components of the Extraction Steam System are piping and valves. The
Extraction Steam System is discussed fully in Training System Description CF7-PG04-SD,
Extraction Steam and Heater Drains System.
2.12.2 Exhaust Hood Cooling System

During startup and low load operation, turbines remove little energy from their driving
steam, with the result that the exhaust hood temperature reaches an exceptionally high level.
This high temperature affects the mechanical characteristics of the turbines' last stages, inner
casings, and exhaust hoods.
To control this temperature a water spray system, with nozzles installed just downstream of
the last stage buckets, is provided in each LP turbine.
The major components of the exhaust hood cooling system are the exhaust hood spray valve
and associated piping. The exhaust hood spray valve routes condensate from the condensate
pump discharge, to the exhaust hood spray nozzles in the low-pressure turbines.
An air-operated control valve controls the flow of water to the nozzles. This valve receives
pneumatic positioning signals from a pressure selector/relay associated with temperature
sensors installed in the two (2) LP turbine hoods. The exhaust hood cooling water valve
begins opening at an exhaust hood temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit and is fully open
at 180 degrees Fahrenheit. A manual bypass valve, which is to be used if the automatic
system fails, is provided.
60

A compound pressure gauge is installed upstream of the spray nozzles but downstream of
both the control and the bypass valve, to indicate line pressure at that point.
If exhaust hood temperature rises to 175 degrees Fahrenheit, the appropriate thermostat (one
(1) is located in each exhaust hood) closes a set of contacts to activate the respective alarm
in the control room, TURBINE EXHAUST HOOD A OR B TEMP HIGH. A second set of
contacts, which close at 225 degrees Fahrenheit exhaust hood temperature, are wired to
actuate the "TURBINE EXHAUST HOOD A OR B TEMPERATUER VERY HIGH"
alarm. The turbine exhaust hood spray regulator should be left in service at all times. If it is
not placed in service until the hood temperature is high, it should be put in service slowly to
prevent a sudden temperature change in the LP turbines. Exhaust hood temperature is
indicated on a recorder in the control room and locally on each exhaust hood.
2.12.3
Turbine Lube Oil System
The turbine lube oil system supplies the oil necessary for lubricating the main turbine
generator support and thrust bearings. The turbine lube oil system is discussed in Training
System Description CF7-PG03-SD, Main Turbine Lube Oil System.
2.12.4
Electro Hydraulic Control System
The Electro Hydraulic Control System positions the main steam stop valves, control valves,
and combined reheat intercept valves to control the steam flow to the turbine, and to provide
protection from abnormal conditions. The Electro Hydraulic Control System is fully
described in Training System Description EHC Control System.
61

2.12.5
Rotor Prewarming System
The rotor prewarming system consists of an electrical circuit incorporated within the EHC
System, and turbine valves which this circuit positions. The valves and their prewarming
positions are listed below:
1. Main Stop Valves
(closed)
2. Main Stop Valves, Bypass Valves
(open)
3. Ventilator valve
(closed)
4. Blowdown valve
(open)
5. Heating steam blocking valve
(closed)
6. Steam lead drain valves
(open)
The function of the rotor prewarming system is to preheat the high-pressure and reheat
turbine rotors prior to admitting high temperature steam to the turbine during a cold startup.
This prewarming is important for several reasons:

1. Cyclic life of rotor and shell surfaces are increased because warming is
accomplished with more gradual transients.
2. Thermal stress at the rotor bore is reduced by gradual bore-warming so that the
combined thermal and centrifugal stresses at the rotor bore are not excessive.
3. The rotors and shells are warmed so that their temperature is above the transition
temperature. The transition temperature (300 deg F) is that temperature below
which the metal is brittle; and above which the metal is tough and ductile, much
more tolerant of possible defects, and thus much better able to withstand the
thermal and centrifugal stresses.
Recently obtained data from long-term aging tests on high temperature rotor materials have
revealed a tendency toward embrittlement with time - that is, the transition temperature
increases with time in service. Similar effects have been noted in tests on older lowpressure rotors. Thus, it becomes even more desirable to prewarm older rotors during cold
starts. Operation of the rotor prewarming circuit is explained in detail in Training System
EHC Control System.
62
2.12.6 Steam Seal System

The function of the steam seal system is to prevent air leakage into, and steam leakage out of
the main turbine and BFP turbines from the shaft seals. This is accomplished by:
1. Supplying sealing steam to the main turbine shaft at points where the turbine
shaft penetrates the turbine casings.
2. Collecting and condensing steam, which flows out through the turbine glands,
and returning the condensate to the main condenser.
3. Supplying sealing steam to various turbine valves.
The steam seal system is also utilized by the boiler feed pump turbines and is discussed in
detail in Training System Description Boiler Feed Pumps and Turbines System.
A diagram of the steam seal system is illustrated in Drawing 6. The steam seal system
consists of a steam seal header and the control valves, which regulate the flow and pressure
of the sealing steam at different turbine loads.
63

TO
ATMOSPHERE
GLAND EXHAUSTERS
CONDENSATE
TO AND FROM
GLAND STEAM
CONDENSER
GLAND STEAM
Main
Steam
STEAM SEAL
DESUPERHEATER
TO
CONDENSER
Stem Leakoff
To Hot Reheat
C
1
C
2
C
4
C
3
STEAM CHEST
S
1
S
2
N-1
HP
N-2
TO
HP
TURBINE
IP
N-3
LP-A
N-4
N-5
N-6
LP-B
N-7
BDV
To Hot
Reheat
Steam Seal Instrument Board
Steam Seal Diverting Valve

SSDV
To
Condenser
Orifice
Drain To
Condenser
To
Condenser
SPUV
Steam Pressure
Unloading Valve
SSFV
Steam Seal
Feed Valve
Drawing 6 - Steam Seal System
64
Auxiliary Steam
Seal Regulator
To
Extraction
Steam

Labyrinth type shaft packings (Figures 23 and 24) are located at points where the shaft
passes through the turbine casing. The shaft packings limit the flow of steam through the
openings in the turbine casing and seal these openings against the leakage of steam to the
atmosphere or air into the turbine.
STEAM SEAL LANDS
MAIN
STEAM
AIR
STEAM
PACKING
STEAM
PACKING
SEALING STEAM IN
DURING START UP
AND LOW LOAD
STEAM
PACKING
SEALING
STEAM
EXHAUST
SEALING STEAM
OUT DURING FULL
LOAD
Figure 23 Packing Gland Arrangement HP/IP Turbine
The packing is a steam-throttling device consisting of stationary and rotating teeth arranged
concentrically with small radial clearance. This arrangement presents a high resistance to
the flow of steam and greatly reduces the amount of leakage.
The main turbine is provided with seven (7) shaft packings, one (1) located at each end of
the HP and IP turbine, one (1) located at each end of the two (2) LP turbines, and one (1)
located between the HP and IP turbines.
65

SLANT CUT
SEAL GROOVES
AIR
SEALING
STEAM
EXHAUST
SEALING
STEAM
IN
Figure 24- Packing Gland Arrangement LP Turbines

Steam must be supplied to the shaft seals at all times when there is a vacuum in the main
condenser. This is necessary to prevent air leakage into the turbine and condenser. The
pressure of the steam in the steam seal supply header is maintained at approximately four (4)
psi.
The steam seal system can be divided into the following two (2) major sections:
1. Steam supply
2. Packing exhaust.
Sealing steam is supplied to the steam seal header from the main steam line:
1. During startup, after the boiler has developed sufficient pressure.
2. Before the Unit is on load.
3. After the Unit is on load, but the HP and IP turbine is not up to pressure.
Steam flows from the main steam line through a motor-operated steam feed isolation valve
(MOV-S1) and a steam seal feed valve (SSFV) to the steam seal header. The steam seal
feed valve senses steam seal header pressure, and starts closing as the pressure increases
toward four (4) psig. If the steam seal feed valve fails or does not allow enough steam to
66

pass on startup, steam seal feed bypass valve MOV-S2 may be opened. The steam seal feed
bypass valve can be opened from the control room regardless of header pressure.
With little or no pressure in the HP and IP turbine, and a vacuum in the LP turbines, steam
flows into the seals on all four (4) turbine sections and the following associated valves:
1. Control Valves
2. Main Stop Valves
3. Ventilator Valve
4. Blowdown Valve
5. Combined Reheat Valves
6. Steam Seal Diverting Valve.
As turbine load increases, steam pressure inside the main turbine increases. When this
pressure is great enough, steam reverses direction and starts flowing out from the turbines
toward the LP turbine seals.
After the turbine is up and on an increased load, sealing steam to the steam seal header is
then supplied from:
1. Steam seal leakoff from the main stop valves stem (there is no leakoff when the
stop valves are full open)
2. Control valves' stem leakoff
3. HP and IP turbine shaft seal leakoff
4. Blowdown valve stem leakoff.
NOTE: Due to the LP turbine being under a vacuum, steam always flows into the
seals. Reverse steam flow from the LP turbine seals to the steam seal header does
not occur.
As the turbine generator load increases, more steam flows to the steam seal header from the
pressure packings, increasing the header pressure. Because of the increased steam seal
header pressure, the steam seal feed valve, sensing steam seal header pressure, closes. At
67

this time the steam seal system is no longer dependent upon the steam seal supply from the
main steam line, and the turbine is said to be self-sealing.
Figure 25 Steam Pressure Unloading Valve
As turbine load is increased, the amount of steam flowing out of the main turbine seals to
the seal supply header continues to increase. In order to maintain the supply header pressure
at four (4) psig, the steam pressure-unloading valve (SPUV) (Figure 25) is installed in the
supply header.
This valve dumps excess steam to the low-pressure feedwater heater 7-1A (normal), or to
the condenser (backup), by means of the steam seal-diverting valve.
68

If the steam pressure-unloading valve fails, allowing header pressure to increase above
4.psig, the steam pressure unloading motor-operated bypass valve (MOV-B) (Figure 26)
can be opened from the control room to regulate pressure.
Figure 26 MOV-B, Steam Pressure Unloading Valve, Bypass Valve
If steam seal header pressure increases above 20 psig, relief valve R1 opens. If the header
pressure increases above 200-psi, relief valve R2 opens.
Normally, above one-half load, excess steam for the steam seal header discharges through
the automatic unloading valve to the diverting valve into the top of the shell on the 7-1A LP
heater. This steam mixes with the steam extracted from the turbine and is condensed.
Under abnormal conditions, it is possible for the steam from the steam seal header to go
back through the extraction line into the turbine. These abnormal conditions fall into two
(2) general categories:
1. If, under unusual circumstances, the automatic steam seal supply valve sticks
open, more steam is supplied to the steam seal header from the main steam line
than is required. Under this condition, the steam seal regulator-unloading valve
69

opens automatically and permits hot steam to enter the low-pressure turbine
through the extraction line.
2. If the heater in the extraction line is removed from service for repairs when
operating above one-half load, or if the steam supply to the heater is shut off
because of flooding, steam discharging through the unloading valve would flow
back into the turbine. This steam would generally be at an appreciably lower
temperature than the throttle steam, which is admitted as described above, but it
is still hotter than the normal operating temperature of the low-pressure
extraction stage of the turbine.
Therefore, the steam seal diverting valve (Figure 27) is provided to dump the excess steam
seal header pressure to the main condenser when conditions are such that this steam would
enter the extraction stage of the turbine instead of going to the feedwater heater.
Figure 27 Steam Seal Diverting Valve
The system also has an auxiliary steam seal regulator (Figure 28) to supply sealing steam
from another unit.
70
Figure 28 Auxiliary Steam Seal Regulator
The turbine shaft seals are labyrinth type packings, which minimize leakage by providing a
tortuous path. A portion of the steam supplied to the seals normally flows toward the outer
packing rings. This steam is drawn to the steam packing exhauster, along with some turbine
building air, through the exhaust header. A vacuum (approximately 10 inches of water) is
maintained on the exhaust header piping by the gland steam condenser. The gland steam
condenser consists of a shell and U-tube condenser and two (2) exhaust fans (Figure 29).
71
Figure 29 Gland Steam Condenser and Exhauster Blower(s)
Condensate flowing through the U-tubes condenses the sealing steam. Non-condensable
gases are discharged to the atmosphere through the fan, and the condensate drains to the
condenser via the miscellaneous drains tank.
72

3.0
System Operation
Chapter Objectives:
Describe the Turbine System operation during:
-
System Startup
Normal Operation
System Shutdown
NOTE: This System operation section is included for instructional purposes

only, and should not be used as an operating procedure.
3.1
System Startup
Verify the status of the Turbine control and ATS control screens and open, or verify open,
the Stop Valve, Combined Reheat Valve, Main Steam Lead, Cold Reheat, Hot Reheat and
Extraction Steam Low Point drains.
Verify that the Lube Oil System is in service; the turning gear oil pump is on and start the
main turbine turning gear by pressing the turning gear motor control pushbutton to START.
Visually inspect the turbine to verify that it is rolling, and that there is no indication of
rubbing.
Start up the turbine steam seal system by starting one (1) steam packing exhauster blower by
turning its control pushbutton to START. Verify that a vacuum of approximately 10 inches
H2O is established in the steam seal leak-off header and open the steam seal feed isolation
valve to the steam seal header. [If steam seal pressure is not high enough then open the
steam seal feed bypass valve to increase the pressure to four (4) psi.] Verify that the steam
seal feed valve controller is in automatic.
Establish a vacuum in the main condenser as per start-up procedure.
73

NOTE: If the 1st stage shell inner surface thermocouple temperature is less than 300
degrees Fahrenheit, prewarm the turbine as established by the Starting and Loading
procedure.
Prior to rolling the turbine with steam, record the turbine metal temperatures and steam
conditions. The temperature ramp rates for the high pressure and reheat sections of the
turbine from blocks 3 and 4 of the starting and loading chart have been set at 150 degrees
Fahrenheit per hour. Do not exceed this rate at any time during the startup or subsequent
operation.
Use the starting and loading chart to determine the proper startup rate, hold durations,
initial load, and initial load duration.
Start the motor suction oil pump by pressing the START pushbutton, and reset the
turbine.
Select the startup rate according to the starting and loading chart by depressing the SLOW,
MEDIUM or FAST pushbutton and enter 200-rpm speed setpoint on the SPEED
CONTROL switch N, in the TURBINE AUTO CONTROL.
Verify that the turning gear has disengaged and stop the turning gear motor.
When the SPEED indication shows set speed, select the desired speed as determined by
the starting and loading chart.
Verify that the SPEED starts to increase, and walk the turbine down listening for rubs as the
turbine is rolled.
Verify from the TURBINE AUTO CONTROL screen that the control valves and combined
reheat intercept valves open fully and the main stop valve bypasses crack open to roll the
turbine. The turbine speed will now increase under speed control to speed set selected.
74

Hold the turbine speed at 1000 rpm, if necessary for a heat soak required by the starting and
loading chart.
Depress the 3000-rpm pushbutton on the SPEED SET RPM panel. When the turbine speed
increases to 1600 rpm the turbine speed rate will automatically increase to 600 rpm. This is
to rapidly accelerate the turbine through its two (2) critical speeds of 1800-1900 rpm and
2600-2700 rpm.
If a hold at 3000 rpm is necessary, the Wobbulator will automatically raise and lower the
reference speed from 2900-3100 rpm in a slow cycle to avoid running for an extended
period of time at a bucket critical speed. Hold the turbine at 3000 rpm for a heat soak if
required by the starting and loading chart.
Test the oil trip speed when the turbine speed is approximately 3300 rpm; the mechanical oil
trip device should trip at 3400 rpm. If it does not trip shut down the turbine
immediately.
Change the setpoint on the SPEED CONTROL to 3600 rpm. Hold the turbine at 3600 rpm
for a heat soak if required by the starting and loading chart.
When the generator breaker is closed, as indicated by the TURBINE AUTO CONTROL
panel circuit breaker light, select the manual mode on the EHC panel load selector. Then
select the 10 percent loading rate briefly to apply initial load preventing motorizing of the
generator.
Verify that the drains interlocked with the generator go closed.
Increase the load to the load point established in the startup by increasing the TURBINE
LOAD CONTROL setpoint pushbutton on the load selector panel.
Stop the turning gear oil pump and the motor suction oil pump.
75

Hold at the initial load for the time determined from the starting and loading chart. After the
initial load hold, increase the turbine load by changing the load setpoint. Do not exceed the
temperature ramp rates of 150 degrees Fahrenheit per hour. Control the firing rate, pressure
and loading rate as necessary to maintain ramp rates.
Determine the proper transfer time by use of the two (2) allowable temperature differential
charts (Refer to Figure drawings UOP-1-1 and UOP-1-2.
When the TRANSFER light comes on, transfer is accomplished Automatically. Verify that
stop valves come wide open and the control valves throttle to maintain load. If manual is
not selected then F/A to P/A transfer will take place at the high transfer point (maximum
steam flow through the stop valve bypass valves).
When 1st stage pressure is high enough to produce approximately 15 percent load (80 MW),
verify that the steam drains close.
Load Unit as directed by the Load Dispatcher.
3.2
Normal Operation
During normal operation, the main turbine is in service at full load (530 MW), converting
the thermal energy of steam from the boiler into mechanical energy for turning the
generator. The Turbine Electro Hydraulic Control System (EHC) automatically controls the
main turbine steam flow.
The turbine lubrication system is in service, with the shaft- driven main oil pump supplying
all of the lube oil requirements of the main turbine and generator. The motor suction pump,
emergency bearing oil pump, and the turning gear oil pump control switches should be
selected for automatic operation.
The main turbine gland steam seals must be in service supplied and controlled by the steam
seal control valves.
76
The turbine supervisory instruments and recorders must be in service, monitoring the
mechanical operating parameters of the main turbine.
3.3
Abnormal Operation
Abnormal operations discussed in the following paragraphs include:

1. High vibration
2. Operation with feedwater heaters removed from service
3. Turbine trip.
3.3.1
High Vibration
In the event of high turbine vibration, action must be taken immediately to prevent/minimize
damage. If the vibration exceeds 10 mils on bearings 1 through 10, an automatic turbine trip
occurs.
If the automatic trip setpoint is not exceeded, it may be possible to reduce the vibration to
acceptable levels. Varying the turbine load or lube oil temperature may reduce the
vibration. The operator should monitor the following recorders for irregularities:
1. Differential expansion
2. Turbine bearing metal temperature
3. Turbine bearing oil temperature.
3.3.2
Operation With Feedwater Heaters Removed From Service
Assuming that the throttle steam flow is not changed, the following will occur when a
feedwater heater is removed from service:
1. If the highest-pressure heater is removed from service, megawatt output increases.
This occurs because the steam, which was formerly extracted, now passes through
the turbine to the condenser. (In order to maintain a constant megawatt output when
the highest-pressure heater or heaters are removed from service, the control valve
position is reduced.)
77

2. When other than the highest pressure heater is removed from service, extraction
flow to the next higher pressure heater increases because the feedwater temperature
rise across that heater is greater than formerly. A slight decrease in megawatt output
will be noted.
3. Turbine and feedwater cycle efficiency decreases when any feedwater heater is
removed from service.
Conditions a and b affect stage pressure, stage pressure drops, and steam flow through the
turbine, so that bucket, diaphragm, and thrust loading, etc. are affected.
The turbine is designed and built so that heaters may be removed from service without
undue loading and overstressing of any part. The control valve position is adjusted so the
megawatt load is in accordance with the following:
1. The maximum guaranteed output can be generated with one (1) or more nonadjacent
heaters removed from service.
2. The maximum guaranteed output can be generated with adjacent heaters removed
from service, provided all heaters at higher pressure are also removed from service.
That is, heaters are removed from service in sequence, starting with the highestpressure heater and proceeding in order to the lowest pressure heater to be removed
from service. Similarly, when the heaters are returned to service, the lowest pressure
heater is placed in service first, and then proceeding in order to the highest pressure
heater.
3. The turbine may be operated with the highest pressure heater in service, and any
combination of adjacent lower pressure heaters out of service with megawatt
generation as follows:
90 percent of maximum guaranteed output with two (2) adjacent heaters out
of service
78
80 percent of maximum guaranteed output with three (3) adjacent heaters out
of service
70 percent of maximum guaranteed output with four (4) adjacent heaters out
of service
60 percent of maximum guaranteed output with five (5) adjacent heaters out
of service.
3.3.3
Turbine Trip
If a turbine trip occurs, all turbine steam valves are closed to stop steam flow to the turbine.
A turbine trip may be caused by any of the following conditions:
1. Vacuum trip; 23 inches Hg vacuum (7.5 inches Hg back pressure)
2. Low hydraulic pressure; 1100 psig
3. Loss of turbine trip EHC fluid pressure; 800-psi
4. Main shaft-driven oil pump pressure low; less than 105-psi and speed greater than
2592 rpm
5. Thrust bearing wear detector; .030 inch turbine shaft movement or lubricating oil
pressure less than eight (8) psi
6. High bearing vibration Bearings 1 through 10; 10-mils
7. Loss of stator cooling
8. Loss of both primary speed signals
9. Loss of EHC input DC power
10. Loss of 24V DC to solenoid valves
11. Mechanical overspeed trip; 3960 rpm
12. Back-up overspeed trip; 4032 rpm
13. Operator trip
Pushbutton
Trip handle
14. Generator and transformer relay operation.
79

The following does not cause an immediate turbine trip, but does result in selected turbine
valve closure.
1. Early valve action - closes intercept valves in the event of a transient fault. Valves
remain closed until the fault is cleared, usually only 1-2 seconds.
2. Trip anticipator - Closes the main and reheat stop valves at turbine speed of from
108 percent to 112 percent depending on Unit load. The valves reopen when the
turbine speed has decreased below 102 percent. If the turbine speed does not
decrease to 102 percent within 10 seconds, the turbine is tripped.
3. Power load unbalance relay operation closes control valves on a power load
unbalance greater than 40 percent. Refer to Electro Hydraulic Control System,
PGS-2 for an early valve actuation, trip anticipator, and power load unbalance.
3.3.4
Auxiliary Steam Seal System
To maintain condenser vacuum, or to pull vacuum, steam for the seals can be provided
through the auxiliary steam seal regulator. Pegging steam is taken from other units and
reduced to four (4) psi by the auxiliary steam seal regulator. This steam then discharges into
the steam seal header. The main steam seal regulator would be closed. This arrangement
can only be used on a "Hot Turbine" where the first stage shell temperature is greater than
300 degrees Fahrenheit.
3.3
System Shutdown
The turbine can be tripped from any load that is compatible with plant and system
requirements. It is desirable, however, to reduce load gradually to a low load before
tripping, except in an emergency.
Establish a shutdown load based on plant and system requirements, and on the desired
degree of turbine cooling, if possible as per procedures.
80

Reduce load to the shutdown load by operation of the load set DECREASE control with the
turbine in MANUAL, until 20 MW is reached. The shutdown load should be approached
gradually, utilizing the 150 degrees Fahrenheit temperature ramp rates.
Start the motor suction oil pump and the turning gear oil pump.
Trip the turbine (which opens the generator breakers) and verify that the turbine stop valves,
control valves and combined reheat intercept valves close.
Verify that the turbine speed is decreasing.
Monitor the bearing metal temperatures as the turbine coasts down. A sudden spike in the
temperature is an indication of a wiped bearing.
When the turbine comes to rest, verify that the turning gear motor automatically starts and
that the turning gear engages and stop the motor suction oil pump.
81
This Page Intentionally left Blank
82

4.0
References
Unit 7 Engineering Data Book.

Unit 7 General Electric Instruction Book Volume No.1.
Miami Fort Station P&ID's;
M-1053, Revision M, Main Steam
M-1054, Revision J, Hot Reheat
M-1055, Revision H, Cold Reheat
M-1068, Revision J, Sheet 2 Turbine Drains and Vents
M-1073, Revision L, Gland Seal.
83

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