Wikipedia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

4/15/2016
WikipediaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Wikipedia
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Wikipedia( i /wkpidi/or i /wkipidi/WIKiPEEdee)isa

freeaccess,freecontentInternetencyclopedia,supportedandhosted
bythenonprofitWikimediaFoundation.Thosewhocanaccessthesite
caneditmostofitsarticles.[5]Wikipediaisrankedamongthetenmost
popularwebsites,[4]andconstitutestheInternet'slargestandmost
populargeneralreferencework.[6][7][8]
JimmyWalesandLarrySangerlaunchedWikipediaonJanuary15,
2001.Sanger[9]coineditsname,[10]aportmanteauofwiki[notes3]and
encyclopedia.InitiallyonlyinEnglish,Wikipediaquicklybecame
multilingualasitdevelopedsimilarversionsinotherlanguages,which
differincontentandineditingpractices.TheEnglishWikipediaisnow
oneof291Wikipediaeditionsandisthelargestwith5,127,282articles
(havingreached5,000,000articlesinNovember2015).Thereisagrand
total,includingallWikipedias,ofover38millionarticlesinover250
differentlanguages.[12]AsofFebruary2014,ithad18billionpage
viewsandnearly500millionuniquevisitorseachmonth.[13]
Wikipedia
ThelogoofWikipedia,aglobefeaturingglyphsfrom
severalwritingsystemsfortheletterWorsounds
"wi","wo"or"wa"
Screenshot
Apeerreviewof42sciencearticlesfoundinbothEncyclopdia
BritannicaandWikipediawaspublishedinNaturein2005,andfound
thatWikipedia'slevelofaccuracyapproachedEncyclopediaBritannica'
s.[14]CriticismsofWikipediaincludeclaimsthatitexhibitssystemic
bias,presentsamixtureof"truths,halftruths,andsomefalsehoods",[15]
andthatincontroversialtopicsitissubjecttomanipulationandspin.[16]
Contents
1 History
2 Openness
2.1 Restrictions
2.2 Reviewofchanges
2.3 Vandalism
3 Policiesandlaws
3.1 Contentpoliciesandguidelines
4 Governance
4.1 Administrators
4.2 Disputeresolution
5 Community
5.1 Diversity
6 Languageeditions
7 Criticalreception
7.1 Accuracyofcontent
7.2 Qualityofwriting
7.3 Coverageoftopicsandsystemicbias
7.4 Explicitcontent
7.5 Privacy
7.6 Sexism
8 Operation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia
MainPageoftheEnglishWikipedia
Webaddress
wikipedia.org
(https://www.wikipedia.org)
Slogan
Thefreeencyclopediathatanyone
canedit
Commercial?
No
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8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
WikimediaFoundationandtheWikimediachapters
Softwareoperationsandsupport
Automatedediting
Wikiprojects,andassessmentsofarticles'importance
andquality
8.5 Hardwareoperationsandsupport
8.6 Internalresearchandoperationaldevelopment
8.7 Internalnewspublications
9 Accesstocontent
9.1 Contentlicensing
9.2 Methodsofaccess
10 Impact
10.1 Readership
10.2 Culturalsignificance
10.3 SisterprojectsWikimedia
10.4 Publishing
10.5 Scientificuse
11 Relatedprojects
12 Seealso
13 References
13.1 Notes
14 Furtherreading
14.1 Academicstudies
14.2 Books
14.3 Bookreviewsandotherarticles
15 Externallinks
Typeofsite
Internetencyclopedia
Registration
Optional[notes1]
Availablein
288editions[1]
Users
131,217activeeditors[notes2]and
28,009,833registerededitors
Content
license
CCAttribution/ShareAlike3.0
MosttextisalsoduallicensedunderGFDL
medialicensingvaries
Writtenin
LAMPplatform[2]
Owner
WikimediaFoundation
Createdby
JimmyWales,LarrySanger[3]
Launched
January15,2001
Alexarank
7[4](March2016)
Currentstatus Active
History
OthercollaborativeonlineencyclopediaswereattemptedbeforeWikipediabut
noneweresosuccessful.[17]
WikipediabeganasacomplementaryprojectforNupedia,afreeonline
Englishlanguageencyclopediaprojectwhosearticleswerewrittenbyexperts
andreviewedunderaformalprocess.NupediawasfoundedonMarch9,
2000,undertheownershipofBomis,awebportalcompany.Itsmainfigures
weretheBomisCEOJimmyWalesandLarrySanger,editorinchieffor
NupediaandlaterWikipedia.Nupediawaslicensedinitiallyunderitsown
NupediaOpenContentLicense,switchingtotheGNUFreeDocumentation
LicensebeforeWikipedia'sfoundingattheurgingofRichardStallman.[18]
SangerandWalesfoundedWikipedia.[19][20]WhileWalesiscreditedwith
definingthegoalofmakingapubliclyeditableencyclopedia,[21][22]Sangeris
creditedwiththestrategyofusingawikitoreachthatgoal.[23]OnJanuary10,2001,
SangerproposedontheNupediamailinglisttocreateawikiasa"feeder"projectfor
Nupedia.[24]
JimmyWalesandLarrySanger
Wikipediaoriginallydevelopedfrom
anotherencyclopediaproject,
Nupedia
WikipediawasformallylaunchedonJanuary15,2001,asasingleEnglishlanguage
editionatwww.wikipedia.com,[25]andannouncedbySangerontheNupediamailing
list.[21]Wikipedia'spolicyof"neutralpointofview"[26]wascodifiedinitsfirstmonths.Otherwise,therewererelatively
fewrulesinitiallyandWikipediaoperatedindependentlyofNupedia.[21]Originally,BomisintendedtomakeWikipediaa
businessforprofit.[27]
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WikipediagainedearlycontributorsfromNupedia,Slashdotpostings,andweb
searchengineindexing.ByAugust8,2001,Wikipediahadover8,000articles.[28]
OnSeptember25,2001,Wikipediahadover13,000articles.[29]Andbytheendof
2001ithadgrowntoapproximately20,000articlesand18languageeditions.Ithad
reached26languageeditionsbylate2002,46bytheendof2003,and161bythe
finaldaysof2004.[30]NupediaandWikipediacoexisteduntiltheformer'sservers
weretakendownpermanentlyin2003,anditstextwasincorporatedintoWikipedia.
EnglishWikipediapassedthemarkoftwomillionarticlesonSeptember9,2007,
makingitthelargestencyclopediaeverassembled,surpassingeventhe
1408YongleEncyclopedia,whichhadheldtherecordforalmost
600years.[31]
CitingfearsofcommercialadvertisingandlackofcontrolinWikipedia,
usersoftheSpanishWikipediaforkedfromWikipediatocreatethe
EnciclopediaLibreinFebruary2002.[32]ThesemovesencouragedWalesto
announcethatWikipediawouldnotdisplayadvertisements,andtochange
Wikipedia'sdomainfromwikipedia.comtowikipedia.org.[33]
WikipediaaccordingtoSimpleshow
Externalaudio
TheGreatBookofKnowledge,Part1
(http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the
greatbookofknowledgepart1/),Ideaswith
PaulKennedy,CBC,January15,2014
ThoughtheEnglishWikipediareachedthreemillionarticlesinAugust2009,thegrowthoftheedition,intermsofthe
numbersofarticlesandofcontributors,appearstohavepeakedaroundearly2007.[34]Around1,800articleswereadded
dailytotheencyclopediain2006by2013thataveragewasroughly800.[35]AteamatthePaloAltoResearchCenter
attributedthisslowingofgrowthtotheproject'sincreasingexclusivityandresistancetochange.[36]Otherssuggestthatthe
growthisflatteningnaturallybecausearticlesthatcouldbecalled"lowhangingfruit"topicsthatclearlymeritanarticle
havealreadybeencreatedandbuiltupextensively.[37][38][39]
InNovember2009,aresearcherattheReyJuanCarlosUniversityinMadrid(Spain)foundthattheEnglishWikipediahad
lost49,000editorsduringthefirstthreemonthsof2009incomparison,theprojectlostonly4,900editorsduringthesame
periodin2008.[40][41]TheWallStreetJournalcitedthearrayofrulesappliedtoeditinganddisputesrelatedtosuchcontent
amongthereasonsforthistrend.[42]Walesdisputedtheseclaimsin2009,denyingthedeclineandquestioningthe
methodologyofthestudy.[43]Twoyearslater,Walesacknowledgedthepresenceofaslightdecline,notingadecreasefrom
"alittlemorethan36,000writers"inJune2010to35,800inJune2011.[44]Inthesameinterview,Walesalsoclaimedthe
numberofeditorswas"stableandsustainable",aclaimwhichwasquestionedbyMIT'sTechnologyReviewina2013article
titled"TheDeclineofWikipedia."[45]InJuly2012,theAtlanticreportedthatthenumberofadministratorsisalsoin
decline.[46]IntheNovember25,2013,issueofNewYorkmagazine,KatherineWardstated"Wikipedia,thesixthmostused
website,isfacinganinternalcrisis.In2013,MIT'sTechnologyReviewrevealedthatsince2007,thesitehaslostathirdof
thevolunteereditorswhoupdateandcorrecttheonlineencyclopedia'smillionsofpagesandthosestilltherehavefocused
increasinglyonminutiae."[47]
InJanuary2007,Wikipediaenteredforthefirsttimethetoptenlistofthemost
popularwebsitesintheUnitedStates,accordingtocomScoreNetworks.With42.9
millionuniquevisitors,Wikipediawasrankednumber9,surpassingtheNewYork
Times(#10)andApple(#11).ThismarkedasignificantincreaseoverJanuary2006,
whentherankwasnumber33,withWikipediareceivingaround18.3millionunique
visitors.[48]AsofMarch2015,Wikipediahasrank6[4][49]amongwebsitesinterms
ofpopularityaccordingtoAlexaInternet.In2014,itreceived8billionpageviews
everymonth.[50]OnFebruary9,2014,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthatWikipedia
has18billionpageviewsandnearly500millionuniquevisitorsamonth,"according
totheratingsfirmcomScore."[13]
Wikipediablackoutprotestagainst
SOPAonJanuary18,2012
OnJanuary18,2012,theEnglishWikipediaparticipatedinaseriesofcoordinatedprotestsagainsttwoproposedlawsinthe
UnitedStatesCongresstheStopOnlinePiracyAct(SOPA)andthePROTECTIPAct(PIPA)byblackingoutitspages
for24hours.[51]Morethan162millionpeopleviewedtheblackoutexplanationpagethattemporarilyreplacedWikipedia
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content.[52][53]
LovelandandReaglearguethat,inprocess,Wikipediafollowsalongtradition
ofhistoricalencyclopediasthataccumulatedimprovementspiecemealthrough
"stigmergicaccumulation".[54][55]
OnJanuary20,2014,SubodhVarmareportingforTheEconomicTimes
indicatedthatnotonlyhadWikipediagrowthflattenedbutthatithas"lost
nearly10percentofitspageviewslastyear.That'sadeclineofabout2billion
ApromotionalvideooftheWikimedia
betweenDecember2012andDecember2013.Itsmostpopularversionsare
Foundationthatencouragesviewerstoedit
leadingtheslide:pageviewsoftheEnglishWikipediadeclinedby12percent,
Wikipedia,mostlyreviewing2014via
thoseofGermanversionslidby17percentandtheJapaneseversionlost9per
Wikipediacontent
[56]
cent." Varmaaddedthat,"WhileWikipedia'smanagersthinkthatthiscould
beduetoerrorsincounting,otherexpertsfeelthatGoogle'sKnowledgeGraphsprojectlaunchedlastyearmaybegobbling
upWikipediausers."[56]Whencontactedonthismatter,ClayShirky,associateprofessoratNewYorkUniversityandfellow
atHarvard'sBerkmanCenterforInternetandSecurityindicatedthathesuspectedmuchofthepageviewdeclinewasdueto
KnowledgeGraphs,stating,"Ifyoucangetyourquestionansweredfromthesearchpage,youdon'tneedtoclick[any
further]."[56]
Openness
Unliketraditionalencyclopedias,Wikipediafollowstheprocrastination
principle[notes4]regardingthesecurityofitscontent.[57]Itstartedalmostentirely
openanyonecouldcreatearticles,andanyWikipediaarticlecouldbeeditedbyany
reader,eventhosewhodidnothaveaWikipediaaccount.Modificationstoall
articleswouldbepublishedimmediately.Asaresult,anyarticlecouldcontain
inaccuraciessuchaserrors,ideologicalbiases,andnonsensicalorirrelevanttext.
Restrictions
Overtime,theEnglishWikipediaandsomeotherWikipediasgraduallyhave
restrictedmodifications.Forexample,intheEnglishWikipediaandsomeother
languageeditions,onlyregisteredusersmaycreateanewarticle.[58]OntheEnglish
Wikipediaandsomeothers,someparticularlycontroversial,sensitiveand/or
vandalismpronepagesarenow"protected"tosomedegree.[59]Afrequently
vandalizedarticlecanbesemiprotected,meaningthatonlycertaineditorsareableto
modifyit.[60]Aparticularlycontentiousarticlemaybelockedsothatonly
administratorsareabletomakechanges.[61]
Incertaincases,alleditorsareallowedtosubmitmodifications,butreviewis
requiredforsomeeditors,dependingon
certainconditions.Forexample,theGerman
Wikipediamaintains"stableversions"of
articles,[62]whichhavepassedcertain
reviews.Followingprotractedtrialsand
communitydiscussion,theEnglishWikipedia
introducedthe"pendingchanges"systemin
December2012.[63]Underthissystem,new
users'editstocertaincontroversialor
Differencesbetweenversionsofan
vandalismpronearticlesare"subjectto
articlearehighlightedasshown
reviewfromanestablishedWikipediaeditor
beforepublication".[64]
NumberofarticlesintheEnglish
Wikipedia
Growthofthenumberofarticlesin
theEnglishWikipedia
Numberofdaysbetweenevery
10,000,000theditfrom2005to2012
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Reviewofchanges
TheeditinginterfaceofWikipedia
Althoughchangesarenotsystematicallyreviewed,thesoftwarethatpowers
Wikipediaprovidescertaintoolsallowinganyonetoreviewchangesmadebyothers.
The"History"pageofeacharticlelinkstoeachrevision.[notes5][65]Onmostarticles,
anyonecanundoothers'changesbyclickingalinkonthearticle'shistorypage.
Anyonecanviewthelatestchangestoarticles,andanyonemaymaintaina
"watchlist"ofarticlesthatinterestthemsotheycanbenotifiedofanychanges."New
pagespatrol"isaprocesswherebynewlycreatedarticlesarecheckedforobvious
problems.[66]
In2003,economicsPhDstudentAndreaCiffolilliarguedthatthelowtransactioncostsofparticipatinginawikicreatea
catalystforcollaborativedevelopment,andthatfeaturessuchasallowingeasyaccesstopastversionsofapagefavor
"creativeconstruction"over"creativedestruction".[67]
Vandalism
AnyeditthatchangescontentinawaythatdeliberatelycompromisestheintegrityofWikipediaisconsideredvandalism.
Themostcommonandobvioustypesofvandalismincludeinsertionofobscenitiesandcrudehumor.Vandalismcanalso
includeadvertisinglanguageandothertypesofspam.[68]Sometimeseditorscommitvandalismbyremovinginformationor
entirelyblankingagivenpage.Lesscommontypesofvandalism,suchasthedeliberateadditionofplausiblebutfalse
informationtoanarticle,canbemoredifficulttodetect.Vandalscanintroduceirrelevantformatting,modifypagesemantics
suchasthepage'stitleorcategorization,manipulatetheunderlyingcodeofanarticle,oruseimagesdisruptively.[69]
Obviousvandalismisgenerallyeasytoremovefromwikiarticlesthemediantime
todetectandfixvandalismisafewminutes.[70][71]However,somevandalismtakes
muchlongertorepair.[72]
IntheSeigenthalerbiographyincident,ananonymouseditorintroducedfalse
informationintothebiographyofAmericanpoliticalfigureJohnSeigenthalerin
May2005.Seigenthalerwasfalselypresentedasasuspectintheassassinationof
JohnF.Kennedy.[72]Thearticleremaineduncorrectedforfourmonths.[72]
Seigenthaler,thefoundingeditorialdirectorofUSATodayandfounderofthe
FreedomForumFirstAmendmentCenteratVanderbiltUniversity,calledWikipedia
AmericanjournalistJohnSeigenthaler
cofounderJimmyWalesandaskedwhetherhehadanywayofknowingwho
(19272014),subjectofthe
contributedthemisinformation.Walesrepliedthathedidnot,althoughthe
Seigenthalerincident
[73][74]
perpetratorwaseventuallytraced.
Aftertheincident,Seigenthalerdescribed
Wikipediaas"aflawedandirresponsibleresearchtool".[72]ThisincidentledtopolicychangesatWikipedia,specifically
targetedattighteninguptheverifiabilityofbiographicalarticlesoflivingpeople.[75]
Policiesandlaws
Seealso:Wikipedia:FivePillars
ContentinWikipediaissubjecttothelaws(inparticular,copyrightlaws)ofthe
UnitedStatesandoftheU.S.stateofVirginia,wherethemajorityofWikipedia's
serversarelocated.Beyondlegalmatters,theeditorialprinciplesofWikipediaare
embodiedinthe"fivepillars"andinnumerouspoliciesandguidelinesintendedto
appropriatelyshapecontent.Eventheserulesarestoredinwikiform,and
Wikipediaeditorswriteandrevisethewebsite'spoliciesandguidelines.[76]
Editorscanenforcetheserulesbydeletingormodifyingnoncompliantmaterial.
Externalvideo
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Originally,rulesonthenonEnglisheditionsofWikipediawerebasedona
translationoftherulesfortheEnglishWikipedia.Theyhavesincedivergedto
someextent.[62]
Contentpoliciesandguidelines
AccordingtotherulesontheEnglishWikipedia,eachentryinWikipediamustbe
aboutatopicthatisencyclopedicandisnotadictionaryentryordictionary
like.[77]AtopicshouldalsomeetWikipedia'sstandardsof"notability",[78]which
generallymeansthatthetopicmusthavebeencoveredinmainstreammediaor
majoracademicjournalsourcesthatareindependentofthearticle'ssubject.
Further,Wikipediaintendstoconveyonlyknowledgethatisalreadyestablished
andrecognized.[79]Itmustnotpresentoriginalresearch.Aclaimthatislikelyto
Wikimania
bechallengedrequiresareferencetoareliablesource.AmongWikipediaeditors,
(http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia
thisisoftenphrasedas"verifiability,nottruth"toexpresstheideathatthereaders,
jimmywalesmorleysafer60minutes/),
nottheencyclopedia,areultimatelyresponsibleforcheckingthetruthfulnessof
60Minutes,CBS,20minutes,April5,
thearticlesandmakingtheirowninterpretations.[80]Thiscanattimesleadtothe
2015,cofounderJimboWalesatFosdem
removalofinformationthatisvalid.[81]Finally,Wikipediamustnottakesides.[82]
Allopinionsandviewpoints,ifattributabletoexternalsources,mustenjoyan
appropriateshareofcoveragewithinanarticle.[83]Thisisknownasneutralpointofview(NPOV).
Governance
Wikipedia'sinitialanarchyintegrateddemocraticandhierarchicalelementsovertime.[84][85]Anarticleisnotconsideredto
beownedbyitscreatororanyothereditorandisnotvettedbyanyrecognizedauthority.[86]Wikipedia'scontributorsavoida
tragedyofthecommonsbyinternalizingbenefits.Theydothisbyexperiencingflowandidentifyingwithandgainingstatus
intheWikipediacommunity.[87]
Administrators
Editorsingoodstandinginthecommunitycanrunforoneofmanylevelsofvolunteerstewardship:thisbeginswith
"administrator",[88][89]privilegeduserswhocandeletepages,preventarticlesfrombeingchangedincaseofvandalismor
editorialdisputes,andtrytopreventcertainpersonsfromediting.Despitethename,administratorsarenotsupposedto
enjoyanyspecialprivilegeindecisionmakinginstead,theirpowersaremostlylimitedtomakingeditsthathaveproject
wideeffectsandthusaredisallowedtoordinaryeditors,andtoimplementrestrictionsintendedtopreventcertainpersons
frommakingdisruptiveedits(suchasvandalism).[90][91]
Fewereditorsbecomeadministratorsthaninyearspast,inpartbecausetheprocessofvettingpotentialWikipedia
administratorshasbecomemorerigorous.[92]
Bureaucratsnamenewadministrators,solelyupontherecommendationsfromthecommunity.
Disputeresolution
Wikipediansmaydispute,forexamplebyrepeatedlymakingoppositechangestoanarticle.[93][94][95]Overtime,Wikipedia
hasdevelopeddocumentationforeditorsaboutdisputeresolution.Inordertodeterminecommunityconsensus,editorscan
raiseissuesattheVillagePump,orinitiatearequestforcomment.
ArbitrationCommittee
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TheArbitrationCommitteepresidesovertheultimatedisputeresolutionprocess.Althoughdisputesusuallyarisefroma
disagreementbetweentwoopposingviewsonhowanarticleshouldread,theArbitrationCommitteeexplicitlyrefusesto
directlyruleonthespecificviewthatshouldbeadopted.Statisticalanalysessuggestthatthecommitteeignoresthecontent
ofdisputesandratherfocusesonthewaydisputesareconducted,[96]functioningnotsomuchtoresolvedisputesandmake
peacebetweenconflictingeditors,buttoweedoutproblematiceditorswhileallowingpotentiallyproductiveeditorsbackin
toparticipate.Therefore,thecommitteedoesnotdictatethecontentofarticles,althoughitsometimescondemnscontent
changeswhenitdeemsthenewcontentviolatesWikipediapolicies(forexample,ifthenewcontentisconsideredbiased).
Itsremediesincludecautionsandprobations(usedin63%ofcases)andbanningeditorsfromarticles(43%),subjectmatters
(23%)orWikipedia(16%).CompletebansfromWikipediaaregenerallylimitedtoinstancesofimpersonationandanti
socialbehavior.Whenconductisnotimpersonationorantisocial,butratheranticonsensusorinviolationofediting
policies,remediestendtobelimitedtowarnings.[97]
Community
EacharticleandeachuserofWikipediahasanassociated"Talk"page.Theseform
theprimarycommunicationchannelforeditorstodiscuss,coordinateanddebate.[98]
Wikipedia'scommunityhasbeendescribedascultlike,[99]althoughnotalwayswith
entirelynegativeconnotations.[100]Theproject'spreferenceforcohesiveness,evenif
itrequirescompromisethatincludesdisregardofcredentials,hasbeenreferredtoas
"antielitism".[101]
Wikipedianssometimesawardoneanothervirtualbarnstarsforgoodwork.These
personalizedtokensofappreciationrevealawiderangeofvaluedworkextendingfar
beyondsimpleeditingtoincludesocialsupport,administrativeactions,andtypesof
articulationwork.[102]
Wikipediadoesnotrequirethatitseditorsandcontributorsprovide
identification.[103]AsWikipediagrew,"WhowritesWikipedia?"becameoneofthe
questionsfrequentlyaskedontheproject.[104]JimmyWalesoncearguedthatonly"a
community...adedicatedgroupofafewhundredvolunteers"makesthebulkof
contributionstoWikipediaandthattheprojectistherefore"muchlikeanytraditional
organization".[105]In2008,aSlatemagazinearticlereportedthat:"Accordingto
researchersinPaloAlto,1percentofWikipediausersareresponsibleforabouthalf
ofthesite'sedits."[106]Thismethodofevaluatingcontributionswaslaterdisputedby
AaronSwartz,whonotedthatseveralarticleshesampledhadlargeportionsoftheir
content(measuredbynumberofcharacters)contributedbyuserswithlowedit
counts.[107]
TheEnglishWikipediahas5,127,282articles,28,009,833registerededitors,and
131,217activeeditors.Aneditorisconsideredactiveiftheymakeoneormoreedits
insaidmonth.
VideoofWikimania2005anannual
conferenceforusersofWikipediaand
otherprojectsoperatedbythe
WikimediaFoundation,washeldin
FrankfurtamMain,Germanyfrom
August4to8.
WikipediansandBritishMuseum
curatorscollaborateonthearticle
HoxneHoardinJune2010
EditorswhofailtocomplywithWikipediaculturalrituals,suchassigningtalkpages,mayimplicitlysignalthattheyare
Wikipediaoutsiders,increasingtheoddsthatWikipediainsidersmaytargetordiscounttheircontributions.Becominga
Wikipediainsiderinvolvesnontrivialcosts:thecontributorisexpectedtolearnWikipediaspecifictechnologicalcodes,
submittoasometimesconvoluteddisputeresolutionprocess,andlearna"bafflingculturerichwithinjokesandinsider
references".EditorswhodonotloginareinsomesensesecondclasscitizensonWikipedia,[108]as"participantsare
accreditedbymembersofthewikicommunity,whohaveavestedinterestinpreservingthequalityoftheworkproduct,on
thebasisoftheirongoingparticipation",[109]butthecontributionhistoriesofanonymousunregisterededitorsrecognized
onlybytheirIPaddressescannotbeattributedtoaparticulareditorwithcertainty.
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A2007studybyresearchersfromDartmouthCollegefoundthat"anonymousandinfrequentcontributorstoWikipedia[...]
areasreliableasourceofknowledgeasthosecontributorswhoregisterwiththesite".[110]JimmyWalesstatedin2009that"
(I)tturnsoutover50%ofalltheeditsaredonebyjust.7%oftheusers...524people...Andinfactthemostactive2%,
whichis1400people,havedone73.4%ofalltheedits."[105]However,BusinessInsidereditorandjournalistHenryBlodget
showedin2009thatinarandomsampleofarticles,mostcontentinWikipedia(measuredbytheamountofcontributedtext
thatsurvivestothelatestsamplededit)iscreatedby"outsiders",whilemosteditingandformattingisdoneby
"insiders".[105]
A2008studyfoundthatWikipedianswerelessagreeable,open,andconscientiousthanothers.[111][112]althoughalater
commentarypointedoutseriousflaws,includingthatthedatashowedhigheropenness,thatthedifferenceswiththecontrol
groupweresmallaswerethesamples.[113]Accordingtoa2009study,thereis"evidenceofgrowingresistancefromthe
Wikipediacommunitytonewcontent".[114]
Diversity
OnestudyfoundthatthecontributorbasetoWikipedia"wasbarely13%
womentheaverageageofacontributorwasinthemid20s".[115]A
2011studybyresearchersfromtheUniversityofMinnesotafoundthat
femalescomprised16.1%ofthe38,497editorswhostartedediting
Wikipediaduring2009.[116]InaJanuary2011NewYorkTimesarticle,
NoamCohenobservedthatjust13%ofWikipedia'scontributorsare
femaleaccordingtoa2008WikimediaFoundationsurvey.[117]Sue
Gardner,aformerexecutivedirectoroftheWikimediaFoundation,
hopedtoseefemalecontributionsincreasetotwentyfivepercentby
2015.[118]LindaBasch,presidentoftheNationalCouncilforResearch
onWomen,notedthecontrastintheseWikipediaeditorstatisticswith
thepercentageofwomencurrentlycompletingbachelor'sdegrees,
master'sdegreesandPhDprogramsintheUnitedStates(allatratesof
50percentorgreater).[119]
Wikipediaeditordemographics(2008)
Inresponse,variousuniversitieshavehostededitathonstoencourage
morewomentoparticipateintheWikipediacommunity.Infall2013,15collegesanduniversities,includingYale,Brown,
andPennsylvaniaState,offeredcollegecreditforstudentsto"writefeministthinking"abouttechnologyintoWikipedia.[120]
InAugust2014,WikipediacofounderJimmyWalessaidinaBBCinterviewtheWikimediaFoundation'swas"...really
doublingdownourefforts..."toreach25%offemaleeditors(originallytargetedby2015),sincetheFoundationhad"totally
failed"sofar.Walessaid"alotofthingsneedtohappen..alotofoutreach,alotofsoftwarechanges".[121]
Languageeditions
Therearecurrently292languageeditionsofWikipedia(alsocalledlanguageversions,orsimplyWikipedias).Thirteenof
thesehaveoveronemillionarticleseach(English,Swedish,Cebuano,German,Dutch,French,Russian,WarayWaray,
Italian,Spanish,Polish,VietnameseandJapanese),threemorehaveover500,000articles(Portuguese,Chineseand
Ukrainian),42morehaveover100,000articles,and75morehaveover10,000articles.[122][123]Thelargest,theEnglish
Wikipedia,hasover5.1millionarticles.AsofMarch2016,accordingtoAlexa,theEnglishsubdomain(en.wikipedia.org
EnglishWikipedia)receivesapproximately58%ofWikipedia'scumulativetraffic,withtheremainingsplitamongtheother
languages(Japanese:9%Spanish:6%Russian:5%German:5%).[4]AsofApril2016,thesixlargestlanguageeditions
are(inorderofarticlecount)theEnglish,Swedish,Cebuano,German,Dutch,andFrenchWikipedias.[124]
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Distributionofthe39,331,517
articlesindifferentlanguage
editions(asof16April
2016)[125]
English(13%)
Swedish(7.5%)
Cebuano(5.5%)
German(4.9%)
Dutch(4.7%)
French(4.4%)
Russian(3.3%)
Italian(3.2%)
WarayWaray(3.2%)
Spanish(3.2%)
Polish(3%)
Vietnamese(2.9%)
Japanese(2.6%)
Portuguese(2.3%)
Other(36.3%)
Logarithmicgraphofthe20largestlanguageeditionsofWikipedia
(asof16April2016)[126]
(millionsofarticles)
0.1
0.3
1
3
English5,127,282
Swedish2,950,124
Cebuano2,166,580
German1,930,329
Dutch1,864,622
French1,746,269
Russian1,304,398
Italian1,265,931
WarayWaray1,259,512
Spanish1,251,724
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Polish1,163,213
Vietnamese1,144,693
Japanese1,012,069
Portuguese918,179
Chinese873,491
Ukrainian629,501
Catalan504,792
Persian489,050
Norwegian436,852
SerboCroatian431,993
Theunitforthenumbersinbarsisarticles.SinceWikipediaisbasedontheWebandthereforeworldwide,contributors
tothesamelanguageeditionmayusedifferentdialectsormaycomefromdifferentcountries(asisthecasefortheEnglish
edition).Thesedifferencesmayleadtosomeconflictsoverspellingdifferences(e.g.colourversuscolor)[127]orpointsof
view.[128]
Thoughthevariouslanguageeditionsareheldtoglobalpoliciessuchas"neutralpointofview",theydivergeonsomepoints
ofpolicyandpractice,mostnotablyonwhetherimagesthatarenotlicensedfreelymaybeusedunderaclaimoffairuse.[129]
[130][131]
JimmyWaleshasdescribedWikipediaas"anefforttocreateanddistributeafreeencyclopediaofthehighestpossible
qualitytoeverysinglepersonontheplanetintheirownlanguage".[132]Thougheachlanguageeditionfunctionsmoreorless
independently,someeffortsaremadetosupervisethemall.TheyarecoordinatedinpartbyMetaWiki,theWikimedia
Foundation'swikidevotedtomaintainingallofitsprojects(Wikipediaandothers).[133]Forinstance,MetaWikiprovides
importantstatisticsonalllanguageeditionsofWikipedia,[134]anditmaintainsalistofarticleseveryWikipediashould
have.[135]Thelistconcernsbasiccontentbysubject:biography,history,geography,society,culture,science,technology,and
mathematics.Asfortherest,itisnotrareforarticlesstronglyrelatedtoaparticularlanguagenottohavecounterpartsin
anotheredition.Forexample,articlesaboutsmalltownsintheUnitedStatesmightonlybeavailableinEnglish,evenwhen
theymeetnotabilitycriteriaofotherlanguageWikipediaprojects.
Translatedarticlesrepresentonlyasmall
portionofarticlesinmosteditions,in
partbecausefullyautomatedtranslation
ofarticlesisdisallowed.[136]Articles
availableinmorethanonelanguagemay
offer"interwikilinks",whichlinktothe
counterpartarticlesinothereditions.
Estimationofcontributionssharesfromdifferentregionsintheworldtodifferent
Wikipediaeditions
AstudypublishedbyPLOSONEin
2012alsoestimatedtheshareof
contributionstodifferenteditionsof
Wikipediafromdifferentregionsofthe
world.Itreportedthattheproportionof
theeditsmadefromNorthAmericawas
51%fortheEnglishWikipedia,and25%
forthesimpleEnglishWikipedia.[137]
TheWikimediaFoundationhopesto
increasethenumberofeditorsinthe
GlobalSouthtothirtysevenpercentby
2015.[138]
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OnMarch1,2014,TheEconomistinanarticletitled"TheFutureofWikipedia"citedatrendanalysisconcerningdata
publishedbyWikimediastatingthat:"ThenumberofeditorsfortheEnglishlanguageversionhasfallenbyathirdinseven
years."[139]TheattritionrateforactiveeditorsinEnglishWikipediawascitedbyTheEconomistassubstantiallyincontrast
tostatisticsforWikipediainotherlanguages(nonEnglishWikipedia).TheEconomistreportedthatthenumberof
contributorswithanaverageoffiveofmoreeditspermonthwasrelativelyconstantsince2008forWikipediainother
languagesatapproximately42,000editorswithinnarrowseasonalvariancesofabout2,000editorsupordown.Theattrition
ratesforeditorsinEnglishWikipedia,bysharpcomparison,werecitedaspeakingin2007atapproximately50,000editors
whichhasdroppedto30,000editorsasofthestartof2014.Atthequotedtrendrate,thenumberofactiveeditorsinEnglish
Wikipediahaslostapproximately20,000editorstoattritionsince2007,andthedocumentedtrendrateindicatesthelossof
another20,000editorsby2021,downto10,000activeeditorsonEnglishWikipediaby2021ifleftunabated.[139]Giventhat
thetrendanalysispublishedinTheEconomistpresentsthenumberofactiveeditorsforWikipediainotherlanguages(non
EnglishWikipedia)asremainingrelativelyconstantandsuccessfulinsustainingitsnumbersatapproximately42,000active
editors,thecontrasthaspointedtotheeffectivenessofWikipediainotherlanguagestoretainitsactiveeditorsona
renewableandsustainedbasis.[139]Nocommentwasmadeconcerningwhichofthedifferentiatededitpolicystandardsfrom
Wikipediainotherlanguages(nonEnglishWikipedia)wouldprovideapossiblealternativetoEnglishWikipediafor
effectivelyamelioratingsubstantialeditorattritionratesontheEnglishlanguageWikipedia.[140]
Criticalreception
SeveralWikipedianshavecriticizedWikipedia'slargeandgrowingregulation,whichincludesover50policiesandnearly
150,000wordsasof2014.[141][142]
CriticshavestatedthatWikipediaexhibitssystemicbias.ColumnistandjournalistEdwinBlackcriticizesWikipediafor
beingamixtureof"truth,halftruth,andsomefalsehoods".[15]ArticlesinTheChronicleofHigherEducationandThe
JournalofAcademicLibrarianshiphavecriticizedWikipedia'sUndueWeightpolicy,concludingthatthefactthatWikipedia
explicitlyisnotdesignedtoprovidecorrectinformationaboutasubject,butratheronlypresent themajorityweightof
viewpoints ,createsomissionswhichcanleadtofalsebeliefsbasedonincompleteinformation.[143][144][145]
JournalistsOliverKammandEdwinBlacknotedhowarticlesaredominatedbytheloudestandmostpersistentvoices,
usuallybyagroupwithan"axtogrind"onthetopic.[15][146]AnarticleinEducationNextJournalconcludedthatasa
resourceaboutcontroversialtopics,Wikipediaisnotoriouslysubjecttomanipulationandspin.[16]
In2006,theWikipediaWatchcriticismwebsitelisteddozensofexamplesofplagiarismintheEnglishWikipedia.[147]
Accuracyofcontent
ArticlesfortraditionalencyclopediassuchasEncyclopdiaBritannicaarecarefullyanddeliberatelywrittenbyexperts,
lendingsuchencyclopediasareputationforaccuracy.[148]Conversely,Wikipediaisoftencitedforfactualinaccuraciesand
misrepresentations.However,apeerreviewin2005offortytwoscientificentriesonbothWikipediaandEncyclopdia
BritannicabythesciencejournalNaturefoundfewdifferencesinaccuracy,andconcludedthat"theaveragescienceentryin
WikipediacontainedaroundfourinaccuraciesBritannica,aboutthree."[14]Reaglesuggestedthatwhilethestudyreflects"a
topicalstrengthofWikipediacontributors"insciencearticles,"Wikipediamaynothavefaredsowellusingarandom
samplingofarticlesoronhumanitiessubjects."[149]ThefindingsbyNatureweredisputedbyEncyclopdia
Britannica,[150][151]andinresponse,NaturegavearebuttalofthepointsraisedbyBritannica.[152]Inadditiontothepoint
forpointdisagreementbetweenthesetwoparties,othershaveexaminedthesamplesizeandselectionmethodusedinthe
Natureeffort,andsuggesteda"flawedstudydesign"(inNature'smanualselectionofarticles,inpartorinwhole,for
comparison),absenceofstatisticalanalysis(e.g.,ofreportedconfidenceintervals),andalackofstudy"statisticalpower"
(i.e.,owingtosmallsamplesize,42or4x101articlescompared,vs>105and>106setsizesforBritannicaandtheEnglish
Wikipedia,respectively).[153]
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Asaconsequenceoftheopenstructure,Wikipedia"makesnoguaranteeofvalidity"ofitscontent,sincenooneisultimately
responsibleforanyclaimsappearinginit.[154]ConcernshavebeenraisedbyPCWorldin2009regardingthelackof
accountabilitythatresultsfromusers'anonymity,[155]theinsertionoffalseinformation,[156]vandalism,andsimilar
problems.
EconomistTylerCowenwrote:"IfIhadtoguesswhetherWikipediaorthemedianrefereedjournalarticleoneconomics
wasmorelikelytobetrue,afteranotsolongthinkIwouldoptforWikipedia."Hecommentsthatsometraditionalsources
ofnonfictionsufferfromsystemicbiasesandnovelresults,inhisopinion,areoverreportedinjournalarticlesandrelevant
informationisomittedfromnewsreports.However,healsocautionsthaterrorsarefrequentlyfoundonInternetsites,and
thatacademicsandexpertsmustbevigilantincorrectingthem.[157]
CriticsarguethatWikipedia'sopennatureandalackofpropersourcesformostoftheinformationmakesitunreliable.[158]
SomecommentatorssuggestthatWikipediamaybereliable,butthatthereliabilityofanygivenarticleisnotclear.[159]
EditorsoftraditionalreferenceworkssuchastheEncyclopdiaBritannicahavequestionedtheproject'sutilityandstatusas
anencyclopedia.[160]
Wikipedia'sopenstructureinherentlymakesitaneasytargetforInternettrolls,
Externalvideo
spammers,andvariousformsofpaidadvocacyseenascounterproductivetothe
InsideWikipediaAttackof
maintenanceofaneutralandverifiableonlineencyclopedia.[65][162]Inresponsetopaid
thePRIndustry
advocacyeditingandundisclosededitingissues,Wikipediawasreportedinanarticleby
(http://www.dw.de/inside
JeffElderinTheWallStreetJournalonJune16,2014tohavestrengtheneditsrulesand
wikipediaattackofthepr
lawsagainstundisclosedediting.[163]Thearticlestatedthat:"BeginningMonday(from
industry/av17745881),Deutsche
dateofarticle),changesinWikipedia'stermsofusewillrequireanyonepaidtoedit
articlestodisclosethatarrangement.KatherineMaher,thenonprofitWikimedia
Welle,7:13mins[161]
Foundation'schiefcommunicationsofficer,saidthechangesaddressasentimentamong
volunteereditorsthat,'we'renotanadvertisingservicewe'rean
encyclopedia.'"[163][164][165][166][167]Theseissues,amongothers,hadbeenparodiedsincethefirstdecadeofWikipedia,
notablybyStephenColbertonTheColbertReport.[168]
Mostuniversitylecturersdiscouragestudentsfromcitinganyencyclopediainacademicwork,preferringprimary
sources[169]somespecificallyprohibitWikipediacitations.[170][171]Walesstressesthatencyclopediasofanytypearenot
usuallyappropriatetouseasciteablesources,andshouldnotberelieduponasauthoritative.[172]Walesonce(2006or
earlier)saidhereceivesabouttenemailsweeklyfromstudentssayingtheygotfailinggradesonpapersbecausetheycited
Wikipediahetoldthestudentstheygotwhattheydeserved."ForGod'ssake,you'reincollegedon'tcitetheencyclopedia",
hesaid.[173]
InFebruary2007,anarticleinTheHarvardCrimsonnewspaperreportedthatafewoftheprofessorsatHarvardUniversity
includeWikipediaintheirsyllabi,butthatthereisasplitintheirperceptionofusingWikipedia.[174]InJune2007,former
presidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationMichaelGormancondemnedWikipedia,alongwithGoogle,[175]statingthat
academicswhoendorsetheuseofWikipediaare"theintellectualequivalentofadietitianwhorecommendsasteadydietof
BigMacswitheverything".
AHarvardlawtextbook,LegalResearchinaNutshell(2011),citesWikipediaasa"generalsource"that"canbeareal
boon"in"cominguptospeedinthelawgoverningasituation"and,"whilenotauthoritative,canprovidebasicfactsaswell
asleadstomoreindepthresources".[176]
Medicalinformation
OnMarch5,2014,JulieBeckwritingforTheAtlanticmagazineinanarticletitled"Doctors'#1SourceforHealthcare
Information:Wikipedia",statedthat"Fiftypercentofphysicianslookupconditionsonthe(Wikipedia)site,andsomeare
editingarticlesthemselvestoimprovethequalityofavailableinformation."[177]Beckcontinuedtodetailinthisarticlenew
programsofDr.AminAzzamattheUniversityofSanFranciscotooffermedicalschoolcoursestomedicalstudentsfor
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learningtoeditandimproveWikipediaarticlesonhealthrelatedissues,aswellasinternalqualitycontrolprogramswithin
WikipediaorganizedbyDr.JamesHeilmantoimproveagroupof200healthrelatedarticlesofcentralmedicalimportance
uptoWikipedia'shigheststandardofpeerreviewevaluatedarticlesusingitsFeaturedArticleandGoodArticlepeerreview
evaluationstandards.[177]InaMay7,2014followuparticleinTheAtlantictitled"CanWikipediaEverBeaDefinitive
MedicalText?",JulieBeckquotesWikiprojectMedicine'sDr.JamesHeilmanasstating:"Justbecauseareferenceispeer
revieweddoesn'tmeanit'sahighqualityreference."[178]Beckaddedthat:"Wikipediahasitsownpeerreviewprocess
beforearticlescanbeclassifiedas'good'or'featured.'Heilman,whohasparticipatedinthatprocessbefore,says'lessthan1
percent'ofWikipedia'smedicalarticleshavepassed.[178]
Qualityofwriting
In2008,researchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityfoundthatthequalityofaWikipediaarticlewouldsufferratherthan
gainfromaddingmorewriterswhenthearticlelackedappropriateexplicitorimplicitcoordination.[179]Forinstance,when
contributorsrewritesmallportionsofanentryratherthanmakingfulllengthrevisions,highandlowqualitycontentmay
beintermingledwithinanentry.RoyRosenzweig,ahistoryprofessor,statedthatAmericanNationalBiographyOnline
outperformedWikipediaintermsofits"clearandengagingprose",which,hesaid,wasanimportantaspectofgood
historicalwriting.[180]ContrastingWikipedia'streatmentofAbrahamLincolntothatofCivilWarhistorianJames
McPhersoninAmericanNationalBiographyOnline,hesaidthatbothwereessentiallyaccurateandcoveredthemajor
episodesinLincoln'slife,butpraised"McPherson'srichercontextualization[...]hisartfuluseofquotationstocapture
Lincoln'svoice[...]and[...]hisabilitytoconveyaprofoundmessageinahandfulofwords."Bycontrast,hegivesan
exampleofWikipedia'sprosethathefinds"bothverboseanddull".Rosenzweigalsocriticizedthe"wafflingencouraged
bythenpovpolicy[which]meansthatitishardtodiscernanyoverallinterpretivestanceinWikipediahistory".By
example,hequotedtheconclusionofWikipedia'sarticleonWilliamClarkeQuantrill.Whilegenerallypraisingthearticle,
hepointedoutits"waffling"conclusion:"Somehistorians[...]rememberhimasanopportunistic,bloodthirstyoutlaw,while
otherscontinuetoviewhimasadaringsoldierandlocalfolkhero."[180]
Othercriticshavemadesimilarchargesthat,evenifWikipediaarticlesarefactuallyaccurate,theyareoftenwrittenina
poor,almostunreadablestyle.FrequentWikipediacriticAndrewOrlowskicommented:"EvenwhenaWikipediaentryis
100percentfactuallycorrect,andthosefactshavebeencarefullychosen,italltoooftenreadsasifithasbeentranslated
fromonelanguagetoanotherthenintotoathird,passinganilliteratetranslatorateachstage."[181]Astudyofarticleson
cancerwasundertakenin2010byYaacovLawrenceoftheKimmelCancerCenteratThomasJeffersonUniversitylimited
tothoseWikipediaarticleswhichcouldbefoundinthePhysicianDataQueryandexcludingWikipediaarticleswrittenat
the"start"classorthe"stub"classlevel.Lawrencefoundthearticlesaccuratebutnotveryreadable,andthoughtthat
"Wikipedia'slackofreadability(tononcollegereaders)mayreflectitsvariedoriginsandhaphazardediting".[182]The
Economistarguedthatbetterwrittenarticlestendtobemorereliable:"inelegantorrantingproseusuallyreflectsmuddled
thoughtsandincompleteinformation".[183]
Coverageoftopicsandsystemicbias
Wikipediaseekstocreateasummaryofallhumanknowledgeintheformofanonlineencyclopedia,witheachtopic
coveredencyclopedicallyinonearticle.Sinceithasterabytesofdiskspace,itcanhavefarmoretopicsthancanbecovered
byanyprintedencyclopedia.[184]TheexactdegreeandmannerofcoverageonWikipediaisunderconstantreviewbyits
editors,anddisagreementsarenotuncommon(seedeletionismandinclusionism).[185][186]Wikipediacontainsmaterialsthat
somepeoplemayfindobjectionable,offensive,orpornographicbecauseWikipediaisnotcensored.Thepolicyhas
sometimesprovedcontroversial:in2008,Wikipediarejectedanonlinepetitionagainsttheinclusionofimagesof
MuhammadintheEnglisheditionofitsMuhammadarticle,citingthispolicy.Thepresenceofpolitically,religiously,and
pornographicallysensitivematerialsinWikipediahasledtothecensorshipofWikipediabynationalauthoritiesinChina,[187]
Pakistan,[188]andtheUnitedKingdom,[189]amongothercountries.
A2008studyconductedbyresearchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityandPaloAltoResearchCentergaveadistributionof
topicsaswellasgrowth(fromJuly2006toJanuary2008)ineachfield:[190]
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PiechartofWikipediacontentbysubjectasofJanuary2008[190]
Cultureandthearts:30%(210%)
Biographiesandpersons:15%(97%)
Geographyandplaces:14%(52%)
Societyandsocialsciences:12%(83%)
Historyandevents:11%(143%)
Naturalandphysicalsciences:9%(213%)
Technologyandtheappliedsciences:4%(6%)
Religionsandbeliefsystems:2%(38%)
Health:2%(42%)
Mathematicsandlogic:1%(146%)
Thoughtandphilosophy:1%(160%)
Thesenumbersreferonlytothequantityofarticles:itispossibleforonetopictocontainalargenumberofshortarticlesand
anothertocontainasmallnumberoflargeones.Throughits"WikipediaLovesLibraries"program,Wikipediahaspartnered
withmajorpubliclibrariessuchastheNewYorkPublicLibraryforthePerformingArtstoexpanditscoverageof
underrepresentedsubjectsandarticles.[191]
A2011studyconductedbyresearchersattheUniversityofMinnesotaindicatedthatmaleandfemaleeditorsfocuson
differentcoveragetopics.TherewasagreaterconcentrationoffemalesinthePeopleandArtscategory,whilemalesfocus
moreonGeographyandScience.[192]
Coverageoftopicsandselectionbias
ResearchconductedbytheOxfordInternetInstitutehasshownthatthegeographicdistributionofarticletopicsishighly
uneven.Africaismostunderrepresented.[193]AneditorialinTheGuardiancitesthatWomenpornstarsarebettercovered
thanwomenwritersasafurtherexample.[194]
A"selectionbias"mayarisewhenmorewordsperarticlearedevotedtoonepublicfigurethanarivalpublicfigure.Editors
maydisputesuspectedbiasesanddiscusscontroversialarticles,sometimesatgreatlength.
Systemicbias
Whenmultipleeditorscontributetoonetopicorsetoftopics,systemicbiasmayarise,duetothedemographicbackgrounds
oftheeditors.In2011,Walesnotedthattheunevennessofcoverageisareflectionofthedemographyoftheeditors,which
predominantlyconsistsofyoungmaleswithhigheducationlevelsinthedevelopedworld(cf.previously).[44]TheOctober
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22,2013,essaybyTomSimoniteinMIT'sTechnologyReviewtitled"TheDeclineofWikipedia"discussedtheeffectof
systemicbiasandpolicycreeponthedownwardtrendinthenumberofeditors.[45]
SystemicbiasonWikipediamayfollowthatofculturegenerally,forexamplefavouringcertainnationalities,ethnicitiesor
majorityreligions.[195]ItmaymorespecificallyfollowthebiasesofInternetculture,incliningtobeingyoung,male,
Englishspeaking,educated,technologicallyaware,andwealthyenoughtosparetimeforediting.Biasesofitsownmay
includeoveremphasisontopicssuchaspopculture,technology,andcurrentevents.[195]
TahaYasserioftheUniversityofOxford,in2013,studiedthestatisticaltrendsofsystemicbiasatWikipediaintroducedby
editingconflictsandtheirresolution.[196][197]Hisresearchexaminedthecounterproductiveworkbehaviorofeditwarring.
Yassericontendedthatsimplerevertsor"undo"operationswerenotthemostsignificantmeasureofcounterproductive
behavioratWikipediaandreliedinsteadonthestatisticalmeasurementofdetecting"reverting/revertedpairs"or"mutually
revertingeditpairs."Sucha"mutuallyrevertingeditpair"isdefinedwhereoneeditorrevertstheeditofanothereditorwho
then,insequence,returnstorevertthefirsteditorinthe"mutuallyrevertingeditpairs."Theresultsweretabulatedfor
severallanguageversionsofWikipedia.TheEnglishWikipedia'sthreelargestconflictratesbelongedtothearticlesGeorge
W.Bush,AnarchismandMuhammad.[197]Bycomparison,fortheGermanWikipedia,thethreelargestconflictratesatthe
timeoftheOxfordstudywereforthearticlescovering(i)Croatia,(ii)Scientologyand(iii)9/11conspiracytheories.[197]
Explicitcontent
Wikipediahasbeencriticizedforallowinginformationofgraphiccontent.
Articlesdepictingarguablyobjectionablecontent(suchasFeces,Cadaver,
Humanpenis,Vulva,andNudity)containgraphicpicturesanddetailed
informationeasilyavailabletoanyonewithaccesstotheinternet,including
children.
Problem?Whatproblem?
So,youdidn'tknowthat
Wikipediahasaporn
problem?
LarrySanger,[198]
Thesitealsoincludessexualcontentsuchasimagesandvideosofmasturbation
andejaculation,photographsofnudechildren,illustrationsofzoophilia,andphotosfromhardcorepornographicfilmsinits
articles.
TheWikipediaarticleaboutVirginKillera1976albumfromGermanheavymetalbandScorpionsfeaturesapictureof
thealbum'soriginalcover,whichdepictsanakedprepubescentgirl.Theoriginalreleasecovercausedcontroversyandwas
replacedinsomecountries.InDecember2008,accesstotheWikipediaarticleVirginKillerwasblockedforfourdaysby
mostInternetserviceprovidersintheUnitedKingdomafteritwasreportedbyamemberofthepublicaschild
pornography,[199]totheInternetWatchFoundation(IWF),whichissuesastoplisttoInternetserviceproviders.IWF,anon
profit,nongovernmentaffiliatedorganization,latercriticizedtheinclusionofthepictureas"distasteful".[200]
InApril2010,SangerwrotealettertotheFederalBureauofInvestigation,outlininghisconcernsthattwocategoriesof
imagesonWikimediaCommonscontainedchildpornography,andwereinviolationofUSfederalobscenitylaw.[201]
Sangerlaterclarifiedthattheimages,whichwererelatedtopedophiliaandoneaboutlolicon,werenotofrealchildren,but
saidthattheyconstituted"obscenevisualrepresentationsofthesexualabuseofchildren",underthePROTECTActof
2003.[202]Thatlawbansphotographicchildpornographyandcartoonimagesanddrawingsofchildrenthatareobscene
underAmericanlaw.[202]SangeralsoexpressedconcernsaboutaccesstotheimagesonWikipediainschools.[203]
WikimediaFoundationspokesmanJayWalshstronglyrejectedSanger'saccusation,[204]sayingthatWikipediadidnothave
"materialwewoulddeemtobeillegal.Ifwedid,wewouldremoveit."[204]FollowingthecomplaintbySanger,Wales
deletedsexualimageswithoutconsultingthecommunity.Aftersomeeditorswhovolunteertomaintainthesitearguedthat
thedecisiontodeletehadbeenmadehastily,Walesvoluntarilygaveupsomeofthepowershehadhelduptothattimeas
partofhiscofounderstatus.HewroteinamessagetotheWikimediaFoundationmailinglistthatthisactionwas"inthe
interestofencouragingthisdiscussiontobeaboutrealphilosophical/contentissues,ratherthanbeaboutmeandhow
quicklyIacted".[205]Critics,includingWikipediocracy,noticedthatmanyofthepornographicimagesdeletedfrom
Wikipediasince2010havereappeared.[206]
Privacy
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OneprivacyconcerninthecaseofWikipediaistherightofaprivatecitizentoremaina"privatecitizen"ratherthana
"publicfigure"intheeyesofthelaw.[207][notes6]Itisabattlebetweentherighttobeanonymousincyberspaceandtheright
tobeanonymousinreallife("meatspace").Aparticularproblemoccursinthecaseofanindividualwhoisrelatively
unimportantandforwhomthereexistsaWikipediapageagainstherorhiswishes.
InJanuary2006,aGermancourtorderedtheGermanWikipediashutdownwithinGermanybecauseitstatedthefullname
ofBorisFloricic,aka"Tron",adeceasedhacker.OnFebruary9,2006,theinjunctionagainstWikimediaDeutschlandwas
overturned,withthecourtrejectingthenotionthatTron'srighttoprivacyorthatofhisparentswasbeingviolated.[208]
Wikipediahasa"VolunteerResponseTeam"thatusestheOTRSsystemtohandle
querieswithouthavingtorevealtheidentitiesoftheinvolvedparties.Thisisused,for
example,inconfirmingthepermissionforusingindividualimagesandothermediain
theproject.[210]
Sexism
Wikipediahasbeendescribedasharboringabattlegroundcultureofsexismand
harassment.[211][212]Atoxiccultureandtoleranceofviolentandabusivelanguageare
alsoreasonsputforthforthegendergapinWikipediaeditors.[213]FormerWikimedia
FoundationexecutiveSueGardnerprovidesninereasons,offeredbyfemaleWikipedia
editors,"WhyWomenDon'tEditWikipedia".[209]Amongthereasonswerethatsome
womenfinditsoverallatmospheremisogynisticandWikipediacultureissexualinways
womenfindoffputting.
FormerWikimediaFoundation
executiveSueGardnerprovided
ninereasons,offeredbyfemale
Wikipediaeditors,"WhyWomen
Don'tEditWikipedia."[209]
Operation
AgroupofWikipediaeditorsmayformaWikiProjecttofocustheirworkonaspecifictopicarea,usingitsassociated
discussionpagetocoordinatechangesacrossmultiplearticles.[214]
WikimediaFoundationandtheWikimediachapters
WikipediaishostedandfundedbytheWikimediaFoundation,anonprofitorganization
whichalsooperatesWikipediarelatedprojectssuchasWiktionaryandWikibooks.The
foundationreliesonpubliccontributionsandgrantstofunditsmission.[215]Wikimedia
chapters,localassociationsofusersandsupportersoftheWikimediaprojectsalsoparticipate
inthepromotion,development,andfundingoftheproject.Thefoundation's2013IRSForm
990showsrevenueof$39.7millionandexpensesofalmost$29million,withassetsof$37.2
millionandliabilitiesofabout$2.3million.[216]
InMay2014,WikimediaFoundationnamedLilaTretikovasitsnewexecutivedirector,
takingoverforSueGardner.[217]TheWallStreetJournalreportedonMay1,2014that
WikimediaFoundationlogo
Tretikov'sinformationtechnologybackgroundfromheryearsatUniversityofCalifornia
offersWikipediaanopportunitytodevelopinmoreconcentrateddirectionsguidedbyher
oftenrepeatedpositionstatementthat,"Information,likeair,wantstobefree."[218][219]ThesameWallStreetJournalarticle
reportedthesedirectionsofdevelopmentaccordingtoaninterviewwithspokesmanJayWalshofWikimediawho"said
Tretikovwouldaddressthatissue(paidadvocacy)asapriority.'Wearereallypushingtowardmoretransparency...Weare
reinforcingthatpaidadvocacyisnotwelcome.'Initiativestoinvolvegreaterdiversityofcontributors,bettermobilesupport
ofWikipedia,newgeolocationtoolstofindlocalcontentmoreeasily,andmoretoolsforusersinthesecondandthird
worldarealsopriorities,Walshsaid."[218]
Softwareoperationsandsupport
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TheoperationofWikipediadependsonMediaWiki,acustommade,freeandopensourcewikisoftwareplatformwrittenin
PHPandbuiltupontheMySQLdatabasesystem.[220]Thesoftwareincorporatesprogrammingfeaturessuchasamacro
language,variables,atransclusionsystemfortemplates,andURLredirection.MediaWikiislicensedundertheGNU
GeneralPublicLicenseanditisusedbyallWikimediaprojects,aswellasmanyotherwikiprojects.Originally,Wikipedia
ranonUseModWikiwritteninPerlbyCliffordAdams(PhaseI),whichinitiallyrequiredCamelCaseforarticlehyperlinks
thepresentdoublebracketstylewasincorporatedlater.StartinginJanuary2002(PhaseII),Wikipediabeganrunningona
PHPwikienginewithaMySQLdatabasethissoftwarewascustommadeforWikipediabyMagnusManske.ThePhaseII
softwarewasrepeatedlymodifiedtoaccommodatetheexponentiallyincreasingdemand.InJuly2002(PhaseIII),Wikipedia
shiftedtothethirdgenerationsoftware,MediaWiki,originallywrittenbyLeeDanielCrocker.
SeveralMediaWikiextensionsareinstalled[221]toextendthefunctionalityoftheMediaWikisoftware.
InApril2005,aLuceneextension[222][223]wasaddedtoMediaWiki'sbuiltinsearchandWikipediaswitchedfromMySQL
toLuceneforsearching.ThesitecurrentlyusesLuceneSearch2.1,[224]whichiswritteninJavaandbasedonLucenelibrary
2.3.[225]
InJuly2013,afterextensivebetatesting,aWYSIWYG(WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouGet)extension,VisualEditor,was
openedtopublicuse.[226][227][228][229]Itwasmetwithmuchrejectionandcriticism,andwasdescribedas"slowand
buggy".[230]Thefeaturewasturnedoffafterward.
Automatedediting
Computerprogramscalledbotshavebeenusedwidelytoperformsimpleandrepetitivetasks,suchascorrectingcommon
misspellingsandstylisticissues,ortostartarticlessuchasgeographyentriesinastandardformatfromstatistical
data.[231][232][233]Onecontroversialcontributormassivelycreatingarticleswithhisbotwasreportedtocreateuptoten
thousandarticlesontheSwedishWikipediaoncertaindays.[234]Therearealsosomebotsdesignedtoautomaticallywarn
editorsmakingcommoneditingerrors(suchasunmatchedquotesorunmatchedparenthesis).[235]Editsmisidentifiedbya
botastheworkofabannededitorcanberestoredbyothereditors.Anantivandalbottriestodetectandrevertvandalism
quicklyandautomatically.[232]BotscanalsoreporteditsfromparticularaccountsorIPaddressranges,aswasdoneatthe
timeoftheMH17jetdowningincidentinJuly2014.[236]BotsonWikipediamustbeapprovedpriortoactivation.[237]
AccordingtoAndrewLih,thecurrentexpansionofWikipediatomillionsofarticleswouldbedifficulttoenvisionwithout
theuseofsuchbots.[238]
Wikiprojects,andassessmentsofarticles'importanceandquality
A"WikiProject"isagroupofcontributorswhowanttoworktogetherasateamtoimproveWikipedia.Thesegroupsoften
focusonaspecifictopicarea(forexample,women'shistory),aspecificlocationoraspecifickindoftask(forexample,
checkingnewlycreatedpages).TheEnglishWikipediacurrentlyhasover2,000WikiProjectsandactivityvaries.[239]
In2007,inpreparationforproducingaprintversion,theEnglishWikipediaintroducedanassessmentscaleofthequalityof
articles.[240]ArticlesareratedbyWikiprojects.Therangeofqualityclassesbeginswith"Stub"(veryshortpages),followed
by"Start","C"and"B"(inincreasingorderofquality).Communitypeerreviewisneededforthearticletoenteroneofthe
highestqualityclasses:either"A","goodarticle"orthehighest,"featuredarticle".Oftheabout4.4millionarticlesandlists
assessedasofMarch2015,alittlemorethan5000(0.12%)arefeaturedarticles,andalittlelessthan2000(0.04%)are
featuredlists.Onefeaturedarticleperday,asselectedbyeditors,appearsonthemainpageofWikipedia.[241][242]
Thearticlescanalsoberatedasper"importance"asjudgedbyaWikiproject.Currently,thereare5importancecategories:
"low","mid","high","top",and"???"forunclassified/unsurelevel.Foraparticulararticle,differentWikiprojectsmay
assigndifferentimportancelevels.
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TheWikipediaVersion1.0EditorialTeamhasdevelopedatable(shownbelow)thatdisplaysdataofallratedarticlesby
qualityandimportance,ontheEnglishWikipedia.Ifanarticleorlistreceivesdifferentratingsbytwoormore
Wikiprojects,thenthehighestratingisusedinthetable,piecharts,andbarchart.Thesoftwareregularlyautoupdates
thedata.
ResearcherGiacomoPoderifoundthatarticlestendtoreachfeaturedstatusviatheintensiveworkofafeweditors.[243]A
2010studyfoundunevennessinqualityamongfeaturedarticlesandconcludedthatthecommunityprocessisineffectivein
assessingthequalityofarticles.[244]
Importancewisedistributionof
over4.8millionarticlesandlists
ontheEnglishWikipedia,asof
5April2015[245]
Qualitywisedistributionof
over4.8millionarticlesandlists
ontheEnglishWikipedia,asof
3April2015[245]
Top(0.91%)
Featuredarticles(0.11%)
High(3.21%)
Featuredlists(0.04%)
Medium(12.29%)
Aclass(0.03%)
Low(49.37%)
Goodarticles(0.48%)
???(34.22%)
Bclass(2.05%)
Cclass(3.99%)
Allratedarticlesbyqualityandimportance
Startclass(25.73%)
Importance
Quality
Top
High
Mid
Low
Stubclass(54.08%)
???
Total
FA
1,142
1,738
1,652
988
182
5,702
FL
139
547
639
583
114
2,022
205
401
558
342
72
1,578
1,964
4,485
8,778
9,131
1,670
26,028
11,605 22,079 33,527
26,186
13,404
106,801
9,596 27,676 61,337
81,694
40,765
221,068
Start
16,678 72,861 291,806
725,618
277,720 1,384,683
Stub
4,228 30,020 216,106 1,754,851
827,982 2,833,187
List
2,861 10,604 31,268
GA
84,450
59,613
Lists(3.50%)
Unassessed(9.99%)
188,796
Assessed 48,418 170,411 645,671 2,683,843 1,221,522 4,769,865

Unassessed
Total
118
371
1,555
16,195
486,487
504,726
48,536 170,782 647,226 2,700,038 1,708,009 5,274,591
3,000,000
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2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
Top
High
Medium
Low
???
Goodarticles
Stubarticles
Featuredarticles
Bclassarticles
Lists
Featuredlists
Cclassarticles
Unassessedarticlesandlists
Aclassarticles
Startclassarticles
Goodarticles
Stubarticles
Bclassarticles
Lists
[Note:Thetableabove(preparedbytheWikipediaVersion1.0EditorialTeam)isautomaticallyupdateddailybyUser:WP
1.0bot,butthebarchartandthetwopiechartsarenotautoupdated.Inthem,newdatahastobeenteredbyaWikipedia
editor.]
Hardwareoperationsandsupport
Wikipediareceivesbetween25,000and60,000pagerequestspersecond,dependingontimeofday.[246]Asof2008page
requestsarefirstpassedtoafrontendlayerofSquidcachingservers.[247]Furtherstatistics,basedonapubliclyavailable3
monthWikipediaaccesstrace,areavailable.[248]RequeststhatcannotbeservedfromtheSquidcachearesenttoload
balancingserversrunningtheLinuxVirtualServersoftware,whichinturnpassthemtooneoftheApachewebserversfor
pagerenderingfromthedatabase.Thewebserversdeliverpagesasrequested,performingpagerenderingforallthe
languageeditionsofWikipedia.Toincreasespeedfurther,renderedpagesarecachedinadistributedmemorycacheuntil
invalidated,allowingpagerenderingtobeskippedentirelyformostcommonpageaccesses.
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WikipediacurrentlyrunsondedicatedclustersofLinuxservers(mainlyUbuntu).[249][250]AsofDecember2009,therewere
300inFloridaand44inAmsterdam.[251]ByJanuary22,2013,WikipediahadmigrateditsprimarydatacentertoanEquinix
facilityinAshburn,Virginia.[252][253]
Overviewofsystemarchitecture,December2010.SeeserverlayoutdiagramsonMetaWiki
Internalresearchandoperationaldevelopment
Inaccordancewithgrowingamountsofincomingdonationsexceedingsevendigitsin2013asrecentlyreported,[254]the
Foundationhasreachedathresholdofassetswhichqualifyitsconsiderationundertheprinciplesofindustrialorganization
economicstoindicatetheneedforthereinvestmentofdonationsintotheinternalresearchanddevelopmentofthe
Foundation.[255]TwooftherecentprojectsofsuchinternalresearchanddevelopmenthavebeenthecreationofaVisual
Editorandalargelyunderutilized"Thank"tabwhichweredevelopedforthepurposeofamelioratingissuesofeditor
attrition,whichhavemetwithlimitedsuccess.[230][256]Theestimatesforreinvestmentbyindustrialorganizationsinto
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internalresearchanddevelopmentwasstudiedbyAdamJaffewhorecordedthattherangeof4%to25%annuallywastobe
recommended,withhighendtechnologyrequiringthehigherlevelofsupportforinternalreinvestment.[257]Atthe2013
levelofcontributionsforWikimediapresentlydocumentedas45milliondollars,thecomputedbudgetlevelrecommended
byJaffeandCaballeroforreinvestmentintointernalresearchanddevelopmentisbetween1.8millionand11.3million
dollarsannually.[257]
AccordingtotheMichaelPorterfiveforcesanalysisframeworkforindustryanalysis,Wikipediaanditsparentinstitution
Wikimediaareknownas"firstmovers"and"radicalinnovators"intheservicesprovidedandsupportedbyanopensource,
onlineencyclopedia.[258]The"fiveforces"arecenteredaroundtheissueof"competitiverivalry"withintheencyclopedia
industrywhereWikipediaisseenashavingredefinedbyits"radicalinnovation"theparametersofeffectivenessappliedto
conventionalencyclopediapublication.ThisisthefirstforceofPorter'sfiveforcesanalysis.[259]Thesecondforceisthe
"threatofnewentrants"withcompetitiveservicesandproductspossiblyarisingontheinternetortheweb.Asa"first
mover",Wikipediahaslargelyeludedtheemergenceofafastsecondtochallengeitsradicalinnovationanditsstandingas
thecentralprovideroftheserviceswhichitoffersthroughtheWorldWideWeb.[260]Porter'sthirdforceisthe"threatof
substituteproducts"anditistooearlytoidentifyGoogle's"KnowledgeGraphs"asaneffectivecompetitorgiventhecurrent
dependenceof"KnowledgeGraphs"uponWikipedia'sfreeaccesstoitsopensourceservices.[258]Thefourthforceinthe
Porterfiveforcesanalysisisthe"bargainingpowerofconsumers"whousetheservicesprovidedbyWikipedia,whichhas
historicallylargelybeennullifiedbytheWikipediafoundingprincipleofanopeninvitationtoexpandandedititscontent
expressedinitsmonikerofbeing"theencyclopediawhichanyonecanedit."[259]ThefifthforceinthePorterfiveforces
analysisisdefinedasthe"bargainingpowerofsuppliers",presentlyseenastheopendomainofboththeglobalinternetasa
wholeandtheresourcesofpubliclibrariesworldwide,andthereforeitisnotseenasalimitingfactorintheimmediate
futureofthefurtherdevelopmentofWikipedia.[258]
Internalnewspublications
CommunityproducednewspublicationsincludetheEnglishWikipedia'sTheSignpost,foundedin2005byMichaelSnow,
anattorney,WikipediaadministratorandformerchairoftheWikimediaFoundationboardoftrustees.[261]Itcoversnews
andeventsfromthesite,aswellasmajoreventsfromotherWikimediaprojects,suchasWikimediaCommons.Similar
publicationsaretheGermanlanguageKurier,andthePortugueselanguageCorreiodaWikipdia.Otherpastandpresent
communitynewspublicationsonEnglishWikipediaincludethe"Wikiworld"webcomic,theWikipediaWeeklypodcast,and
newslettersofspecificWikiProjectslikeTheBuglefromWikiProjectMilitaryHistoryandthemonthlynewsletterfromThe
GuildofCopyEditors.TherearealsoanumberofpublicationsfromtheWikimediaFoundationandmultilingual
publicationssuchastheWikimediaBlog(http://blog.wikimedia.org/)andThisMonthinEducation.
Accesstocontent
Contentlicensing
Whentheprojectwasstartedin2001,alltextinWikipediawascoveredbytheGNU
FreeDocumentationLicense(GFDL),acopyleftlicensepermittingthe
redistribution,creationofderivativeworks,andcommercialuseofcontentwhile
authorsretaincopyrightoftheirwork.[262]TheGFDLwascreatedforsoftware
manualsthatcomewithfreesoftwareprogramslicensedundertheGPL.Thismadeit
apoorchoiceforageneralreferencework:forexample,theGFDLrequiresthe
reprintsofmaterialsfromWikipediatocomewithafullcopyoftheGFDLtext.In
Aworldwhereeverypersonhas
December2002,theCreativeCommonslicensewasreleased:itwasspecifically
accesstoallhumanknowledge.
designedforcreativeworksingeneral,notjustforsoftwaremanuals.Thelicense
gainedpopularityamongbloggersandothersdistributingcreativeworksontheWeb.
TheWikipediaprojectsoughttheswitchtotheCreativeCommons.[263]Becausethetwolicenses,GFDLandCreative
Commons,wereincompatible,inNovember2008,followingtherequestoftheproject,theFreeSoftwareFoundation(FSF)
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releasedanewversionoftheGFDLdesignedspecificallytoallowWikipediatorelicenseitscontenttoCCBYSAby
August1,2009.(AnewversionoftheGFDLautomaticallycoversWikipediacontents.)InApril2009,Wikipediaandits
sisterprojectsheldacommunitywidereferendumwhichdecidedtheswitchinJune2009.[264][265][266][267]
Thehandlingofmediafiles(e.g.imagefiles)variesacrosslanguageeditions.Somelanguageeditions,suchastheEnglish
Wikipedia,includenonfreeimagefilesunderfairusedoctrine,whiletheothershaveoptednotto,inpartbecauseofthe
lackoffairusedoctrinesintheirhomecountries(e.g.inJapanesecopyrightlaw).Mediafilescoveredbyfreecontent
licenses(e.g.CreativeCommons'CCBYSA)aresharedacrosslanguageeditionsviaWikimediaCommonsrepository,a
projectoperatedbytheWikimediaFoundation.Wikipedia'saccommodationofvaryinginternationalcopyrightlaws
regardingimageshasledsometoobservethatitsphotographiccoverageoftopicslagsbehindthequalityofthe
encyclopedictext.[268]
TheWikimediaFoundationisnotalicensorofcontent,butmerelyahostingserviceforthecontributors(andlicensors)of
theWikipedia.Thispositionhasbeensuccessfullydefendedincourt.[269][270]
Methodsofaccess
BecauseWikipediacontentisdistributedunderanopenlicense,anyonecanreuseorredistributeitatnocharge.The
contentofWikipediahasbeenpublishedinmanyforms,bothonlineandoffline,outsideoftheWikipediawebsite.
WebsitesThousandsof"mirrorsites"existthatrepublishcontentfromWikipedia:twoprominentones,thatalso
includecontentfromotherreferencesources,areReference.comandAnswers.com.AnotherexampleisWapedia,
whichbegantodisplayWikipediacontentinamobiledevicefriendlyformatbeforeWikipediaitselfdid.
MobileappsAvarietyofmobileappsprovideaccesstoWikipediaonhandhelddevices,includingbothAndroid
andiOSdevices(seeWikipediaapps).(SeealsoMobileaccess.)
SearchenginesSomewebsearchenginesmakespecialuseofWikipediacontentwhendisplayingsearchresults:
examplesincludeBing(viatechnologygainedfromPowerset)[271]andDuckDuckGo.
Compactdiscs,DVDsCollectionsofWikipediaarticleshavebeenpublishedonopticaldiscs.AnEnglishversion,
2006WikipediaCDSelection,containedabout2,000articles.[272][273]ThePolishlanguageversioncontainsnearly
240,000articles.[274]ThereareGermanandSpanishlanguageversionsaswell.[275][276]Also,"Wikipediafor
Schools",theWikipediaseriesofCDs/DVDsproducedbyWikipediansandSOSChildren,isafree,handchecked,
noncommercialselectionfromWikipediatargetedaroundtheUKNationalCurriculumandintendedtobeusefulfor
muchoftheEnglishspeakingworld.[277]Theprojectisavailableonlineanequivalentprintencyclopediawould
requireroughly20volumes.
PrintedbooksThereareeffortstoputaselectsubsetofWikipedia'sarticlesintoprintedbookform.[278][279]Since
2009,tensofthousandsofprintondemandbooksthatreproducedEnglish,German,RussianandFrenchWikipedia
articleshavebeenproducedbytheAmericancompanyBooksLLCandbythreeMauritiansubsidiariesoftheGerman
publisherVDM.[280]
SemanticWebThewebsiteDBpedia,begunin2007,extractsdatafromtheinfoboxesandcategorydeclarationsof
theEnglishlanguageWikipedia.WikimediahascreatedtheWikidataprojectwithasimilarobjectiveofstoringthe
basicfactsfromeachpageofWikipediaandtheotherWMFwikisandmakeitavailableinaqueriablesemantic
format,RDF.Thisisstillunderdevelopment.AsofFeb2014ithas15,000,000itemsand1,000propertiesfor
describingthem.
ObtainingthefullcontentsofWikipediaforreusepresentschallenges,sincedirectcloningviaawebcrawleris
discouraged.[281]Wikipediapublishes"dumps"ofitscontents,butthesearetextonlyasof2007therewasnodump
availableofWikipedia'simages.[282]
SeverallanguagesofWikipediaalsomaintainareferencedesk,wherevolunteersanswerquestionsfromthegeneralpublic.
AccordingtoastudybyPninaShachafintheJournalofDocumentation,thequalityoftheWikipediareferencedeskis
comparabletoastandardlibraryreferencedesk,withanaccuracyof55%.[283]
Mobileaccess
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Wikipedia'soriginalmediumwasforuserstoreadandeditcontentusingany
standardwebbrowserthroughafixedInternetconnection.AlthoughWikipedia
contenthasbeenaccessiblethroughthemobilewebsinceJuly2013,TheNewYork
TimesonFebruary9,2014quotedErikMoller,deputydirectoroftheWikimedia
Foundation,statingthatthetransitionofinternettrafficfromdesktopstomobile
deviceswassignificantandacauseforconcernandworry.[13]TheTheNewYork
Timesarticlereportedthecomparisonstatisticsformobileeditsstatingthat,"Only20
percentofthereadershipoftheEnglishlanguageWikipediacomesviamobile
devices,afiguresubstantiallylowerthanthepercentageofmobiletrafficforother
mediasites,manyofwhichapproach50percent.Andtheshifttomobileeditinghas
laggedevenmore."[13]TheNewYorkTimesreportsthatMr.Mollerhasassigned"a
teamof10softwaredevelopersfocusedonmobile",outofatotalofapproximately
200employeesworkingattheWikimediaFoundation.Oneprincipalconcerncited
byTheNewYorkTimesforthe"worry"isforWikipediatoeffectivelyaddress
attritionissueswiththenumberofeditorswhichtheonlineencyclopediaattractsto
editandmaintainitscontentinamobileaccessenvironment.[13]
BloombergBusinessWeekreportedinJuly2014thatGoogle'sAndroidmobileapps
havedominatedthelargestshareofglobalsmartphoneshipmentsfor2013with
78.6%ofmarketshareovertheirnextclosestcompetitoriniOSwith15.2%ofthe
ThemobileversionoftheEnglish
market.[284]AtthetimeoftheTretikovappointmentandherpostedwebinterview
Wikipedia'smainpage
withSueGardnerinMay2014,Wikimediarepresentativesmadeatechnical
announcementconcerningthenumberofmobileaccesssystemsinthemarket
seekingaccesstoWikipedia.Directlyafterthepostedwebinterview,therepresentativesstatedthatWikimediawouldbe
applyinganallinclusiveapproachtoaccommodateasmanymobileaccesssystemsaspossibleinitseffortsforexpanding
generalmobileaccess,includingBlackBerryandtheWindowsPhonesystem,makingmarketshareasecondaryissue.[219]
ThelatestversionoftheAndroidappforWikipediawasreleasedonJuly23,2014togenerallypositivereviews,scoring
overfourofapossiblefiveinapollofapproximately200,000usersdownloadingfromGoogle.[285]Thelatestversionfor
iOSwasreleasedonApril3,2013tosimilarreviews.[286]
AccesstoWikipediafrommobilephoneswaspossibleasearlyas2004,throughtheWirelessApplicationProtocol(WAP),
viatheWapediaservice.InJune2007Wikipedialauncheden.mobile.wikipedia.org(http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/),an
officialwebsiteforwirelessdevices.In2009anewermobileservicewasofficiallyreleased,[287]locatedat
en.m.wikipedia.org(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/),whichcaterstomoreadvancedmobiledevicessuchastheiPhone,
AndroidbaseddevicesorWebOSbaseddevices.SeveralothermethodsofmobileaccesstoWikipediahaveemerged.Many
devicesandapplicationsoptimiseorenhancethedisplayofWikipediacontentformobiledevices,whilesomealso
incorporateadditionalfeaturessuchasuseofWikipediametadata(SeeWikipedia:Metadata),suchas
geoinformation.[288][289]
WikipediaZeroisaninitiativeoftheWikimediaFoundationtoexpandthereachoftheencyclopediatothedeveloping
countries.[290]
AndrewLihandAndrewBrownbothmaintaineditingWikipediawithsmartphonesisdifficultandthisdiscouragesnew
potentialcontributors.SeveralyearsrunningthenumberofWikipediaeditorshasbeenfallingandTomSimoniteofMIT
TechnologyReviewclaimsthebureaucraticstructureandrulesareafactorinthis.SimoniteallegessomeWikipediansuse
thelabyrinthinerulesandguidelinestodominateothersandthoseeditorshaveavestedinterestinkeepingthestatusquo.
[291]Lihallegesthereisseriousdisagreementamongexistingcontributorshowtoresolvethis.LihfearsforWikipediaslong
termfuturewhileBrownfearsproblemswithWikipediawillremainandrivalencyclopediaswillnotreplaceit.[292][293]
Impact
Readership
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Wikipediaisextremelypopular.InFebruary2014,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthatWikipediaisrankedfifthglobally
amongallwebsites,stating"With18billionpageviewsandnearly500millionuniquevisitorsamonth[...]Wikipediatrails
justYahoo,Facebook,MicrosoftandGoogle,thelargestwith1.2billionuniquevisitors."[13]
Inadditiontologisticgrowthinthenumberofitsarticles,[294]Wikipediahassteadilygainedstatusasageneralreference
websitesinceitsinceptionin2001.[295]About50%ofsearchenginetraffictoWikipediacomesfromGoogle,[296]agood
portionofwhichisrelatedtoacademicresearch.[297]ThenumberofreadersofWikipediaworldwidereached365millionat
theendof2009.[298]ThePewInternetandAmericanLifeprojectfoundthatonethirdofUSInternetusersconsulted
Wikipedia.[299]In2011BusinessInsidergaveWikipediaavaluationof$4billionifitranadvertisements.[300]
Accordingto"WikipediaReadershipSurvey2011",theaverageageofWikipediareadersis36,witharoughparitybetween
genders.AlmosthalfofWikipediareadersvisitthesitemorethanfivetimesamonth,andasimilarnumberofreaders
specificallylookforWikipediainsearchengineresults.About47%ofWikipediareadersdonotrealizethatWikipediaisa
nonprofitorganization.[301]
Culturalsignificance
Wikipedia'scontenthasalsobeenusedinacademicstudies,books,conferences,and
courtcases.[302][303][304]TheParliamentofCanada'swebsitereferstoWikipedia's
articleonsamesexmarriageinthe"relatedlinks"sectionofits"furtherreading"list
fortheCivilMarriageAct.[305]Theencyclopedia'sassertionsareincreasinglyused
asasourcebyorganizationssuchastheUSfederalcourtsandtheWorldIntellectual
PropertyOrganization[306]thoughmainlyforsupportinginformationratherthan
informationdecisivetoacase.[307]ContentappearingonWikipediahasalsobeen
citedasasourceandreferencedinsomeUSintelligenceagencyreports.[308]In
December2008,thescientificjournalRNABiologylaunchedanewsectionfor
descriptionsoffamiliesofRNAmoleculesandrequiresauthorswhocontributeto
thesectiontoalsosubmitadraftarticleontheRNAfamilyforpublicationin
Wikipedia.[309]
WikipediaMonumentinSubice,
Poland
Wikipediahasalsobeenusedasasourceinjournalism,[310][311]oftenwithoutattribution,andseveralreportershavebeen
dismissedforplagiarizingfromWikipedia.[312][313][314]
In2006,TimemagazinerecognizedWikipedia'sparticipation(alongwithYouTube,Reddit,MySpace,andFacebook[315])in
therapidgrowthofonlinecollaborationandinteractionbymillionsofpeopleworldwide.
InJuly2007Wikipediawasthefocusofa30minutedocumentaryonBBCRadio4[316]whicharguedthat,withincreased
usageandawareness,thenumberofreferencestoWikipediainpopularcultureissuchthatthewordisoneofaselectband
of21stcenturynounsthataresofamiliar(Google,Facebook,YouTube)thattheynolongerneedexplanationandareona
parwithsuch20thcenturywordsashooveringorCocaCola.
OnSeptember28,2007,ItalianpoliticianFrancoGrilliniraisedaparliamentaryquestionwiththeministerofcultural
resourcesandactivitiesaboutthenecessityoffreedomofpanorama.HesaidthatthelackofsuchfreedomforcedWikipedia,
"theseventhmostconsultedwebsite",toforbidallimagesofmodernItalianbuildingsandart,andclaimedthiswashugely
damagingtotouristrevenues.[317]
OnSeptember16,2007,TheWashingtonPostreportedthatWikipediahadbecomeafocalpointinthe2008USelection
campaign,saying:"Typeacandidate'snameintoGoogle,andamongthefirstresultsisaWikipediapage,makingthose
entriesarguablyasimportantasanyadindefiningacandidate.Already,thepresidentialentriesarebeingedited,dissected
anddebatedcountlesstimeseachday."[318]AnOctober2007Reutersarticle,titled"Wikipediapagethelateststatus
symbol",reportedtherecentphenomenonofhowhavingaWikipediaarticlevindicatesone'snotability.[319]
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Activeparticipationalsohasanimpact.Lawstudentshavebeenassignedto
writeWikipediaarticlesasanexerciseinclearandsuccinctwritingforan
uninitiatedaudience.[320]
Awards
WikipediawontwomajorawardsinMay2004.[321]ThefirstwasaGolden
NicaforDigitalCommunitiesoftheannualPrixArsElectronicacontestthis
camewitha10,000(6,588$12,700)grantandaninvitationtopresentatthe
PAECyberartsFestivalinAustrialaterthatyear.ThesecondwasaJudges'
WebbyAwardforthe"community"category.[322]Wikipediawasalso
nominatedfora"BestPractices"Webbyaward.
Wikipedia,anintroductionErasmusPrize
2015
In2007,readersofbrandchannel.comvotedWikipediaasthefourthhighest
brandranking,receiving15%ofthevotesinanswertothequestion"Which
brandhadthemostimpactonourlivesin2006?"[323]
InSeptember2008,WikipediareceivedQuadrigaAMissionofEnlightenment
awardofWerkstattDeutschlandalongwithBorisTadi,EckartHfling,and
PeterGabriel.TheawardwaspresentedtoWalesbyDavidWeinberger.[324]
In2015,WikipediawasawardedboththeannualErasmusPrize,which
recognizesexceptionalcontributionstoculture,societyorsocialsciences,[325]
andtheSpanishPrincessofAsturiasAwardonInternationalCooperation.[326]
SpeakingattheAsturianParliamentinOviedo,thecitythathoststheawards
ceremony,JimmyWalespraisedtheworkoftheAsturianlanguageWikipedia
users.[327]Thenightoftheceremony,membersoftheWikimediaFoundation
heldameetingwithWikipediansfromallpartsofSpain,includingthelocal
Asturiancommunity.
JimmyWalesreceivingtheQuadrigaA
MissionofEnlightenmentaward
Satire
ManyparodiestargetWikipedia'sopennessandsusceptibilitytoinserted
inaccuracies,withcharactersvandalizingormodifyingtheonlineencyclopedia
project'sarticles.
ComedianStephenColberthasparodiedorreferencedWikipediaonnumerous
episodesofhisshowTheColbertReportandcoinedtherelatedtermwikiality,
meaning"togetherwecancreatearealitythatweallagreeontherealitywe
justagreedon".[168]Anotherexamplecanbefoundin"WikipediaCelebrates
750YearsofAmericanIndependence",aJuly2006frontpagearticleinThe
Onion.,[328]aswellasthe2010TheOnionarticle"'L.A.Law'WikipediaPage
Viewed874TimesToday".[329]
InanepisodeofthetelevisioncomedyTheOfficeU.S.,whichairedinApril
2007,anincompetentofficemanager(MichaelScott)isshownrelyingona
hypotheticalWikipediaarticleforinformationonnegotiationtacticsinorderto
assisthiminnegotiatinglesserpayforanemployee.[330]Thetacticsheused
failed,asajokeabouttheunreliabilityofWikipediaandwhatanyonecando
tochangeitscontents.Viewersoftheshowtriedtoaddtheepisode'smention
ofthepageasasectionoftheactualWikipediaarticleonnegotiation,butthis
effortwaspreventedbyotherusersonthearticle'stalkpage.[331]
WikipediateamvisitingtoParliamentof
Asturias
WikipediansmeetingaftertheAsturias
awardsceremony
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"MyNumberOneDoctor",a2007episodeofthetelevisionshowScrubs,playedontheperceptionthatWikipediaisan
unreliablereferencetoolwithasceneinwhichDr.PerryCoxreactstoapatientwhosaysthataWikipediaarticleindicates
thattherawfooddietreversestheeffectsofbonecancerbyretortingthatthesameeditorwhowrotethatarticlealsowrote
theBattlestarGalacticaepisodeguide.[332]
In2008,thecomedicwebsiteCollegeHumorproducedavideosketchnamed"ProfessorWikipedia",inwhichthefictitious
ProfessorWikipediainstructsaclasswithamedleyofunverifiableandoccasionallyabsurdstatements.[333]
TheDilbertcomicstripfromMay8,2009,featuresacharactersupportinganimprobableclaimbysaying"Givemeten
minutesandthencheckWikipedia."[334]
InJuly2009,BBCRadio4broadcastacomedyseriescalledBigipedia,whichwassetonawebsitewhichwasaparodyof
Wikipedia.SomeofthesketchesweredirectlyinspiredbyWikipediaanditsarticles.[335]
In2010,comedianDanielToshencouragedviewersofhisshow,Tosh.0,tovisittheshow'sWikipediaarticleandedititat
will.Onalaterepisode,hecommentedontheeditstothearticle,mostofthemoffensive,whichhadbeenmadebythe
audienceandhadpromptedthearticletobelockedfromediting.[336][337]
OnAugust23,2013,theNewYorkerwebsitepublishedacartoonwiththiscaption:"Dammit,Manning,haveyou
consideredthepronounwarthatthisisgoingtostartonyourWikipediapage?"[338]
InDecember2015,JohnJuliusNorwichstated,inaletterpublishedintheLondonTimesnewspaper,thatasanhistorianhe
resortedtoWikipedia"atleastadozentimesaday",andhadneveryetcaughtitout.Hedescribeditas"aworkofreference
asusefulasanyinexistence",withsowidearangethatitisalmostimpossibletofindaperson,placeorthingthatithasleft
uncovered,andthathecouldneverhavewrittenhislasttwobookswithoutit.[339][340]
SisterprojectsWikimedia
Wikipediahasalsospawnedseveralsisterprojects,whicharealsowikisrunbytheWikimediaFoundation.Theseother
WikimediaprojectsincludeWiktionary,adictionaryprojectlaunchedinDecember2002,[341]Wikiquote,acollectionof
quotationscreatedaweekafterWikimedialaunched,Wikibooks,acollectionofcollaborativelywrittenfreetextbooksand
annotatedtexts,WikimediaCommons,asitedevotedtofreeknowledgemultimedia,Wikinews,forcitizenjournalism,and
Wikiversity,aprojectforthecreationoffreelearningmaterialsandtheprovisionofonlinelearningactivities.[342]Ofthese,
onlyCommonshashadsuccesscomparabletothatofWikipedia.AnothersisterprojectofWikipedia,Wikispecies,isa
catalogueofspecies.In2012Wikivoyage,aneditabletravelguide,andWikidata,aneditableknowledgebase,launched.
Publishing
ThemostobviouseconomiceffectofWikipediahasbeenthedeathofcommercialencyclopedias,especiallytheprinted
versions,e.g.EncyclopaediaBritannica,whichwereunabletocompetewithaproductthatisessentiallyfree.[343][344][345]
NicholasCarrwrotea2005essay,"TheamoralityofWeb2.0",thatcriticizedwebsiteswithusergeneratedcontent,like
Wikipedia,forpossiblyleadingtoprofessional(and,inhisview,superior)contentproducers'goingoutofbusiness,because
"freetrumpsqualityallthetime".Carrwrote:"ImplicitintheecstaticvisionsofWeb2.0isthehegemonyoftheamateur.I
foronecan'timagineanythingmorefrightening."[346]OthersdisputethenotionthatWikipedia,orsimilarefforts,will
entirelydisplacetraditionalpublications.Forinstance,ChrisAnderson,theeditorinchiefofWiredMagazine,wrotein
Naturethatthe"wisdomofcrowds"approachofWikipediawillnotdisplacetopscientificjournals,withtheirrigorouspeer
reviewprocess.[347]
ThereisalsoanongoingdebateabouttheinfluenceofWikipediaonthebiographypublishingbusiness."Theworryisthat,
ifyoucangetallthatinformationfromWikipedia,what'sleftforbiography?"saidKathrynHughes,professoroflifewriting
atUEAandauthorofTheShortLifeandLongTimesofMrsBeetonandGeorgeEliot:theLastVictorian.[348]
Scientificuse
26/39
4/15/2016
Incomputationallinguistics,informationretrievalandnaturallanguageprocessing,
Wikipediahasseenwidespreaduseasacorpusforlinguisticresearch.Inparticular,it
commonlyservesasatargetknowledgebasefortheentitylinkingproblem,whichis
thencalled"wikification",[349]andtotherelatedproblemofwordsense
disambiguation.[350]Methodssimilartowikificationcaninturnbeusedtofind
"missing"linksinWikipedia.[351]
In2015,FrenchresearchersDrJosLagesoftheUniversityofFrancheComtin
BesanonandDimaShepelyanskyofPaulSabatierUniversityinToulousepublished
aglobaluniversityrankingbasedonWikipediascholarlycitations.[352][353][354]They
usedPageRank"followedbythenumberofappearancesinthe24differentlanguage
editionsofWikipedia(descendingorder)andthecenturyinwhichtheywerefounded
(ascendingorder)."[354]
Relatedprojects
AgroupofWikimediansofthe
WikimediaDCchapter
(http://wikimediadc.org/wiki/Home)
atthe2013DCWikimediaannual
meetingstandinginfrontofthe
EncyclopdiaBritannica(backleft)
attheUSNationalArchives
AnumberofinteractivemultimediaencyclopediasincorporatingentrieswrittenbythepublicexistedlongbeforeWikipedia
wasfounded.Thefirstofthesewasthe1986BBCDomesdayProject,whichincludedtext(enteredonBBCMicro
computers)andphotographsfromover1millioncontributorsintheUK,andcoveredthegeography,art,andcultureofthe
UK.Thiswasthefirstinteractivemultimediaencyclopedia(andwasalsothefirstmajormultimediadocumentconnected
throughinternallinks),withthemajorityofarticlesbeingaccessiblethroughaninteractivemapoftheUK.Theuser
interfaceandpartofthecontentoftheDomesdayProjectwereemulatedonawebsiteuntil2008.[355]
Oneofthemostsuccessfulearlyonlineencyclopediasincorporatingentriesbythepublicwash2g2,whichwascreatedby
DouglasAdams.Theh2g2encyclopediaisrelativelylighthearted,focusingonarticleswhicharebothwittyand
informative.Everything2wascreatedin1998.AlloftheseprojectshadsimilaritieswithWikipedia,butwerenotwikisand
neithergavefulleditorialprivilegestopublicusers.
GNE,anencyclopediawhichwasnotawiki,alsocreatedinJanuary2001,coexistedwithNupediaandWikipediaearlyin
itshistoryhowever,ithasbeenretired.[18]
OtherwebsitescenteredoncollaborativeknowledgebasedevelopmenthavedrawninspirationfromWikipedia.Some,such
asSusning.nu,EnciclopediaLibre,Hudong,andBaiduBaikelikewiseemploynoformalreviewprocess,althoughsomelike
Conservapediaarenotasopen.Othersusemoretraditionalpeerreview,suchasEncyclopediaofLifeandtheonlinewiki
encyclopediasScholarpediaandCitizendium.ThelatterwasstartedbySangerinanattempttocreateareliablealternativeto
Wikipedia.[356][357]
Seealso
OutlineofWikipediaguidetothesubjectof
Wikipediapresentedasatreestructuredlistofits
subtopicsforanoutlineofthecontentsofWikipedia,
seePortal:Contents/Outlines
ConflictofinteresteditingonWikipedia
Democratizationofknowledge
Interpedia,anearlyproposalforacollaborative
Internetencyclopedia
ListofInternetencyclopedias
ListofInternetencyclopedias
Networkeffect
PrintWikipediaartprojecttovisualizehowbig
Wikipediais.IncooperationwithWikimedia
foundation.
QRpediamultilingual,mobileinterfacetoWikipedia
WikipediaReview
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Notes
1.Registrationisrequiredforcertaintaskssuchaseditingprotectedpages,creatingpagesintheEnglishWikipedia,anduploading
files.
2.Foraneditortobeconsideredactiveinagivenmonth,oneormoreeditshavehadtobemadeinsaidmonth.
3.Wikisareatypeofwebsite.Theword"wiki"itselfisfromtheHawaiianwordfor"quick".[11]
4.Theprocrastinationprincipleconsistsinwaitingforanissuetocauseenoughproblemsbeforetakingmeasurestosolveit.
5.Revisionswithlibelouscontent,criminalthreats,orcopyrightinfringementsmayberemovedcompletely.
6.See"Libel"(https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/http://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/lawmedia/731lawathe
mediaintexaslibelcases)byDavidMcHamforthelegaldistinction
Furtherreading
Academicstudies
Leitch,Thomas.WikipediaU:Knowledge,authority,andaliberaleducationinthedigitalage(2014)
Jensen,Richard."MilitaryHistoryontheElectronicFrontier:WikipediaFightstheWarof1812",TheJournalofMilitaryHistory
76#4(October2012):523556onlineversion(http://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF).
36/39
4/15/2016
Yasseri,TahaRobertSumiJnosKertsz(2012).Szolnoki,Attila,ed."CircadianPatternsofWikipediaEditorialActivity:A
DemographicAnalysis".PLoSONE7(1):e30091.arXiv:1109.1746.Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E0091Y.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030091.PMC3260192.PMID22272279.
Goldman,Eric(2010)."Wikipedia'sLaborSqueezeanditsConsequences".JournalofTelecommunicationsandHighTechnology
Law8.(Ablogpostbytheauthor.(http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm))
Nielsen,Finn(August2007)."ScientificCitationsinWikipedia".FirstMonday12(8).doi:10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997.Retrieved
February22,2008.
Pfeil,UlrikePanayiotisZaphirisCheeSiangAng(2006)."CulturalDifferencesinCollaborativeAuthoringofWikipedia".Journal
ofComputerMediatedCommunication12(1):88.doi:10.1111/j.10836101.2006.00316.x.RetrievedDecember26,2008.
Priedhorsky,Reid,JilinChen,Shyong(Tony)K.Lam,KatherinePanciera,LorenTerveen,andJohnRiedl."Creating,Destroying,
andRestoringValueinWikipedia"(http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1316624.1316663).Proc.GROUP2007
doi:10.1145/1316624.1316663(https://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F1316624.1316663)
Reagle,Joseph(2007).DoasIDo:AuthorialLeadershipinWikipedia(PDF).WikiSym'07:Proceedingsofthe2007International
SymposiumonWikis(Montreal,Canada:ACM).RetrievedDecember26,2008.
Rosenzweig,Roy.CanHistorybeOpenSource?WikipediaandtheFutureofthePast
(https://web.archive.org/20090430201444/http://chnm.gmu.edu:80/resources/essays/d/42).(OriginallypublishedinTheJournalof
AmericanHistory93.1(June2006):11746.)
Wilkinson,DennisM.BernardoA.Huberman(April2007)."AssessingtheValueofCooperationinWikipedia".FirstMonday12
(4).doi:10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763.RetrievedFebruary22,2008.
AaronHalfaker,R.StuartGeiger,JonathanT.Morgan,JohnRiedl(2012)."TheRiseandDeclineofanOpenCollaboration
Community".AmericanBehavioralScientist57(5):664.doi:10.1177/0002764212469365.RetrievedAugust30,2012.
Books
Ayers,PhoebeMatthews,CharlesYates,Ben(September2008).HowWikipediaWorks:AndHowYouCanBeaPartofIt.San
Francisco:NoStarchPress.ISBN9781593271763.
Broughton,John(2008).WikipediaTheMissingManual.O'ReillyMedia.ISBN0596515162.(SeebookreviewbyBaker,as
listedhereafter.)
Broughton,John(2008).WikipediaReader'sGuide.Sebastopol:PoguePress.ISBN059652174X.
Dalby,Andrew(2009).TheWorldandWikipedia:HowWeareEditingReality.Siduri.ISBN9780956205209.
Keen,Andrew(2007).TheCultoftheAmateur.Doubleday/Currency.ISBN9780385520805.(Substantialcriticismsof
Wikipediaandotherweb2.0projects.)
Listento:
Keen,Andrew(June16,2007)."DoestheInternetUndermineCulture?".NationalPublicRadio,USA.TheNPR
interviewwithA.Keen,WeekendEditionSaturday,June16,2007.
Lih,Andrew(2009).TheWikipediaRevolution:HowaBunchofNobodiesCreatedtheWorld'sGreatestEncyclopedia.NewYork:
Hyperion.ISBN9781401303716.
O'Sullivan,Dan(September24,2009).Wikipedia:anewcommunityofpractice?.AshgatePublishing.ISBN9780754674337.
SheizafRafaeli&YaronAriel(2008)."Onlinemotivationalfactors:IncentivesforparticipationandcontributioninWikipedia."In
Barak,A.Psychologicalaspectsofcyberspace:Theory,research,applications.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress.
pp.243267.
Reagle,JosephMichaelJr.(2010).GoodFaithCollaboration:TheCultureofWikipedia.Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA:the
MITPress.ISBN9780262014472.RetrievedOctober25,2015.
Bookreviewsandotherarticles
Baker,Nicholson."TheCharmsofWikipedia"(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21131).TheNewYorkReviewofBooks,March
20,2008.RetrievedDecember17,2008.(Bookrev.ofTheMissingManual,byJohnBroughton,aslistedpreviously.)
Crovitz,L.Gordon."Wikipedia'sOldFashionedRevolution:Theonlineencyclopediaisfastbecomingthebest."
(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123897399273491031.html)(OriginallypublishedinWallStreetJournalonlineApril6,2009.)
Postrel,Virginia,"WhoKilledWikipedia?:AhardenedcorpsofvolunteereditorsistheonlyforceprotectingWikipedia.They
mightalsobekillingit"(http://www.psmag.com/booksandculture/killedwikipedia93777),PacificStandardmagazine,
November/December2014issue.
Learningresources
Wikiversitylistoflearningresources.(Includesrelatedcourses,Webbasedseminars,slides,lecturenotes,textbooks,quizzes,
glossaries,etc.)
37/39
4/15/2016
TheGreatBookofKnowledge,Part1:AWikiisaKindofBus(http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/thegreatbookof
knowledgepart1/),Ideas,withPaulKennedy,CBCRadioOne,originallybroadcastJanuary15,2014.Webpageincludesalinkto
thearchivedaudioprogram(alsofoundhere(http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709)).Theradio
documentarydiscussesWikipedia'shistory,developmentanditsplacewithinthebroaderscopeofthetrendtodemocratized
knowledge.ItalsoincludesinterviewswithseveralkeyWikipediastaffandcontributors,includingKatWalshandSueGardner
(audio,53:58,Flashrequired).
Othermediacoverage
"SeeWho'sEditingWikipediaDiebold,theCIA,aCampaign",WIRED,August14,2007.
(https://web.archive.org/20140209203337/http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/08/wiki_tracker?currentPage=all)
Balke,Jeff(March2008)."ForMusicFans:WikipediaMySpace".HoustonChronicle.BrokenRecord(blog).Retrieved
December17,2008.
Dee,Jonathan(July1,2007)."AlltheNewsThat'sFittoPrintOut".TheNewYorkTimesMagazine.RetrievedFebruary22,2008.
Giles,Jim(September20,2007)."Wikipedia2.0NowwithAddedTrust".NewScientist.RetrievedJanuary14,2008.
Miliard,Mike(December2,2007)."WikipediaRules".ThePhoenix.RetrievedFebruary22,2008.
Poe,Marshall(September1,2006)."TheHive".TheAtlanticMonthly.RetrievedMarch22,2008.
Rosenwald,MichaelS.(October23,2009)."GatekeeperofD.C.'sentry:Roadtocity'sWikipediapagegoesthroughaDuPont
Circlebedroom".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedOctober22,2009.
Runciman,David(May28,2009)."LikeBoilingaFrog".LondonReviewofBooks.RetrievedJune3,2009.
Taylor,Chris(May29,2005)."It'saWiki,WikiWorld".Time.RetrievedFebruary22,2008.
"TechnologicalQuarterly:BrainScan:TheFreeknowledgeFundamentalist".TheEconomistWebandPrint.June5,2008.Retrieved
June5,2008."JimmyWaleschangedtheworldwithWikipedia,thehugelypopularonlineencyclopediathatanyonecanedit.What
willhedonext?"
"IsWikipediaCrackingUp?"TheIndependent,February3,2009.(http://www.independent.co.uk/lifestyle/gadgetsand
tech/features/iswikipediacrackingup1543527.html)
"Wikipediaprobeintopaidfor'sockpuppet'entries",BBCNews',October21,2013.(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology
24613608)
"TheDeclineofWikipedia"(http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/thedeclineofwikipedia/),MITTechnology
Review,October22,2013
EditstoWikipediapagesonBell,Garner,Diallotracedto1PolicePlaza(http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city
hall/2015/03/8563947/editswikipediapagesbellgarnerdiallotraced1policeplaza)(March2015),Capital
AngolasWikipediaPiratesAreExposingProblems(https://motherboard.vice.com/read/wikipediazerofacebookfreebasicsangola
pirateszerorating)(March2016),Motherboard
Externallinks
Officialwebsite(https://www.wikipedia.org)(Mobile(https://en.m.wikipedia.org))multilingualportal(contains
linkstoalllanguageeditions)
Wikipedia(https://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia)atDMOZ
Wikitrends:Wikipediaarticlesmostvisitedtoday
Wikipedia(http://www.theguardian.com/technology/wikipedia)collectednewsandcommentaryatTheGuardian
Wikipedia(http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html)topicpageatTheNewYork
Times
VideoofTEDtalkbyJimmyWalesonthebirthofWikipedia
(http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html)
AudioofinterviewwithJimmyWalesaboutWikipediaingeneral
(http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2009/03/wales_on_wikipe.html)ontheEconTalkpodcast
Wikipediaandwhyitmatters(http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/020116.html)LarrySanger's2002talk
atStanfordUniversityvideoarchive(http://stanfordonline.stanford.edu/courses/ee380/020116ee380100.asx)and
transcriptofthetalk
"IntelligenceinWikipedia"GoogleTechTalk(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqOHbihYbhE)onYouTube,
describinganintelligenceprojectutilizingWikipedia,andhowWikipediaarticlescouldbeautogeneratedfromweb
content
CommunityPerformanceOptimization:MakingYourPeopleRunasSmoothlyasYourSite
(http://www.infoq.com/presentations/vibbercommunityperfopt),talkpresentedatOOPSLA2009bytheWikimedia
Foundation'sseniorsoftwarearchitectandformerchieftechnologyofficerBrionVibber,comparingthechallengesof
alargecommunityofeditorswiththoseofalargecommunityofsoftwaredevelopers
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4/15/2016
WikiPapers(http://wikipapers.referata.com/)compilationofconferencepapers,journalarticles,theses,books,
datasetsandtoolsaboutWikipediaandwikis
OpenWikipediaRanking(http://wikirank.di.unimi.it/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&oldid=715242844"
Categories: Wikipedia Collaborativeprojects CreativeCommonslicensedwebsites Freeencyclopedias
Internetpropertiesestablishedin2001 Multilingualwebsites Internetencyclopedias Opencontentprojects
Socialinformationprocessing Virtualcommunities Wikimediaprojects Wikis
2001establishmentsintheUnitedStates Americanwebsites
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon14April2016,at15:34.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusing
thissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimedia
Foundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
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Wikipedia( i /wkpidi/or i /wkipidi/WIKiPEEdee)isa

11,605 22,079 33,527

9,596 27,676 61,337

16,678 72,861 291,806

4,228 30,020 216,106 1,754,851

2,861 10,604 31,268

Assessed 48,418 170,411 645,671 2,683,843 1,221,522 4,769,865

48,536 170,782 647,226 2,700,038 1,708,009 5,274,591

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