Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OBJECTIVE
THEORY
The alkaline hydrolysis of fats is referred to as saponification (literally, "soap-making"). Over the
years the term has come to be used also in referring to the alkaline hydrolysis of any type of ester.
The saponification of ethyl acetate
CH3COOC2H5 + OH- CH3COO- + C2H5OH
rxn (3-1)
eqn (3-1)
d cA
= k cA cB
dt
eqn (3-2)
eqn (3-3)
d cA
2
= k cA
dt
eqn (3-4)
The concentration of ethylacetate (or OH-) remaining at any time can be determined by
integration.
cA d c
t
A
eqn (3-5)
co c 2 = - k 0 dt
A
3-1
or
1
1
=k t+
cA
co
eqn (3-6)
( y = mx + b )
where co = initial concentration of ethylacetate and
cA = concentration of ethylacetate at time t.
1
Thus, according to equation (3-6), a plot of "
versus time" should be a straight line. The rate
cA
constant k can be accurately determined by measuring the slope of the graph.
Conductivity and Conductivity Bridge
As reaction (3-1) progresses, the amount of OH- ions in solution diminishes as CH3COO- ions
are produced. It is known that the electrical conductivity of OH- ions is much greater than that of
CH3COO- ions. Equivalent ionic conductivity at infinite dilution, at 25oC, for OH- and
CH3COO- are 198.6 mhos and 40.9 mhos respectively. Therefore, the progress of reaction (3-1)
can be followed conductometrically.
Conductance L is a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct electricity and is defined to be
the reciprocal of resistance. Thus, Ohm's law may be expressed as
E
R
eqn (3-7)
i=EL
eqn (3-8)
i =
or
L =
CA
d
eqn (3-9)
3-2
3-3
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Using lead donuts to stabilize the flasks, place all three flasks in a water bath at
approximately 25oC to obtain thermal equilibrium. Record the temperature of the
water bath.
6.
Measure the conductance of flask #3, the 0.0100 M NaOH. This conductance value is
Lo, measured at time = 0 sec.
[Lo should be approximately 2500 to 3500 mhos, or
2.500 x 10-3 to 3.500 x 10-3 Siemens, or
2500 to 3500 Siemens.]
7.
Start the saponification reaction by mixing together the entire contents of flasks
#1 and #2 containing the ethylacetate and sodium hydroxide respectively. Stir
the mixture and start the timer. Measure the first conductance reading after 300
seconds and continue collecting data at 300 seconds intervals for one hour.
3-4
DATA SHEET
Time [sec]
L [S]
Lo - L [S]
Siemens
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
3300
3600
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
3-5
eqn (3-6)
eqn (3-10)
co - cA
cA
eqn (3-11)
co k t =
Lo - L
L - L
eqn (3-12)
+ L
cok
t
(y =
mx
+ b)
L=
Lo - L
eqn (3-13)
1
. If
cok
we measure the slope of the line, we can calculate k provided we know the initial concentration,
co.
3-6
TREATMENT OF DATA
1.
2.
3.
Measure the slope in the straight portion of the curve and calculate the rate
constant for the second-order reaction. Note that the initial concentration, co,
of ethylacetate is not 0.02 M.
4.
In your lab report, comment on the difference between the value of conductance
'L' measured at the so-called t = 0 and, the value that might have been obtained at
the exact moment of mixing.
3-7