NETAJI SUBHAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT CODE: EC- 316, Microprocessors Lab

PROJECT TITLE-DIGITAL DICE

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY-: Sandeep Kumar 142/EC/12

Sachin Kumar 138/EC/12

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly thankful to Mr. D.V. GADRE sir for the invaluable support and guidance
in respect to the accomplishment of our project work. We would also like to thank all
friends who helped us in the building of our project and getting it work. They
encouraged and motivated us right from the beginning of our project. Their
persistent encouragement helped us in moulding our project well.

CONTENTS

S.No.

TOPIC

INTRODUCTION

SYNOPSIS

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

PROCESS CHART
WORKING
LIST OF COMPONENTS
PROJECT CODE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
BOARD FILE
FINAL PROJECT BOARD

INTRODUCTION

The 8085 microprocessor has B, C, H, L, D, E, A, FLAG register pairs which are

available to the programmer for programming the 8085. 8085 needs an external
latch for demultiplexing the D0-D7 lines of the 8085.An external RAM and ROM are
also needed to be connected to it. It also a 16-bit program counter and a 16-bit stack

pointer to memory. Using input and output mapped ports 256 different ports can be connected to
8085. The input and output ports can also be memory mapped and by which the number of ports
can be increased.

PIN DIAGRAM OF 8085

Intel 8085A used here is a 8 bit parallel Central processing unit. It consists of 1 non-vectored
maskable interrupt, 3vectored maskable interrupts and 1 non-mask able interrupt (TRAP).

It uses multiplexed data bus. The address is split between 8 bit address bus and 8 bit data bus.
So weve used an address demultiplexing latch 74HCT573. The ALE signal of 8085 latches the
Low order 8bits.
Memory
As 8085 consists of 16 address lines so it can interface memory of 216bits ie 64KB so weve used
32KB of EPROM & 32KB of RAM.
Control Unit
Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded. In reality
causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes
where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as add, subtract, AND,
OR, etc. Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic. Always stores
result of operation in Accumulator.
Registers
The 8085/8080A-programming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag
register, as shown in Figure. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: the stack pointer and the
program counter. They are described briefly as follows. The 8085/8080A has six general-purpose
registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as B,C,D,E,H, and L as shown in the figure. They
can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit operations. The
programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by using data copy
instructions.
Accumulator
The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). This register is
used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an
operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.
Flags

The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data
conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero(Z), Carry
(CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags; they are listed in the Table and their
bit positions in the flag register are shown in the Figure below. The most commonly used flags ar
e Zero, Carry, and Sign. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions.
For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator id larger than eight
bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry-- called the Carry flag (CY) -- is set to one. When an
arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero(Z) flag is set to one. The first
Figure shows an 8-bit register, called the flag register, adjacent to the accumulator. However,
it is not used as a register; five bit positions out of eight are used to store the outputs of the five
flip-flops. The flags are stored in the 8-bit register so that the programmer can examine these
flags (data conditions) by accessing the register through an instruction.
These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the micro- processor. The
conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software instructions. For example, the
instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program when CY
flag is set. The thorough understanding of flag is essential in writing assembly language
programs.
Program Counter (PC)
This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a
memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register.
The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions.
The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte
is to be fetched. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is
incremented by one to point to the next memory location
Stack Pointer(SP)
The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory
location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit
address in the stack pointer. The stack concept is explained in the chapter "Stack and
Subroutines."
Instruction Register/Decoder
Temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here from
memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and decodes or interprets the
instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next stage.
Memory Address Register
Holds address, received from PC, of next program instruction. Feeds the address bus with
addresses of location of the program under execution.

Control Generator
Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction which has been decoded. In reality causes
certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is
required, and so that ALU operations occur.
Register Selector
This block controls the use of the register stack in the example. Just a logic circuit which
switches between different registers in the set will receive instructions from Control Unit.

SYNOPSIS

BASIC PRINCIPLE
The project is based on the principle of random number generation. This is implemented using the fact
that a switch when pressed bounces for some time when it switches its state from ON to OFF or from
OFF to ON and it stays ON for some time but the ON time(the time for which it stays in a stable
state) varies everytime a switch is pressed.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
In the project the idea of using a dice was implemented as a game of three rounds. It is a two player game.
When a player presses the switch a random no. is generated and showed out on seven segment. Then, the
second player plays his turn and again a random no. is generated.

KEYWORDS : Random number, seven Led(display), button, 8085,

microprocessor,

dice, game.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Push
button
RAM

ROM

8085
microproces
sor

PROCESS CHART

Score on seven
segment displays
of each player
Random
number
on seven
segment
1

Start
PLAYER 1 presses the push button
and a random number is
generated and shown on dice

The random generated is

stored in the memory.

PLAYER 2 presses the push button

and a random number is
generated and shown on dice

The random generated is

stored in the memory .

Both the random number are

compared and score of each player is
incremented accordingly
The player with greater
cumulative score will be
winner and is shown on the
seven segment

WORKING
IT IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION.

1. FIRST OF ALL, POWER SUPPLY IS GIVEN TO THE CIRCUIT TO POWER UP ALL

THE ICS.
2. FIRST PLAYER PRESSES THE BUTTON CONNECTED TO THE SID PIN OF
MICROPROCESSOR.
3.E EPROM BEING BURNED WITH A PROGRAM RESPOND TO THE ACTION AND
GENERATES A
RANDOM NUMBER DISPLAYED ON THE SEVEN SEGMENT.
4. SECOND PLAYER PRESSES THE BUTTON AGAIN TO GENERATE ANOTHER
RANDOM NUMBER.
5. THIS PROCESS IS REPEATED FOR SEVERAL ROUNDS.
6. AFTER EACH ROUND SCORE IS DISPLAYED ON SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAYS
OF THE TWO PLAYERS. A SCORE OF TWO IS ADDED TO THE THE TALLY OF
WINNER OF EACH ROUND. IN CASE OF A TIE EACH PLAYR GETS ONE SCORE
ADDED TO HIS ACCOUNT.
7. AFTER THREE ROUNDS, THE PLAYER WITH THE HIGHER CUMULATIVE
SCORE IS THE WINNER.

8. TO START THE PROCESS ALL OVER AGAIN PRESS THE RESET BUTTON .

BILL OF MATERIALS
S. NO.

COMPONENTS USED

QUANTITY

1.

8085

2.

EEPROM(28C256)

3.

RAM(62256)

4.

LATCH(74573N)

5.

DEMULTIPLEXER (74139N)

6.

NAND GATES IC(7400)

7.

8.

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY(COMMON

ANODE)
LEDS(5MM)

9.

RESISTORS

36 = 10(10k) +
26(330 ohm)

10.

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

11.

CERAMIC CAPACITORS

14 = 13(0.1uf) +
1(22uf)

12.

CRYSTAL HC49US[CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR]

13.

10-XX[OMRON SWITCH]

14.

DEBUGGING PINS[MALE CONNECTORS]

40

15.

PAIR OF CONNECTOR PINS[INPUT]

16.

USB

PROJECT CODE
.ORG 0000H
LXI SP, 0FFFFH
JMP START
START:

MVI C,00H
LXI H,9100H
MVI M,00H
LXI H,9200H
MVI M,00H
MVI D,00H
LXI H,9101H
MVI M,00H
LXI H,9201H
MVI M,00H
MVI E,00H
MVI B,00H
LXI H,9300H
MVI M,03H
MVI A,0FFH
OUT 00H
OUT 01H
OUT 02H

READ:

RIM
ANI 80H
JZ READ
CALL DELAY_2MS
MVI C,00H

DOWHILESWITCH:
INR C
MVI A,06H
CMP C
JNC NOADJUST
MVI C,01H
NOADJUST: RIM
ANI 80H
JNZ DOWHILESWITCH
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;C CONTAINS RA
INR D
LXI H,TABLE
MOV A,L
ADD C
JNC NOCARRY0
INR H
NOCARRY0:MOV L,A
MOV A,M
OUT 00H

MOV A,D
RAR
JC UPDATE_PLAYER1
UPDATE_PLAYER2:

LXI H,9200H

MOV M,C
JMP NDPRESS2
UPDATE_PLAYER1:
MOV M,C

LXI H,9100H
;TO KEEP COPY OF THE DICE SCORE

JMP READ
NDPRESS2: LXI H,9100H
MOV A,M
LXI H,9200H
MOV L,M
CMP L

JZ DRAW
JC PLAYER1SSD
JNC PLAYER2SSD
DRAW:
MOV A,E
ADI 01H
MOV E,A

MOV A,B
ADI 01H
MOV B,A
JMP DISPLAY
PLAYER2SSD:
MOV A,B
ADI 02H
MOV B,A
JMP DISPLAY
PLAYER1SSD:
MOV A,E
ADI 02H
MOV E,A
DISPLAY:

LXI H,TABLE
MOV A,L
ADD B
JNC NOCARRY1
INR H
NOCARRY1:MOV L,A
MOV A,M
OUT 01H
LXI H,TABLE

MOV A,L
ADD E
JNC NOCARRY2
INR H
NOCARRY2:MOV L,A
MOV A,M

OUT 02H
LXI H,9300H
DCR M
JNZ READ

MOV A,E
CMP B
JC PLAYER2WON
PLAYER1WON:

CALL DELAY_1S

MVI A,49H
OUT 00H
SIM
HLT
PLAYER2WON:

CALL DELAY_1S

MVI A,0F3H
OUT 00H
SIM

HLT
DELAY_2MS:

PUSH PSW

MVI A,0FFH
THERE2:

DCR A
JNZ THERE2
POP PSW
RET

DELAY_1S:
LOOP:

LXI B, 0FFFFH
DCX B
MOV A,C
ORA B
JNZ LOOP
RET

TABLE:

.DB 81H
.DB 0F3H
.DB 49H
.DB 61H
.DB 33H
.DB 25H
.DB 05H
.DB 0F1H
.DB 01H
.DB 21H

SCHEMATIC

BOARD FILE

FINAL BOARD