Department of Civil Engineering Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University, Kota 2015-2016

Summer Training Report
Practical training report

On
Construction of Educational Building
At
Rajasthan State Road Development & Construction Corporation Ltd.
Unit 3, Jaipur
Submitted in partial fulfillment for Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted To: -
Submitted By: -
Prof. S.D. Thanvi
Akshay Khandelwal
Civil Engg. Department,
12EKTCE007
KITE, Jaipur
Department of Civil Engineering

Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
2015-2016
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Department of Civil Engineering, KITE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. V. B. MATHUR (J. EN., RSRDC),
for giving an opportunity to work in this esteemed organization and their timely
advise to understand my goals. I am grateful to Er. Mahesh Sharma, Er. Eshwar
Prasad (Site Engineer) and Prime Infrastructure Ltd. for their invaluable guidance
throughout my internship period.
My sincere thanks to the Department of Civil Engineering, KITE Jaipur for

encouraging and motivating me to explore the practical side of Civil Engineering. I
express my thanks to all those who helped me directly or by the way.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thanks the authors of various research
articles and books I referred.
AKSHAY KHANDELWAL
12EKTCE007
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled Construction of Trauma Centre and
Medical College at Pratap Nagar under Prime Infrastructure Ltd. Which is being
submitted by Akshay Khandelwal, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor Technology in Civil Engineer, is a record of
students own work under mu supervision and guidance.
The work is approved for submission.
Submitted By: -
Guidance By:-
Akshay Khandelwal
Prof. S.D. Thanvi
Roll no. 12EKTCE007
Civil Engineering Dept.,
B.Tech (7th SEM)
Kautilya Institute
of Technology & Engineering,
Jaipur
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ABSTRACT
During my training, my study in this construction site includes several aspects

such as Shuttering and types of Shuttering, Reinforcement of steel, Concreting,
Vibrating, Curing and Water Proofing Course, RMC Plant, Indian Patent Flooring
and also the different safety precautions undertaken at the site for the safety of
labour and staff.
In the present modern world, construction usually involves the translation of
designs into reality. In the field of Civil Engineering, construction is a process that
consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single
activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job
is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager,
design manager, construction engineer or project architect.
For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential, involved
with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the
environment impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction
site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public
caused by construction delays and bidding, etc.
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Content
I.
Introduction
II.
Objective of the Project
III.
About the Project

Location
Construction type
IV.
Technical Report
V.
Maps & Drawing briefs
VI.
Quality Control and Safety Measures
VII.
Equipment used at Site
VIII.
Curing And Testing Arrangement at Site
IX.
Benefits of the Training
X.
Conclusion
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1. Introduction
Building is a manmade structure having component such as, foundation, wall,
roof, windows, doors etc. that protect and provide shelter human being and
their goods from effect of harsh weather component like rain, sun, wind, dust
etc. and theft. Factories, houses, schools, hospitals etc. are some common
example of buildings.
Buildings are very essential part of human civilization. The art of building
construction is practiced by people from ancient times. Megalithic Temples of
Malta are some of the oldest structure of world, dating back to 3500 to 2500
BC. Sanchi Stupa is the oldest standing structure of India. The material used in
these buildings is mainly clay, stone, timber etc. and construction techniques
adopted are more laborious, slow and less efficient.
In modern world, the construction technique is much more advance and
sophisticated. There are wide range of building products and system which are
aimed primarily at groups of building types and markets. The design process
for building is highly organized and draws upon research establishments that
include study material properties and performance, official codes, safety
standards, accordance of consumer needs. The construction process is also
highly organized, it include the manufactures of various building component
and system, skilled craftsmen, contactors to coordinate the work of craftsmen
and consultants who specialize in construction management, quality control
and insurance.
Classification of buildings
The buildings are generally classified on the basis of the functions they serve.
Followings are the types of buildings based on occupancy: 1. Residential buildings
2. Educational buildings
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Institutional buildings
Assembly buildings
Business buildings
Mercantile buildings
Industrial buildings
Storage buildings
Hazardous building
Residential Buildings: These buildings include any buildings in which sleeping accommodation provide
for normal residential purpose, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It
includes single or multifamily dwellings, apartments, houses etc.
Educational Buildings: These includes any building used for schools, collages, or daycare purposes
involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by assembly buildings.
Institutional Building: These include any building used for school, college or day-care purpose involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by
assembly building.
Assembly Building: These are the buildings where group of people meet or gather for amusement,
Recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition
halls, museums, places of worship etc.
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Business Buildings: These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and
records and for similar purpose, offices, banks, professional establishments, court
houses, libraries. The principal function of these building is transaction of public
business and keeping of books and records.
Mercantile Buildings: These buildings are used as shops, stores, markets for display a sale of
merchandise either wholesale or retail, offices, shops, storage services facilities
incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.
Industrial Buildings: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabrication , assembled , manufactured or processed , as assembly plant ,
laboratories ,dry cleaning plants , power plants , pumping stations , smoke
houses, laundries etc.
Storage Buildings: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise vehicles and animals, warehouse, cold storage, garage, trucks.
Hazardous Buildings: These buildings are used for the storage , handling , manufacture or processing of
highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn
with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage
handlings , acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames , fumes and ex
plosive , poisonous , irritant or corrosive gases producing of any material
producing explosive mixture of dust which result in the division of matter into fine
particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.
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2. Objective of the Project
A trauma center is a specialized hospital that treats victims of physical trauma i.e.
Physical trauma is defined as blunt, penetrating or burns injury that requires
immediate medical treatment in order for the person who has sustained such
injury to survive. Most often, these types of injury are the result of falls, auto
accidents, gunshots, stabbings and/or burns.
A trauma center is staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with a trauma surgery
team that is specially qualified to attend to traumatic injury.
After the patient is stabilized, his/her continuum of care is the responsibility of
the trauma center staff until the patient is released from the trauma center.
Trauma center should fulfill the following objectives: -
To provide high standards of trauma care to the patients in accordance

with international standards. This Trauma center will have full range of
specialists (surgical and non-surgical) and equipment available 24 hours a
day, and will be able to admit high volume of severely injured patients.
It will be a referral center for patients from neighboring regions who will
require specialized trauma management and rehabilitation.
Network all regional Trauma Centers in the state of Rajasthan for all
aspects of trauma care including patient care, data collection and support
the establishment of a National Trauma Registry.
To provide immediate action and care to the severe physical emergency

like road accident, fire burns, serious and typical surgeries.
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3. ABOUT THE PROJECT

i.
LOCATION:The site is situated in Sector-8, Pratap Nagar, Sanganer, Jaipur near

Narayana Multispecialty Hospital. The site has an easy access form the all
the directions. The site can be reached from Tonk Road as well as from
Jagatpura or Goner Road.
ii.
CONSTRUCTION TYPE:The construction type of building is Fire Resistive, Non-combustible

(Commonly found in high-rise buildings and Group I occupancies). This is
the TYPE 1A construction according to IBC.
The building is a Reinforced Concrete Framed construction. Reinforced
concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements (beams) and vertical
elements (columns) connected by rigid joints as well as further
strengthened as necessary by the introduction of rigid floor membranes
and external walls. These structures are cast monolithically that is, beams
and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in unison. RC
frames provide resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through bending
in beams and columns.
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ADVANTAGES OF THE FRAMED COSTRUCTION:
1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry consist of only

columns and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the main structural
elements.
2. Very rigid and stable able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) and
lateral loads (wind).
3. Reduced dead load absent of thick shear wall etc. 4.Roofed over at an
earlier stage every floor slab being finished becomes a cover to protect
the lower floors from sun and rain.
5. Offer large unobstructed floor areas without obstacle between
columns.
6. Flexible utilization of space.
7. Adaptable to almost any shape.
8. Easily altered within limits of frame regular or non-regular grid system is
very adaptable in spatial arrangement.
9. Offsite preparation possible especially for prefabricated construction
using precast concrete or structural steel elements.
10. May be designed to accommodate movement 11.Acceptable
distribution of natural light window openings can be provided easily on
eternal walls.
12. Easy to design structurally including computer design again, due to
simple geometry.
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4. Technical Report
Company
Client
Prime Infrastructure Private Ltd.

Rajasthan State Road Development &
Co-operation
Location
Date of Start
Date of completion
Number of columns
Grade of concrete
Pratap Nagar
July 2013
February 2016
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In slab- M-25
In beam- M-25
In column- M-30
Cement
Grade of Steel
Steel bars diameter used
ISI marked Binani Cement(OPC)

Fe-500 IS: 1786 (HYSD TMT )
10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm
Till 15th December 2015 all the construction work of the building was completed
with flooring. Only painting work was left on the left outer portion and inner
walls.
The sanitary, pipe fitting and electricity/lighting work was running in full swing.
The buildings have independent connections for electricity and water supply and
all the connection work have been completed.
All the floors plan of the trauma centre was symmetrical to each other as well as
from the centre line of plan.
The top floor of the building is protected from rain water entering the joints and
the slab as WATER PROOFING COURSE has been done on the floor and the joints.
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The whole building is divided into two blocks:i.)

ii.)
Trauma Centre
Medical College
The contract of Medical College was given to GLOBAL INFRA. Pvt. Ltd.
The medical college also was given to RSRDC, Jaipur and its floor is completed till
Aug-15. The tender of the medical college was only till the completion of first
floor. The redistribution of tender was scheduled in Feb-2016.
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5. Drawing and Maps Briefing
Plan of Pathology Department
The floor plans of all the five floor are same, so only one floor plan of fifth floor is
attached in the report.
Only the departments are changed on each floor otherwise the whole plan is
same for each floor. Each floor is provided with the particular doctors chamber
and the staff. Each department are also provided with their particular laboratories
and equipment handling rooms.
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6. Quality Control
It is very important to have a good quality control process on a project.

Depending on the project or the client or executing agent for construction the
Quality Control/Quality Assurance process could be very proscriptive.
Quality control is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a

manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set
of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. On a
construction site usually the contractor (or a third party) is responsible for
performing Quality Control which is ultimately just making sure that they are
completing the work safely and in compliance with the contract.
Quality Assurance is spot checking contract compliance, test results, and

ultimately just making sure that the Quality Control Processes is working. On a
construction site usually the Government or outside third party is responsible for
performing Quality Assurance
It is an overall management plan to guarantee the integrity of Quality Control
Process.
Quality control means rational use of resources.

Quality control procedures implement
i. appropriate mixing,
ii. proper compaction,
iii. correct placement and
iv. adequate curing
Quality control ensures
i. strict monitoring of every stage of concrete production
ii. rectification of faults
iii. Quality control reduces maintenance costs.
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Common Mistakes practiced at sites

The cement sand mix in the mortar and brick masonry is made quite early,
prior to its use and in larger quantities than required
The construction materials like sand, bricks, Aggregate etc. are not washed
and are full of deleterious material and dust.
Compaction of bottom strata in foundation work is not carried out.
During concreting of footing, the concrete is poured at a height greater
than 1m.
Generally, trapezoidal footings are resorted to where concrete is never
vibrated.
Reinforced concrete column, being an important part of the structure are
neither mechanically vibrated nor machine mixed.
They are cast in short lifts with increased number of joints.
Cover to reinforcement in column, beams and slabs is insufficient.
No cover to reinforcement in contact of the ground
Misalignment of column at foundation level and rectification at higher
level, leading to eccentric loading.
Reinforced coping at plinth level being an important barrier to dampness is
never densely cast.
Problems Encountered by common mistakes

Cracks in concrete.
Improper bonding between concrete and brick masonry.
Spillage of plaster.
Dampness of walls.
Leakage of slabs.
Cracks in brick masonry.
Settlement of foundation and walls.
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Causes of Mistakes
Causes for poor quality can be summarized as: Ignorance
Poor materials
Poor design
Poor detailing
Poor workmanship
Improper quantity of cement
Improper concrete mix
Excess water
Inadequate compaction
Substandard forms
Inadequate curing
Inadequate cover
Poor construction practices
Poor supervision
Lack of technical knowledge
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Cycle for assuring quality
1. PLAN:- In any quality assuring process PLAN is the foremost important

step. While planning we have to include all the components in a
construction site which needs to be checked for their quality assurance.
2. DO:- In this step we survey the construction site for its quality assurance
and control.
3. CHECK:- In this step we check the components for its quality either at the
site or in a laboratory. The component is taken from site to the laboratory
at the site itself or at the nearest possible place to check its quality.
4. ACT:- In this step the decision is made aacording to the test performed at
the component whether to make any changes or not.
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RELATION BETWEEN QUALITY AND COST

With the increase of quality of design, cost increase is exponential but value
addition initially increases, but starts saturating at of some point. Hence the
optimum cost is arrived when slope of both the curves is same
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6.2 SAFETY MEASURES
ALL OF OUR SAFETY RULES MUST BE OBEYED. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN

A BIZARE ACCIDENT AT SITE.
1.
Keep your mind on your work at all times. No horseplay on the job. Injury
or termination or both can be the result.
2.
Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as:
safety glasses for eye protection, hard hats at all times within the confines of
the construction area where there is a potential for falling materials or tools,
gloves when handling materials, and safety shoes are necessary for
protection against foot injuries.
3.
Precautions are necessary to prevent sunburn and to protect against burns

from hot materials.
4.
If any part of your body should come in contact with an acid or caustic
substance, rush to the nearest water available and flush the affected part.
Secure medical aid immediately.
5.
Watch where you are walking. Don't run.
6.
The use of illegal drugs or alcohol or being under the influence of the same
on the project shall be cause for termination. Inform your supervisor if taking
strong prescription drugs that warn against driving or using machinery.
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7.
Do not distract the attention of fellow workers. Do no engage in any act

which would endanger another employee.
8.
Sanitation facilities have been or will be provided for your use. Defacing or
damaging these facilities is forbidden.
9.
A good job is a clean job, and a clean job is the start of a safe job. So keep
your working area free from rubbish and debris.
10.
Do not use a compressor to blow dust or dirt from your clothes, hair, or
hands.
11.
Never work aloft if you are afraid to do so, if you are subject to dizzy spells,
or if you are apt to be nervous or sick.
12.
Never move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. Further

injury may result. Keep the injured as comfortable as possible and utilize job
site first-aid equipment until an ambulance arrives.
13.
Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use

it.
14.
Lift correctly - with legs, not the back. If the load is too heavy GET HELP. Stay
fit. Control your weight. Do stretching exercises. Approximately twenty
percent of all construction related injuries result from lifting materials.
15.
Nobody but operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper

seating is provided.
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16.
Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly
instructed in the safe work methods and become authorized to use them.
17.
Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage, or
destroy any safety device or safeguard furnished or provided for use on the
job, nor interfere with the use thereof.
18.
Do not enter an area which has been barricaded.
19.
If you must work around power shovels, trucks, and dozers, make sure
operators can always see you. Barricades are required for cranes.
20.
Never oil, lubricate, or fuel equipment while it is running or in motion.
21.
Before servicing, repairing, or adjusting any powered tool or piece of

equipment, disconnect it, lock out the source of power, and tag it out.
22.
Barricade danger areas. Guard rails or perimeter cables may be required.
23.
Trenches over five feet deep must be shored or sloped as required. Keep out
of trenches or cuts that have not been properly shored or sloped. Excavated
or other material shall not be stored nearer than two feet from the edge of
the excavation. Excavations less than 5 ft may also require cave in protection
in some instances.
24.
Use the "four and one" rule when using a ladder. One foot of base for every
four feet of height.
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7. Equipment used at site
In a construction project various type of equipment are used at site to ensure the
quality control of material, to provide elegance to super structure, to lift the
heavy precast component and other construction material such as concrete, steel
bars etc. , to place the precast component with precision, to reduce manmade
mistakes and labour cost. Thus use of equipment accelerate the whole project.
In order to increase work efficiency, it is essential for people to be aware of the

different types of equipment and their specific uses also just to initiate and
further the improvement of work.
There are so many equipment used in the construction area. These equipment
are dedicated to bring ease and convenience for people to have in their work. It is
a fact that not all work can be done by man alone. It is essential for people and
construction workers to improve their work and have convenience and
improvement with the help of equipment.
Bulldozer: -
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The bulldozer is a very powerful crawler that is equipped with a blade. The term
bulldozer is often used to mean any type of heavy machinery, although the term
actually refers to a tractor that is fitted with a dozer blade. Often times,
bulldozers are large and extremely powerful tracked vehicles. The tracks give
them amazing ground mobility and hold through very rough terrain. Wide tracks
on the other hand, help to distribute the weight of the dozer over large areas,
therefore preventing it from sinking into sandy or muddy ground.
Bulldozers have great ground hold and a torque divider thats designed to convert
the power of the engine into dragging ability, which allows it to use its own
weight to push heavy objects and even remove things from the ground. Due to
these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear obstacles, shrubbery and remains of
structures and buildings.
The blade on a bulldozer is the heavy piece of metal plate that is installed on the
front. The blade pushes things around. Normally, the blade comes in 3 varieties:
1. A straight blade that is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be
used only for fine grading.
2. A universal blade, or U blade, which is tall and much curved, and features large
side wings to carry more material around.
3. A combination blade that is shorter, offers less curvature,
wings.
and smaller side
Backhoe Loader: Also referred to as a loader backhoe, the backhoe loader is an engineering and
excavation vehicle that consists of a tractor, front shovel and bucket and a small
backhoe in the rear end. Due to the small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are
common with small construction projects and excavation type work. Originally
invented in Burlington Iowa back in 1857, the backhoe loader is the most
common variation of the classic farm tractor. As the name implies, it has a loader
assembly on the front and a backhoe attachment on the back.
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Anytime the loader and backhoe are attached it is never referred to as a tractor,
as it is not normally used for towing and doesnt normally have a PTO. When the
backhoe is permanently attached, the machine will normally have a seat that can
swivel to the rear to face the backhoe controls. Any type of removable backhoe
attachments will normally have a separate seat on the attachment itself. Backhoe
loaders are common and can be used for many tasks, which include construction,
light transportation of materials, powering building equipment, digging holes and
excavating, breaking asphalt, and even paving roads .You can often replace the
backhoe bucket with other tools such as a breaker for breaking and smashing
concrete and rock. There are some loader buckets that offer a retractable bottom,
which enable it to empty the load more quickly and efficiently.
Tower Crane: Tower cranes are a common fixture at any major construction site. They're pretty
hard to miss -- they often rise hundreds of feet into the air, and can reach out just
as far. The construction crew uses the tower crane to lift steel, concrete, large
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tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other building
materials.
Ready Mix Concrete Plant: Ready mix concrete plant is responsible to provide undisturbed flow of concrete
to the construction site, so as the concreting can be done right after the
shuttering and reinforcement work is completed. A ready-mix concrete plant
consists of silos that contain cement, sand, gravel and storage thanks of additives
such as plasticizers, as well as a mixer to blend the components of concrete.
These components are gravity fed into the preparation bin. The quality of
concrete can be maintained only if the formulation is carefully administered. The
water dosage in particular must be very precise and the mixing itself must remain
continuous and consistent. To accommodate all of these constraints concrete
plants have been generally automated to ensure reliability throughout the
manufacturing process.
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Concrete Pump: A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping.
There are two types of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is
attached to a truck or longer units are on semi-trailers. It is known as a boom
concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm
(called a boom) to place concrete accurately. Boom pumps are used on most of
the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high
volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing boom.
The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck or placed
on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line pump or trailer-mounted
concrete pump. This pump requires steel or flexible concrete placing hoses to be
manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together
and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps normally
pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller
volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and
single family home concrete slabs and most ground slabs.
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Other Tools: Compactors: If the site of the concrete slab is to be prepped with a sub base of any type, a
compactor helps settle the stone or aggregate into position.
Levels: Both the sub base and slab surface must be level. A standard long-line level, or a
laser level, will let you verify that the slab is completely to spec before pouring
and after.
Tape measures: Concrete forms and slab depth need the same measure twice, pour once
verification as any other material on the job site. They are also useful for testing
placement and mapping.
Moisture retarders: Moisture or vapor retarders are used to prevent water vapor from intruding on a
finished concrete slab. They are generally placed directly under on grade or below
grade slabs.
Saws: -Reciprocating saws, circular saws or grinders can be necessary to cut rebar
or forms on the jobsite. They can also be necessary if a problem develops under
the slab and a portion of the concrete has to be removed after it has set and
dried.
Shovels: Shovels help distribute concrete around the jobsite to fill in gaps left during the
pour process or for smaller applications. Square-ended shovels generally work
better for concrete; rounded ones spread concrete unevenly.
Rakes: Using a rake is the quickest way to begin getting the freshly-poured concrete
spread more uniformly into place. Garden rakes work but concrete rakes (also
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called come along rakes) have a more scooped blade for more easily preleveling new concrete. Concrete rakes also have a tine on the back of the blade to
help lift rebar or mesh into position before the concrete begins to harden.
Tampers: Tampers are used with low slump concrete to push the aggregate below the slab
surface. There are types that are used standing on the wet concrete, or roller
types that can be used from the slab edge.
Vibrators: Concrete vibrators help release trapped air pockets and excess water from the
concrete mix to prevent possibly compromising problems in medium to high
slump concrete.
Screeds: Screeds come in a variety of sizes and can be a specific tool (also called straight
edges or bump cutters), or can be simple flat pieces of dimensional lumber. The
purpose of a screed is to smooth concrete after it has been moved into place by
scraping away any excess from the slab surface.
Bull floats: Bull floats are wide-bladed tools on a long (possibly telescoping handle) that
provide the first pass for leveling ridges and filling voids in the concrete after the
screed work has been done.
Magnesium floats: Magnesium floats (or mag floats) are smaller handheld floats typically used to
float slab edges or to use for finish work on smaller slabs.
Trowels: Trowels also help smooth concrete surfaces for their finish coats before being left
to dry. Hand-troweling is common for smaller slabs, or power trowels are often
preferred for large slabs. There are varying types of trowels for specific concrete
work.
Float blades and troweling blades: 30
A variety of blade types is available for floats and power trowels, each designed to
accomplish different finishes. Some care must be taken during the troweling stage
not to burnish the surface and prolong drying time.
Groove cutter/jointer tool: For certain job types, grooving the surface also helps prevent cracking or excess
damage from shrinkage as the concrete dries or during use.
Edger: An edger is a tool designed to round exposed concrete edges for a smooth finish.
Polishers: After the slab has dried sufficiently, polishers can be used to produce a surface
finish effect, from a gentle smoothing of the surface for traction and safety to a
mirror-like shine for an aesthetic finish.
Grinders: Grinding can also be used for aesthetic effects like a distressed finish, or is also
sometimes necessary if a slab surface has been over-trowelled and excess
moisture is sealed inside the slab.
Dust collection systems: When grinding, polishing, drilling or sawing concrete, a dust collection system
helps clear the work area and protect the health of the onsite workers.
Thermo-hygrometers: Ambient conditions play a big role in determining drying time. A thermohygrometer helps monitor both temperature and relative humidity in the space
around the concrete slab and inform potential remediation methods to speed
drying time.
Hammer drills or rotary drills: Placing concrete anchors or doing relative humidity (RH) testing require drilling
into a cured concrete slab. Hammer drills (or rotary drills) make the process easier
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by combining rotation with percussion a pounding motion that breaks up the

concrete faster for easier installation. And dont forget the right bits for the job,
too.
Concrete moisture meters: Concrete moisture meters can provide handy spot checks of drying slabs.
However, care must be taken to remember that they, like the hood method or the
calcium chloride method, only provide an indication of surface conditions.
Relative humidity (RH) test kit: For an accurate indication of the internal moisture condition of a drying slab, RH
testing with in situ probes provides effective internal moisture measurement.
Backed by ASTM F2170, RH testing can provide necessary moisture data for
concrete and flooring installers alike and prevent possible moisture-related
problems down the road.
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8. Curing and test arrangement at site

Curing: There are various methods of curing. The adoption of a particular method will
depend upon the nature of work and the climatic conditions. The following
methods of curing of concrete are generally adopted.
1. Shading of concrete work: The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from
the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete
surfaces such as road slabs. This is essential in dry weather to protect the
concrete from heat, direct sun rays and wind. It also protects the surface from
rain. In cold weather shading helps in preserving the heat of hydration of cement
thereby preventing freezing of concrete under mild frost conditions. Shading may
be achieved by using canvas stretched on frames. This method has a limited
application only.
2. Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags: This is a widely used method of curing, particularly for structural concrete. Thus
exposed surface of concrete is prevented from drying out by covering it with
hessian, canvas or empty cement bags. The covering over vertical and sloping
surfaces should be secured properly. These are periodically wetted. The interval
of wetting will depend upon the rate of evaporation of water. It should be
ensured that the surface of concrete is not allowed to dry even for a short time
during the curing period. Special arrangements for keeping the surface wet must
be made at nights and on holidays.
3. Sprinkling of water: Sprinkling of water continuously on the concrete surface provides an efficient
curing. It is mostly used for curing floor slabs. The concrete should be allowed to
set sufficiently before sprinkling is started. The spray can be obtained from a
33
perforated plastic box. On small jobs sprinkling of water may be done by hand.
Vertical and sloping surfaces can be kept continuously wet by sprinkling water on
top surfaces and allowing it to run down between the forms and the concrete. For
this method of curing the water requirement is higher.
4. Ponding method: This is the best method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such
as floors, roof slabs, roads and air field pavements. The horizontal top surfaces of
beams can also be ponded. After placing the concrete, its exposed surface is first
covered with moist hessian or canvas. After 24 hours, these covers are removed
and small ponds of clay or sand are built across and along the pavements. The
area is thus divided into a number of rectangles. The water is filled between the
ponds. The filling of water in these ponds is done twice or thrice a day, depending
upon the atmospheric conditions. Though this method is very efficient, the water
requirement is very heavy. Ponds easily break and water flows out. After curing it
is difficult to clean the clay.
5. Membrane curing: The method of curing described above come under the category of moist curing.
Another method of curing is to cover the wetted concrete surface by a layer of
water proof material, which is kept in contact with the concrete surface of seven
days. This method of curing is termed as membrane curing. A membrane will
prevent the evaporation of water from the concrete. The membrane can be either
in solid or liquid form. They are also known as sealing compounds. Bituminized
water proof papers, wax emulsions, bitumen emulsions and plastic films are the
common types of membrane used.
Whenever bitumen is applied over the surface for curing, it should be done only
after 24 hours curing with gunny bags. The surface is allowed to dry out so that
loose water is not visible and then the liquid asphalt sprayed throughout. The
moisture in the concrete is thus preserved. It is quite enough for curing.
34
This method of curing does not need constant supervision. It is adopted with
advantage at places where water is not available in sufficient quantity for wet
curing. This method of curing is not efficient as compared with wet curing
because rate of hydration is less. Moreover the strength of concrete cured by any
membrane is less than the concrete which is moist cured. When membrane is
damaged the curing is badly affected.
6. Steam curing: Steam curing and hot water curing is sometimes adopted. With these methods of
curing, the strength development of concrete is very rapid.
These methods can best be used in pre-cast concrete work. In steam curing the
temperature of steam should be restricted to a maximum of 750C as in the
absence of proper humidity (about 90%) the concrete may dry too soon. In case
of hot water curing, temperature may be raised to any limit, ay 1000C.
At this temperature, the development of strength is about 70% of 28 days

strength after 4 to 5 hours. In both cases, the temperature should be fully
controlled to avoid non-uniformity. The concrete should be prevented from rapid
drying and cooling which would form cracks.
35
Test Arrangements
Slump Test: This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete just
before its placing to final position inside the formwork, and is always conducted
by the supervisor on site. However in mid of concreting process , should the site
supervisor visually finds that the green concrete becomes dry or the placement of
concrete has been interrupted , a re-test on the remaining concrete should be
conducted in particular of the pour for congested reinforcement area
Compacting factor test: This is a site test to determine the consistency or workability of concrete and is
conducted in the lab or on site .Nowadays, this test is commonly replaced by the
Slump Test to determine the workability of the green concrete
California Bearing Ratio: The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a simple strength test that compares the
bearing capacity of a material with that of a well-graded crushed stone (thus, a
high quality crushed stone material should have a CBR @ 100%).
The CBR rating was developed for measuring the load-bearing capacity of soils
used for building roads. The CBR can also be used for measuring the load-bearing
capacity of unimproved airstrips or for soils under paved airstrips. The harder the
surface, the higher the CBR rating. A CBR of 3 equates to tilled farmland, a CBR of
4.75 equates to turf or moist clay, while moist sand may have a CBR of 10. High
quality crushed rock has a CBR over 80. The standard material for this test is
crushed California limestone which has a value of 100.
Compression test: The Compression Test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristic strength
of the concrete but the making of test cubes is sometimes carried out by the
36
supervisor on site. This cube test result is very important to the acceptance of
insitu concrete work since it demonstrates the strength of the design mix.
Rebound hammer: Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of concrete by
using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) 1992.The rebound of an elastic
mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass strikes. When
the plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the
concrete, the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound
depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and
therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the
concrete. The rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as
the rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be read
directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity: This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity
method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) 1992.The method consists of measuring the
time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete being tested.
Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality is good in terms
of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc.
37
9. Benefits of Training
i.)
Increase Productivity: - Speaking to additional manpower allows you

to take advantage of short-term support.
ii.)
Enhance Perspective:- The training enhances the perspective of the

trainee of everything going around him/her in construction.
iii.)
Communication Skills: - training inproves the communication skills of

the trainee with the labour and the employees controlling the site.
iv.)
Professionalism: - training improves the professionalism in the

trainee as gets to know more about his/her field.
v.)
Creativity and Innovation: - the trainee becomes creative and

innovative and new ideas generate in his/her mind. A whole new
perspective opens in front of him/her.
vi.)
Diversity: - Diversity training usually includes explanation about how

people have different perspectives and views, and includes
techniques to value diversity.
vii.)
Safety: - Safety training is critical where working with heavy

equipment, hazardous chemicals, repetitive activities, etc.,
viii.)
Quality Initiatives: - initiatives such as total quality management,

quality circles, benchmarking, etc., require basic training about
quality concepts, guidelines and standards for quality, etc
38
10.
Conclusion
The main aim of this practical training project is to investigate

how a structure is constructed within its desired properties. We
get knowledge about the basic & advanced technique of the
building construction as well as saw the challenges which a Civil
Engineer have to face during the construction i.e. labour problems
cost management environment challenges. We cleared out many
doubts regarding the construction. We had seen ready mix plant
machine at the site, how it functions and maintenance. From
installation to mixing and pumping done by the machine in
monitored by the experienced engineers at the site. We have
seen how top-down construction is done in congested areas
where destruction to the environment construction is safety
precautions.
During the period of 2 months (60days) all the company staff
helped us a lot to provide all the information about any query. So
we are grateful to all the staff of Rajasthan State Road
Development Co-operation and Prime Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. For
their kind support.
Thank You
39

Department of Civil Engineering Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University, Kota 2015-2016

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Department of Civil Engineering Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University, Kota 2015-2016

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Summer Training Report

Practical training report

Submitted in partial fulfillment for Degree of

Prof. S.D. Thanvi

Civil Engg. Department,