Grammar 10 PDF

Maria English Society
Essential English Grammar

Teaching Notes - Unit 10
Table of Contents
Adjective clauses
- Leaving out the relative pronoun
- Adjective clause: where, when, why
- Adjective clause: whose, who, whom
- Adjective clause: which, that
- Identify a missing objective relative pronoun
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Lesson 10 Page 1
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Unit 10
Adjective clauses
Leaving out the relative pronoun
You will meet a lot of adjective clauses (adjective clauses) without a relative pronoun.
For
example, instead of
O
S V
Tell us about the people that you saw and the food that you ate.
you will hear or read:
S
S V
Tell us about the people you saw and the food you ate.
However, we can do this if and only if the relative pronoun is an object pronoun.
Exercise
Read the diary and circle the six relative pronouns. If a relative pronoun can be eliminated, draw a
line through it.
Dear Diary,
Today was a very exciting day for me. It was my first day in high school, and I was
extremely excited. I signed up for the Spanish class which I had wanted for a long
time. Surprise! I get into the class! The teacher, who is from Malaga, Spain, is very
nice. I also got into a chemistry class. The lab, which is filled with all sorts of
scientific equipment, is a bit scary, but I think it will be interesting. Lunch time was
great because I got to see all the friends that I hadnt seen all summer long. Overall,
I think this will be a wonderful year. There are so many interesting extracurricular
activities that I want to participate in, as well. Again, I think this is a year that will
keep me busy and happy!
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Exercise
A.
Make each of these pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence by using a
relative pronoun.
Example:
Fred Brown has a dog. It is called Jock.
Answer:
Fred Brown has a dog that is called Jock.
1.
This is the girl. She is going to sing a song.
2.
Do you like the bicycle? My uncle gave it to me.
3.
I have lost the pen. I bought it yesterday.
4.
Richard lives in a house. It has a big garden.
5.
I have finished the exercise. The teacher told us to do it.
6.
These are the apples. They grew on my tree.
7.
I saw the man. He won the prize.
8.
They heard about the battle from a soldier. He had been wounded.
9.
We had a friend. He was a famous writer.
10.
The girl is going to sing a song. She is called Grace.
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Exercise
Do the following five questions as the three examples show:
1. Underline the adjective clause in each sentence.
2. Show which noun the adjective clause qualifies.
3. show the functions of the relative pronoun.
a.
The moment which is lost is lost forever.

(Which representing the noun moment, subject of verb is lost)
b. He could answer the question which I asked him.

(Which representing the noun question, object of t.v. asked)
c.
He gave me everything that I asked for

(That representing the noun everything, object of the preposition for)
1. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
2. I received the message which you sent me.
3. All the blessings that we enjoy come from god.
4. The boy behaved in good manners that his father was proud of.
5. The house that I live in belongs to my father.
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Whatever, whoever, wherever, and whichever

Just as what means the thing(s) that, so:
Whatever = anything that
We shall eat whatever is left over from lunch.
= We shall eat anything that is left over from lunch.
Whoever = anybody that
Give it to whoever asks for it.
= Give it to anybody that asks for it.
Wherever =in, at any place that
Put it wherever you like.
= Put it in any place that you like.
Whichever = any one of several that
Choose whichever of the colours suits you.
= Choose any one of the colours that suits you.
Exercise
Replace those parts of the following sentences in italics by one of the words, whatever, whoever, etc.:
1.
Put down that book in any place that you can find room for it.
2.
Anyone that is sufficiently advanced can come to my class.
3.
You see these books? You may choose any one of them that interests you.
4.
Her dogs always follow her to any place that she goes.
5.
Give it to anyone that wants it.
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Exercise
The uses of relative pronouns who, which, that, whoever
1. The manager wants to know
(A) whom (B)
whose
wrote the inquiry letter to the supplier.

(C) who
(D) which
2. To report lost or stolen travelers checks, contact the institution

issued the
checks.
(A) whose (B)
that
(C) it
(D) where
3. Several bus lines have delayed until Friday the fare increases
(A) which (B)
this
(C) they
(D) those
had planned for today.
4. Salespeople
travel more than three hundred miles per week are entitled
to drive a company car.
(A) who (B) whoever
(C) whom
(D) whose
5. Those trainees ____ have successfully completed the six-week course will be assigned to
various positions throughout the company.
(A) who (B) what
(C) their
(D) they
6. The conference was held at the citys exhibition hall, where opened just last month.
A
B
C
D
7. An additional clause may be added to your insurance policy where will cover damages
A
B
C
incurred during moving.
D
8. Visitors what would like to be added to the Centres mailing list should give their
A
B
C
D
names and addresses to the receptionist.
9. Everyone who apply for any type of loan should realize that deliberately falsifying
A
B
C
income information can have serious consequences.
D
10. Who removed the video equipment from the seminar room should return it
A
B
C
immediately.
D
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Adjective Clause
Relative adverbs: where, when, why
(1) Mary bought a safe.
She kept her jewels there.

(There is an adverb of place.)
Mary bought a safe [where she kept her jewels].

Where does two jobs:
1. linking the adjective clause where she kept her jewels to the noun safe.
2. representing the adverb of place there to modify the verb kept.
So, where in the sentence is a relative adverb. Relative adverb means subordinate conjunction +
adverb.
(2) The officer knows the time.
Your train arrives then.

(Then is an adverb of time.)
The officer knows the time [when your train arrives].

When does two jobs:
1. linking the adjective clause when your train arrives to the noun time.
2. representing the adverb of time then to modify the verb arrives.
So, when is a 2nd relative adverb to form an adjective clause.
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(3) The principal wants to know the cause. The teacher punishes the boy reasonably.
(Reasonably is an adverb of reason.)
The principal wants to know the cause [why the teacher punishes the boy].
Why does two jobs:

1. linking the adjective clause why the teacher punishes the boy to the noun cause.
2. representing the adverb of reason reasonably to modify the verb punishes.
So, why is the third relative adverb to form an adjective clause.
More examples to show the use of relative adverbs:
The house [where the accident occurred] is near by.
The time [when the new bridge is completed] is not known.
The reason [why he failed] is obvious to everyone.
Exercise
Combine the following sentences with one of the four relative adverbs where, when, and why.
1.
The time is not yet fixed. The boat leaves then.
2.
This is the school. I was taught there.
3.
Can you tell me the reason? You are not keeping your health.
4.
Youth is the time. The seed of character are sown then.
5.
Hard working is the cause. The boy gets a good result for that.
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Adjective clauses:
whose, who and whom
A special relative pronoun WHOSE (representing a possessive pronoun or a noun in possessive
case)
Example
People remember Presley. Presleys songs are very popular.
People remember Presley [whose songs are very popular].
WHOSE does two jobs:
1. to be subordinate conjunction, joining the adjective clause whose songs are very
popular to the main clause.
2. to represent Presleys in possessive case to qualify the noun song.
Exercise
Try to combine the following sentences with WHOSE.
1. Joe bought a new car. Its colour is red.
2. The boat sails along the river. Its banks are muddy.
3. These dogs have a leader. Their master is a female.
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The use of WHO (subject of a verb) and WHOM (object of a transitive verb or preposition)
Who is the subject of a verb
He is a good friend. A good friend speaks well of us behind our backs.
S
He is a good friend [who speaks well of us behind our backs].

Whom is the object of a verb
The people die young. The gods love the people.
O
The people [whom the gods love ] die young.

Whom is the object of a preposition
The boss came into the room. The staff paid attention to the boss.
O
The boss [ ( to whom ) the staff paid attention] came into the room.
prep.
Exercise
Try to use WHO or WHOM to form an adjective clause.
1. The man learns nothing. He questions nothing.
2. No man can be a good ruler. A good ruler has first been ruled.
3. This is the man. I saw him in church yesterday.
4. The child is finally found. The parents have looked for him.
5. Here comes John. The teacher wants to speak to him.
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Exercise
Fill the blanks with the relative pronouns who and whom, the relative adjective whose.
1. He [ __________ marries] might be sorry; he [who does not] will be sorry.
2. Those [ __________ the gods love] die young.
3. He [ __________ marries for love without money] has good nights and sorry days.
4. Wealth is not his __________ has it, but his__________ enjoys it.
5. A triangle [ __________ three sides are equal] is called an equilateral triangle.
6. He [ __________ hesitates] is lost.
7. He [ __________ laughs last] laughs best.
8. The sun, [ __________ rays give life to the earth,] was regarded by the ancients as a god.
9. This is the boy [ __________ works hard.]
10. This is the boy [ __________ exercise is done well.]
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Adjective clauses:
which and that
WHICH is
(a) for animal, and (b) for thing :

S
(a) A mole is an animal.
S
A mole lives underground.
A mole [which lives underground] is an animal.
S
A mole is an animal.
The animal lives underground.

S
A mole is an animal [which lives underground].

(The underlined are adjective clauses, qualifying the preceding nouns.)
S V
(b) This jungle track is not a road.
S
The track is not for cars.
This jungle track [which is not for cars] is not a road.
S V
This jungle track is not a road.
The road is full of holes.

S
This jungle track is not a road [which is full of hole]s.

(The underlined are adjective clauses, qualifying the preceding nouns.)
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THAT is
(a) for people, (b) for animal, and (c) for thing :
S
(a) This doctor is a psychiatrist.
S
V.
The doctor treats mind-disorder.
This doctor [that treats mind-disorder] is a psychiatrist.

.
S
This doctor is a psychiatrist.
A psychiatrist treats mind-disorder.

S
This doctor is a psychiatrist [that treats mind-disorder].
S
(b) The cat is catching a mouse.
S
The cat belongs to my aunt.
The cat [that belongs to my aunt] is catching a mouse.
S
The cat is catching a mouse.
The mouse runs into a hole.

S V
The cat is catching a mouse [that runs into a hole].
S V
(c) This book is a new publication.
S
The book has many pictures.
This book [that has many pictures] is a new publication.
.
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S
This book is a new publication.
The new publication sells well.

S V
This book is a new publication [that sells well].
(All the underlined relative clauses are adjective clauses, qualifying the preceding
nouns.)
(All the relative pronouns THAT and WHICH are used as subjects of the
adjective clauses.)
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WHICH and THAT as OBJECTS of transitive verbs.

.
t.v.
obj.
The prayers were few and short. We said the prayers.

O
The prayers [which we said] were few and short.
t.v. obj.
I am monarch of all. I survey all. (Pronoun)
O
I am monarch of all [that I survey].

t.v.
obj.
Men must reap the things. They sow the things.

O
Men must reap the things [which they sow].

t.v.
A contented mind is the greatest blessing.
obj.
A man can enjoy the blessing in this world.

O
A contented mind is the greatest blessing [that a man can enjoy in this world].
(All the relative pronouns are object of the transitive verbs in the adjective clauses.)
Whom is for people only:

t.v. obj.
He is my old friend. I trust him.
O
He [whom I trust] is my old friend.
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WHICH and THAT as OBJECTS of prepositions.

perp.
I show them the path.
obj.
We came by the path.
I show them the path which we came by.

or
I show them the path by which we came.
perp.
Love is a game.
obj.
Both players always cheat in the game.
Love is a game which both players always cheat in.

or
Love is a game in which both players always cheat.
perp.
I have found the pencil.
obj.
You want to write with the pencil.
I have found the pencil which you want to write with.

or
I have found the pencil with which you want to write.
* Whom is for people only:

perp. obj.
This is the child.
You spoke to him yesterday.
This is the child whom you spoke to yesterday.

or
This is the child to whom you spoke yesterday.
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Now notice THAT as a relative pronoun, object of a preposition:

THE PREPOSITION CANT BE PUT BEFORE THAT.
perp. obj.
He has not brought the key.
I asked for the key.
He has not brought the key that I asked for.

NOT
He has not brought the key for that I asked.

(The preposition for cannot be put before the relative pronoun THAT.)
perp. obj.
You give me the cat.
Ill take care of it.
You give me the cat that Ill take care of.

NOT
You give me the cat of that Ill take care.

(No preposition can be put before the relative pronoun THAT.)
perp. obj.
John is the doctor.
We talk about him.
John is the doctor that we talk about.

NOT
John is the doctor about that we talk.

(No preposition should be moved before the relative pronoun THAT.)
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All objective relative pronouns can be omitted

1. OBJECT OF TRANSITIVE VERBS
The prayers which we said were few and short.
=
The prayers we said were few and short.

I am monarch of all that I survey.
I am monarch of all I survey.

Men must reap the things which they sow.
Men must reap the things they sow.

A contented mind is the greatest blessing that a man can enjoy in this world.
A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man can enjoy in this world.
He whom I trust is my old friend.
He I trust is my old friend.
2. OBJECT OF PERPOSITIONS
=
I show them the path we came by.

Love is a game which both players always cheat in.
Love is a game both players always cheat in.

I have found the pencil which you want to write with.
I have found the pencil you want to write with.

This is the child whom you spoke to yesterday.
This is the child you spoke to yesterday.

He has brought the key that I asked for.
He has brought the key I asked for.
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You give me the cat that Ill take care of.

=
You give me the cat Ill take care of.
If a preposition comes before the objective relative pronoun, you have to return the preposition to
its ending position before we omit the objective relative pronoun:
I show them the path by which we came.
=
I show them the path we came by
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Identify a missing objective relative pronoun

1.
When two nouns come together and the preposition doesnt have an object, we supply
which or that between the two nouns. Then the adjective clause appears:
.
I show them the path [which we came by].

n.
2.
pron.
prep.
When two nouns come together and the transitive verb doesnt have an object, we supply
which or that between the two nouns. Then the adjective clause appears:
The prayers [which we said were few and short].
n.
pron.
tv
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Where and in which

WHERE as a relative adverb and WHICH as a relative pronoun:
Joe returned to the old house. He was born there.
(There is an adverb of place. where can be used to link he two sentences.)
Joe returned to the old house [where he was born.]
Joe returned to the old house. He was born in the old house.
(House is object of the preposition in. which can be used to link he two sentences.)
Joe returned to the old house [which he was born in.]
or
Joe returned to the old house [in which he was born.]
You do not write:
Joe returned to the old house [in where he was born.] (Incorrect)
Because where is a relative adverb, which can not be treated as a noun, object of the preposition
in.
But, if you regard the phrase in he old house as an adverb phrase of place, you can use the relative
adverb where:
Joe returned to the old house. He was born in the old house. (in the old house = there)
Joe returned to the old house [WHERE he was born.]
Exercise
Try to form an adjective clause by using the relative pronoun which, and then using a relative
adverb where.
This is an old church. John and Mary get married in the church.
(1)
(2)
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Exercise
Supply a suitable relative pronouns to the following sentences: (That for people, animal, thing.
Which for animal, thing. Whom for people only.)
Example: Where is the book / I gave you?
Answer:
(Give needs 2 objects.)
Where is the book that I gave you.
1. The task you have to do is easy.
2. It was an old house she lived in.
3. I have found the book I have lost.

4. Napoleon, the French people honour, died at St. Helena.
5. Children use a joystick to control the movements they see on the screen.
6. Some words Americans now use come from the languages of their immigrants.
7. He spent his money carelessly on things he really didnt need.
8. Soon he went through every cent he had won.
9. The crow dropped the cheese, the fox immediately caught with its mouth.
10. The boy you see there made the top score in the last match.
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Exercise
Fill in the blanks with who, whom, that, which and whose.
1. He _____ knows little, often repeats it.
2. Those _____ live in glass houses should not throw stones
3. _____ we love best, to whom we can say least.
4. He _____ marries for wealth, sells his liberty.
5. He _____ the gods love dies young.
6. Time _____ is lost, is lost forever.
7. Husbands are in heaven _____ wives scold not.
8. God helps those _____ help themselves.
9. The answer _____ you gave is not right.
10. We met sailors _____ ship was wrecked.
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Exercise
Read the paragraph and insert the correct relative pronoun in the blanks. Sometimes there is more
than one possible answer
International travel has changed dramatically in the past 50 years. In the

mid-twentieth century, people _______ wanted to travel to exotic destinations often
went by ship. Such famous vessels as the Queen Mary were commonly used by
travelers _______ ventured abroad. However, since the invention and modernization
of the jet plane, ______ has continued to grow in popularity, transatlantic ocean
liners have become less popular. One reason is the speed of the journey. Ocean liners,
_____ often take more than one week to get from the United States to Europe, are
not practical for businesspeople. For example, a person, ______ a company sent to
Europe for a convention cannot spare such a long time traveling. This persons
objective, _______ is standard procedure for most businesses, is to go to the
convention, do business, then come home. Some people, however, are tired of the
faster is better mentality _____ modern airlines are advertising. They are now
looking for alternative, more exotic modes of travel. For these people, ______ are
anticipating the journey as much as visiting the destination, high-priced ocean liner
trips are just the ticket!
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Exercise
Rewrite each of the following sentences making a preposition adjective clause from the clause in
parentheses.
Examples:
The story (I alluded to the story) is in this article.
The story that I alluded to is in this article.
1. The article (the professor commented on the article) was published last week.
2. The information (you are looking for the information) can be found on the Web.
3. The report (this data will be incorporated into the report) is due in March.
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Exercise
Combine each of the following sets of clauses into one sentence, making an adjective clause using
where or when from the clause in parentheses.
Examples:
Seattle is a city. (People drink a lot of coffee there)
Seattle is a city where people drink a lot of coffee.
1. The town was quite small. (I was born in the town.)
2. There was a time. (People always knew their neighbors.)
3. I want to find a time and date. (We can meet at that time and date.)
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Exercise
whose from the clause in parentheses.
Examples:
Ann is an author. (Her books sell very well in Europe.)
Ann is an author whose books sell very well in Europe.
Ted id a journalist. (We respect his work.)
Lee attends a school (The schools founder was a famous person.)
Dr. Lee met with students. (He had rejected their proposals.)
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Exercise
of which or of whom from the clause in parentheses.
Examples:
Governments often invest in new weapons. (the cost of new weapons is enormous.)
Governments often invest in new weapons, the cost of which is enormous.
Emily Dickinson produced a large body of poetry. (Much of her poetry remained unpublished
during her lifetime.)
Now her poems are appreciated by thousand of people. (Many of the people memorize them
in school.)
A complete compilation of Dickinsons poems was published in 1955. (The editor of the
compilation was Thomas Johnson.)
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Maria English Society

Essential English Grammar

Fred Brown has a dog. It is called Jock.

Fred Brown has a dog that is called Jock.

This is the girl. She is going to sing a song.

Do you like the bicycle? My uncle gave it to me.

I have lost the pen. I bought it yesterday.

Richard lives in a house. It has a big garden.

I have finished the exercise. The teacher told us to do it.

These are the apples. They grew on my tree.

I saw the man. He won the prize.

We had a friend. He was a famous writer.

The girl is going to sing a song. She is called Grace.

The moment which is lost is lost forever.

b. He could answer the question which I asked him.

He gave me everything that I asked for

1. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.

2. I received the message which you sent me.

3. All the blessings that we enjoy come from god.

5. The house that I live in belongs to my father.

Whatever, whoever, wherever, and whichever

Anyone that is sufficiently advanced can come to my class.

Give it to anyone that wants it.

wrote the inquiry letter to the supplier.

2. To report lost or stolen travelers checks, contact the institution

had planned for today.

She kept her jewels there.

Mary bought a safe [where she kept her jewels].

(2) The officer knows the time.

Your train arrives then.

The officer knows the time [when your train arrives].

Why does two jobs:

The time is not yet fixed. The boat leaves then.

This is the school. I was taught there.

Youth is the time. The seed of character are sown then.

3. These dogs have a leader. Their master is a female.

He is a good friend [who speaks well of us behind our backs].

The people [whom the gods love ] die young.

3. This is the man. I saw him in church yesterday.

5. Here comes John. The teacher wants to speak to him.

1. He [ __________ marries] might be sorry; he [who does not] will be sorry.

2. Those [ __________ the gods love] die young.

5. A triangle [ __________ three sides are equal] is called an equilateral triangle.

6. He [ __________ hesitates] is lost.

7. He [ __________ laughs last] laughs best.

9. This is the boy [ __________ works hard.]

10. This is the boy [ __________ exercise is done well.]

(a) for animal, and (b) for thing :

A mole lives underground.

A mole [which lives underground] is an animal.

The animal lives underground.

A mole is an animal [which lives underground].

The track is not for cars.

This jungle track [which is not for cars] is not a road.

The road is full of holes.

This jungle track is not a road [which is full of hole]s.

The doctor treats mind-disorder.

This doctor [that treats mind-disorder] is a psychiatrist.

A psychiatrist treats mind-disorder.

This doctor is a psychiatrist [that treats mind-disorder].

The cat belongs to my aunt.

The cat [that belongs to my aunt] is catching a mouse.