Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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By
Team Members:
(Completion Date7/1435)
College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
PROJECT ADVISOR
_______________________________
DATE
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DEPARTMENT HEAD
________________________________
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COURSE INSTRUCTOR
______________________________
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Examination Committee
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APPROVED:
DEAN, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
_____________________________________
DATE
____________________________________
ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this Bachelor dissertation to my family and all members of
a community. There is no doubt in my mind that without his continued support
and counsel I could not have completed this process.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First we would like to acknowledge the continuous help and guidanceofAllah
through our life.We express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our
project supervisorAssoc. Prof. Helmi Mahmoud Osman Abulila, Associate
Professor,
Department
of
Mechanical
Engineering
for
providing
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT.i
DEDICATION.ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........iii
ABLE OF CONTENTS...........iv
LIST OF FIGURES .......vi
LISTOFTABLES.............vii
NOMENCLATURE ..........viii
CHAPTER1.Literature Review
1.1Introduction......1
1.2 Problem Statement Objective .......3
1.3 Problem justification and Outcomes........3
1.4 Problem Constraints......3
CHAPTER 2.DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Design approach.......4
2. 2 Design Methodology ..........9
2.2.1 EDM Electrodes..........10
2.2.2 Dielectric Fluids....13
2.2.3 Material Removal Rates..14
2.2.4 Surface Integrity......17
2.2.5 EDM Heat-Affected Zone....19
iv
PAGE
CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.1 Design specifications and assumptions........21
3.1.1 Transistorized Pulse Generator Circuits.....21
3.1.2 EDM-Tool Electrodes........................22
3.1.3 Design of tool electrodes for workpiece........24
3.2 Mathematical Models and Formulations...................25
3.2.1: EDM-Spark Circuits.....................25
3.2.2: Resistance-Capacitance Circuit ..................................25
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
4.1Design of work program for machining Procedures .....27
4.2Design Implementation...32
4.2.1 The project.............................32
4.2.3 Other formshave been designed..........32
CHAPTER 5. FEASIBIILITY STUDIES AND MARKET NEEDS......33
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion ...34
6.2 Recommendations......34
6.3Reference...35
6.4 Capstone Design Project...36
v
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
FIGURE 1.1: Nontraditional Machining Processes.
FIGURE 1.2:contour cutting process
FIGURE 2.1:Electrical Discharge Machine
FIGURE 2.2:Schematic of EDM Process
FIGURE 2.3:Typical EDM Pulse Current Train for Controlled Pulse Generator
FIGURE 2.4:Variation of Voltage with Time Using an RC Generator
FIGURE 2.5:Voltage and Current Waveforms during EDM
FIGURE 2.6: EDM Spark
FIGURE 2.7:EDM Spark Description
FIGURE 2.8:Periodic Discharges Generator
FIGURE 2.9: EDM Schematic
FIGURE 2.10:EDM System Components
FIGURE 2.11: Types of Electrode Wear in EDM
FIGURE 2.12: Corner Wear Ratios for Different Electrode Materials
FIGURE 2.13: Common Dielectric Flushing Modes
FIGURE 2.14: Parameters Affecting EDM Performance
FIGURE 2.15: EDM Removal Rates and Roughness for Different Materials
FIGURE 2.16: Effect of Pulse Current on Removal Rate.
FIGURE 2.17: Effect of Pulse ON-Time on Removal Rate.
FIGURE 2.18: EDM Heat Affected Zones.
FIGURE 3.1:Pulse generators of Charmilles Technologies
FIGURE 3.2:Shape of Workpiece.
FIGURE 3.3:Shape of Workpiece.
FIGURE 3.4:(a) RC circuit and (b) capacitor voltage-charging
time exponential relationship.
FIGURE 4.1:EDM used in the process
FIGURE 4.2:Select material
FIGURE 4.3: Select contact area
FIGURE 4.4: Select operation type
FIGURE 4.5: Select of difficulty
FIGURE 4.6: Input Z value
FIGURE 4.7:Specify the number of layers
FIGURE 4.8:The project
FIGURE 4.9: Other project
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5
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6
7
7
8
9
10
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12
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20
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vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
vii
NOMENCLATURE
Symbols
DESCRIPTION
UNITS
viii
CHAPTER1
Literature Review
CHAPTER 1
1. Literature Review
1.1- introduction
The nontraditional machining methods (NTMP) Figure1.1 are classified according
to the number of machining actions causing the removal of material from the
workpiece.NTMP are generally classified according to the type of energy utilized
in material removal as shown in Figure 1.2. They are classified into the following
three main groups:
1- Mechanical processes. In these, the material removal depends on mechanical
abrasion or shearing.
2- Chemical and EC processes. In chemical processes, the material is removed
In layers due to ablative reaction where acids or alkalis are used as etchants.
3-The ECM is characterized by a high removal rate. The machining action is due
To anodic dissolution caused by the passage of high-density dc current in the
machining cell.
4- Thermoelectric processes. In these, the metal removal rate depends upon the
thermal energy acting in the form of controlled and localized power pulses
leading to melting and evaporation of the work material.
The history of electrodischarge machining (EDM) dates back to the days of World
Wars I and II when invented the relaxation circuit (RC). Using a simple servo
controller they maintained the gap width between the tool and the workpiece,
reduced arcing, and made EDM more profitable.
Since 1940, die sinking by EDM has been refined using pulse generators,
planetary and orbital motion techniques, computer numerical control (CNC), and
the adaptive control systems During the 1960s the extensive research led the
progress of EDM when numerous problems related to mathematical modeling
were tackled.
The evolution of wire EDM in the 1970s was due to the powerful generators, new
wire tool electrodes, improved machine intelligence, and better flushing.
Recently, the machining speed has gone up by 20 times, which has decreased
machining costs by at least 30 percent and improved the surface finish by a
factor of EDM has the following advantages:
1. Cavities with thin walls and fine features can be produced.
2. Difficult geometry is possible.
3. The use of EDM is not affected by the hardness of the work material.
4. The process is burr-free.
CHAPTER 2
DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 2
2. DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1: Design approach
In EDM, the removal of material is based upon the electro discharge erosion
(EDE) effect of electric sparks occurring between two electrodes that are
separated by a dielectric liquid as shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2. Metal
removal takes place as a result of the generation of extremely high temperatures
generated by the high intensity discharges that melt and evaporate the two
electrodes.
FIGURE 2.3: Typical EDM Pulse Current Train for Controlled Pulse Generator.
When using RC generators, the voltage pulses, shown in Figure 2.4, are
responsible for material removal. The application of voltage pulses, as shown in
Figure 2.5, causes electrical breakdown to the dielectric in a channel of radius 10
m. The breakdown arises from the acceleration toward the anode of both
electrons emitted from the cathode by the applied field and the stray electrons
present in the gap. These electrons collide with neutral atoms of the dielectric,
5
thereby creating positive ions and further electrons, which in turn are accelerated
respectively toward the cathode and anode.
When the electrons and the positive ions reach the anode and cathode, they give
up their kinetic energy in the form of heat. Temperatures of about 8000 to
12,000C and heat fluxes up to 1017 W/m2 are attained. With a very short
duration spark of typically between 0.1 to 2000 s the temperature of the
electrodes can be raised locally to more than their normal boiling points.
Owing to the evaporation of the dielectric, the pressure on the plasma channel
rises rapidly to values as high as 200 atmospheres. Such great pressures
prevent the evaporation of the superheated metal. At the end of the pulse, the
pressure drops suddenly and the superheated metal evaporates explosively.
Metal is thus removed from the electrodes as shown in Figure 2.6 and Figure 2.7.
Fresh dielectric fluid rushes in, flushing the debris away and quenching the
surface of the workpiece. Unexpelled molten metal solidifies to form what is
known as the recast layer. The expelled metal solidifies into tiny spheres
dispersed in the dielectric liquid along with bits from the electrode. The remaining
vapor rises to the surface. Without a sufficient off time, debris would collect
making the spark unstable. This situation creates an arc, which damages the
electrode and the workpiece.
The relation between the amount of material removed from the anode and
cathode depends on the respective contribution of the electrons and positive ions
to the total current flow. The electron current predominates in the early stages of
the discharge. Since the positive ions are roughly 104 times more massive than
electrons, they are less easily mobilized than the electrons. Consequently the
erosion of the anode workpiece should be greater than that of the cathode. At the
end of the EDM action, the plasma channel increases in width, and the current
density across the inter-electrode gap decreases. With the fraction of the current
due to the electrons diminishing, the contributions from the positive ions rise, and
proportionally more metal is then eroded from the cathode.The high frequency of
voltage pulses supplied, together with theforward servo-controlled tool motion,
toward the workpiece, enables sparking to be achieved along the entire length of
the electrodes. Figure 2.6 shows the voltage and current waveforms during EDM.
Figure 2.8 shows the periodic discharges occurring when using an RC generator
in EDM. The frequency of discharges or sparks usually varies between 500 and
500,000 sparks per second. With such high sparking frequencies, the combined
effects of individual sparks provide a substantial material removal rate.
the situation in the inter-electrode gap, four different electrical pulses are
distinguished, namely, open circuit pulses, sparks, arcs, and short circuits. They
are usually defined on the basis of time evolution of discharge voltage and/or
discharge current. Their effect upon material removal and tool wear differs quite
significantly. Open gap voltages that occur when the distance between both
electrodes is too large obviously do not contribute to any material removal or
electrode tool wear. When sudden contact occurs between the tool and
workpiece, micro short circuits occur, which do not contribute to the material
removal process. The range of the electrode distance between these two
extreme cases forms the practical working gap for actual discharges, i.e., sparks
and arcs.
2.2: Design Methodology
Figures 2.9and 2.10 show the main components of the EDM system. These components
include the tool feed servo-controlled unit, which maintains a constant machining gap
that ensures the occurrence of active discharges between the two electrodes. The power
supply is responsible for supplying pulses at a certain voltage, current, on time, and off
time. The dielectric circulation unit flushes the dielectric fluid to the interelectrode gap
after being filtered from the machining debris.
having the shape of the electrode. The size of the electrode and the radius of the
orbit (2.54-mm max.) determines the size of the cavities. Electrode orbiting
improves flushing by creating a pumping effect of the dielectric liquid through the
gap.Polarity. Electrode polarity depends on both the workpiece and electrode
materials. Table 2.1 shows the possible electrode polarity for different workpiece
and tool combinations.Electrode wear. The melting point is the most important
factor in determining the tool wear. Electrode wear ratios are expressed as end
wear, side wear, corner wear, and volume wear as shown in Figure 2.11. The
term no wear EDMoccurs when the electrode-to-workpiece wear ratio is 1
percent or less. Electrode wear depends on a number of factors associated with
the EDM, like voltage, current, electrode material, and polarity. The change in
shape of the tool electrode due to the electrode wear causes defects in the
workpiece shape.
TABLE2.1: Electrode Polarities for Different Workpiece Materials.
VRR = (4 104)iTw1.23
Where Iis the EDM current (A) and Twis the melting point of the work.
15
Explain:
16
high-speed roughing. The altered surface layer, which is produced during EDM,
significantly lowers the fatigue strength of alloys. The altered layer consists of a
recast layer with or without micro-cracks, some of which may extend into the
base metal, plus metallurgical alterations such as re-hardened and tempered
layers, heat-affected zones, and inter-granular precipitates. Generally, during
EDM roughing, the layer showing micro structural changes, including a melted
and re-solidified layer, is less than 0.127 mm deep, while during EDM finishing, it
is less than 0.075 mm. Posttreatment to restore the fatigue strength is
recommended to follow EDM of critical or highly stressed surfaces. There are
several effective processes that accomplish restoration or even enhancement of
the fatigue properties.
20
CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 3
3.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.1 Design specifications and assumptions
3.1.1 Transistorized Pulse Generator Circuits
Among the disadvantages of the RC relaxation circuits are interdependence
(lack of control of parameters), the restricted choice of electrode material, and
their high wear rate. The adoption of the transistorized pulse generators in the
1960s allowed the process parameters (frequency and energy of discharges) to
vary with a greater degree of control, in which charging takes only a small portion
of the cycle. Furthermore, the voltage of these machines is reduced to 6080 V
range, permitting low discharge current pulses of a square profile. This results in
shallower and wider craters, which means better surface texture. Alternatively,
when required, they provide high MRRs at the expense of surface quality by
permitting high discharge currents. Moreover, this type of generators provide
considerably lower electrode wear as compared to simpler RC circuits.
In the simple form of the transistorized pulse generators, the parameters are
selected and pre-adjusted according to the machining duty. The selected
parameters remain constant; that is, not influenced by the variation of working
conditions in the gap during machining.
An improved circuit incorporating feedback is illustrated in Figure 3.1. In
such a circuit, the conditions into the spark gap are monitored by a detector unit,
which determines the exact moment of current flow after the ignition lag. The
time base for the on-time then becomes effective, providing a constant discharge
period. The time base for the off-time ensures a constant interval for deionization
and flushing away the debris by the dielectric. The following are the
specifications of a typical pulse generator, 25 A.
______________________________________________________________
Power. 2 kW
Open gap voltage. 80 V
Discharge energy. 0.181 J
Maximum discharge current. 25 A
Discharge duration. Off-time 21600 s; on-time 21600 s
Achieved roughness. Ra = 0.4 m
21
22
23
FIGURE 3.4: (a) RC circuit and (b) capacitor voltage-charging time exponential
relationship.
26
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
CHAPTER 4
3- to reset the axe Y we move the pointer to the bottom using the triangled
buttons on the control panel (+) then Y will appear in red color and then we
press ( F4 ) until Y =0 be blue .
4- to adjust the axe Z we press ( F9 ) the head will automatically move toward the
(w.p), when we hear ringing sound in the machine we press ( F2 ) to come in
contact with (w.p) then we press ( F4 ) until Z=0 . if Z is still red colored then we
press ( ESC ) button to get X , Y and Z in blue color and each of them equal
zero.
5- We raise the head ( axe Z ) up to a distance of 1.5-2 mm using Z+ button on
the head ,Then we press ( ESC )
7- We start implementing the program by ( F6)(easy logic) , a table contains the
electrodes types will appear with the metal we want to use , for example (cu)
electrode with steel, and so on according to the electrode type and the metal
used in drilling , as shown FIGURE 4.2and we select the first choice .
31
4.2Design Implementation
4.2.1The project:
Designisageometricshapecontainsanglesandshapesare difficult
tofortraditionaloperating.
32
CHAPTER 5
FEASIBIILITY STUDIES AND MARKET NEEDS
CHAPTER 5
5: FEASIBIILITY STUDIES AND MARKET NEEDS
There are several reasonsled to thewidespread use ofmachinesoperatingina nontraditionalindustry.
We havecreatedtheappearanceofnon-traditionalmachiningway toreduce the cost
ofproductionforindustriescharacterizedbythe size oftheproductionis low, such as
makingthepiecestohelpin
the
aircraft
industryandindustrymachineryequipmentitselfinalltheseindustriesthat we have
mentionedandotherindustrieswithrequirementssimilartofindthat
it
is
necessarythatthe product ishighqualityand content ofwhen used.
We
also
findthat
the
volume
ofproduction
in
thesecasesisoftendozens,hundredsand
in
somecasesthousands,
but
rarelyreachthe volume of productionon top of that.
The use ofnon-conventionalmachining in suchareasmentionedcanbringthe
following benefits:
1.Reduce the timewastedwithoutproducinganactualmachine
2.The use ofequipmentinstallationsimplerthanusedwithconventional
machines.
3.Achievea more flexibleproductionsystemto changes inproductionschedules.
4.Increase the accuracy ofmanufacturingand the reduction ofmistakes in which
workers.
It is clear from the above-mentioned non-traditional machines that are suitable for
certain situations but not in all cases and can conclude that the operations that
can be investigated by the machinery of non-conventional economic benefits has
the following characteristics:
1. Designs required for the manufacture of narrow pieces.
2. The processing requires several operations.
3. Quantities of metal you want to remove the large manufacturing.
4.The needto examine thequality of the productby 10%.
But
thisshouldnotmake
us
forgetthatifwe
have
introducednontraditionalmachinesfor production inanyfactorywillfacethe following problems:
1.Maintenance andincreasediversitywithin the plant.
2.High initial costnon-traditionalmachines.
3.Highcost of runningmachinery.
4.Anew trainingforworkersat all levelstoaccommodatenon-traditionalsystem
Ofmachinesandrequirementsoftheprogramming, operation and maintenance.
33
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 6
6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1:Conclusion
1- The
aim
of
thestudyElectrodischargemachiningillustratethedifferenceinsavingtimeand
effortas well asprecisioninexecution.
2- The
results
showedthe
huge
differencebetweenElectrodischargemachiningandtraditional
machining
throughmanufacturedproductsinboth
cases
and
the
superiority
ofElectrodischarge machining infiniteprecision, as well as savetime by
usingfewertools.
3- Hence
we
seethatEDMhave
becomepartand
parcel
of
themodernindustrialsystemand needs inallareasofengineeringand industry.
4- It is clear from the above-mentioned EDM that are suitable for certain
situations but not in all cases and can conclude that the operations that
can be investigated by the machinery of EDM economic benefits has the
following characteristics:
1. Designs required for the manufacture of narrow pieces.
2. The processing requires several operations.
3. Quantities of metal you want to remove the large manufacturing.
4.The needto examine thequality of the productby 10%.
5. Cavities with thin walls and fine features can be produced.
6. Difficult geometry is possible.
7. The use of EDM is not affected by the hardness of the work material.
8. The process is burr-free
6.2:Recommendations:
1- LaboratoryresultsshowedtheEDMis active inplaceswhichrequirespeedin
production andhighproduction rate.
2- Laboratory result showedthatthemachinesof EDM high-cost primary.Tests
provedtouson the machinethathave a high potentialtodealwithdifficult
formationsandcomplexcurves.
3- Througha feasibility studyappearedto us thatthemachinewithahighcostin
maintenance.
4- Throughtheinitialviewsof the machine, it is very sensitiveto external stimuli.
34
6.3: References
Wang, C.-. And Lin, Y.C., 2009. Feasibility study of electrical discharge
machining for W/Cu composite. International Journal of Refractory Metals
and Hard Materials, 27(5), 872-882.
2- Tsai, H.C., Yan, B.H. and Huang, F.Y., 2003. EDM performance of Cr/Cubased compositeelectrodes. International Journal of Machine Tools and
Manufacture, 43(3), 245-252.
3- Habib, S. S. (2009). Study of the parameters in electrical discharge
machining throughresponse surface methodology approach. Applied
Mathematical Modelling, 33(12), 4397-4407.
4- Saha, S.K. and Choudhury, S.K., 2009. Experimental investigation and
empirical modelingof the dry electric discharge machining process.
International Journal of Machine Tools andManuf., 49(3-4), 297-308.
5- Sohani, M.S., Gaitonde, V.N., Siddeswarappa, B. And Deshpande, A.S.,
2009.Investigations into the effect of tool shapes with size factor
consideration in sink electricaldischarge machining (EDM) process.
International Journal of Advanced ManufacturingTechnology, , 1-15.
6- Kung, K.-., Horng, J.-. and Chiang, K.-., 2009. Material removal rate and
electrode wearratio study on the powder mixed electrical discharge
machining of cobalt-bonded tungstencarbide. International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 40(1-2), 95-104.
7- Bleys, P., Kruth, J.-., Lauwers, B., Zryd, A., Delpretti, R. And Tricarico, C.,
2002. Realtime tool wear compensation in milling EDM. CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, 51(1), 157-160.
8- Chang, Y.-. and Chiu, Z. 2004. Electrode wear-compensation of electric
discharge scanningprocess using a robust gap-control. Mechatronics,
14(10), 1121-1139.
9- Ziada, Y. and Koshy, P., 2007. Rotating Curvilinear Tools for EDM of
Polygonal Shapeswith Sharp Corners. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing
Technology, 56(1), 221-224.
10- Yaw-shih shieh, and An-Chen lee, 1994. Cross-coupled biaxial step cobol
for cncedminternational J. Mach. Tools Manufact. 36 No. 12, pp. 13631383.
11- Singh, S. and Maheshwari, S. AnfPandey, P. (2004). Some investigations
into the electricdischarge machining of hardened tool steel using different
electrode materials. Journal ofMaterials Processing Technology, 149(13):272277.
1-
35
CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECT
Project Submission
and
ABET Criterion 3 a-k Assessment Report
DATE:
20%
80%
__________________
Fill in how you fulfill the ABET Engineering Criteria Program Educational
Outcomes listed below
Please list here all subjects (math, science, engineering) that
Outcome (a),
An ability to apply knowledge of
mathematics,
science,
and
engineering fundamentals.
36
In this part, if the project included experimental work for
An ability to design and conduct validation and/or verification purposes, please indicate that.
experiments, and to critically DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY (Design approach Design
Methodology EDM Electrodes, Dielectric Fluids, Material Removal
analyze and interpret data.
Outcome (b).
Outcome (c).
Outcome (d).
Outcome (e).
Outcome (f).
An understanding of professional
and ethical responsibility.
Outcome (g).
Outcome (h).
37
This outcome is fulfilled by suggesting a plan for future studies
A recognition of the need for, and and what else could be done based on the outcome of the
an ability to engage in life-long current project.
1LaboratoryresultsshowedtheEDMis
active
learning.
Outcome (i).
Outcome (j).
Outcome (k).
An ability to use the techniques,
skills, and modern engineering
tools necessary for engineering
practice.
By signing below certify that this work is your own and fulfills the criteria
described above
Student Team Signatures
_________________________ __________________________
_________________________ __________________________
_________________________ __________________________
Date_________________
38
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1)
Opening:
2)
Organization:
3)
Slides:
4)
General:
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A good problem statement:
States the specifics of the problem - who, what, when, and where.
States the effect, but not the cause - what is wrong, not why it is wrong.
Focuses on the gap between what is and what should be. The gap may be a change or
deviation
from a norm, standard, or reasonable expectation.
TITLE