Review On The Recent Developments in The Solvent Extraction of Zinc

Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange
ISSN: 0736-6299 (Print) 1532-2262 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lsei20
Review on the Recent Developments in the Solvent

Extraction of Zinc
Akash Deep & Jorge M. R. de Carvalho
To cite this article: Akash Deep & Jorge M. R. de Carvalho (2008) Review on the Recent
Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 26:4,
375-404, DOI: 10.1080/07366290802179267
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366290802179267
Published online: 16 Jul 2008.
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DOI: 10.1080/07366290802179267
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Review on the Recent Developments in the Solvent

Extraction of Zinc
Akash Deep, and Jorge M. R. de Carvalho
Centre of Chemical Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto
Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisbon (Portugal)
Abstract: Solvent extraction (SX) of zinc is useful for the recovery of high purity
zinc from the leaching solutions of its sulphide minerals, several low-grade ores,
and secondary materials. The technique is fast, environmentally sustainable, and
can be tailored to treat aqueous solutions of diverse compositions. It is
particularly useful in the cases where the level of contamination is high and the
upgrading of the desired metal is necessary. The present paper reviews the use of
several acidic, basic, and solvating extractants for the recovery of zinc from
different acidic media. The important aspects of the extraction processes have
been discussed and some of the noteworthy applications of the SX in the
treatment of ores and secondary materials are presented.
INTRODUCTION
Solvent extraction of Zn(II) is one of the most popular hydrometallurgical ventures. The technique is expected to gain more popularity with the
latest trends in the recovery of Zn(II) from various low-grade ores and
industrial wastes. The conventional process of the recovery of zinc
employs roasting, leaching, and electrowinning (RLE) steps. For decades,
sphalerite or zinc blend (ZnS) has been one of the most widely exploited
raw materials to meet the global demand of zinc. This material is easily
roasted to be converted into ZnO, which can then be leached with
Received 12 September 2007, Accepted 22 January 2008
Address correspondence to Jorge M. R. de Carvalho, E-mail: jcarv@ist.utl.pt.
Tel.: +351-21-8417311, Fax: +351-21-8499242
375
376
A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho
sulphuric acid to produce zinc leachates. Further purification involves

Fe(III) precipitation (jarosite, goethite, hematite), cementation, and
electrolysis. Lately, the precipitation of Fe(III) during the hydrometallurgy of Zn(II) is seen as a step which not only creates huge piles of solid
waste but also co-precipitates environmentally, and to some extent
economically unacceptable amounts of some elements, including zinc,
copper, cadmium, indium, silver, etc. The disposal of the solid waste
requires the designing of special landfill sites. Selective SX of zinc in the
presence of iron can be a solution of the above problem. With natural
depletion of the sulphidic concentrates, a significant fraction of the global
zinc production is to be met through the use of other non-sulphidic ores
and industrial by-products. Mineral mixture of zinc silicate and
carbonate falls into the category of usable non-sulphidic zinc ores.
Some of these minerals include hemimorphite [Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O],
sauconite [Na0.3Zn3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.4H2O], willemite (Zn2SiO4), smithsonite (ZnCO3), and hydrozincite [Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6]. These ores may
contain 1020% of zinc, and they are not easily upgradeable by flotation.
Leaching solutions of these ores contain various impurities. SX is a
potential solution to the production of high quality zinc from such a type
of complex aqueous stream. Solvent extraction of zinc is also useful in the
processing of secondary sector materials, such as electric arc furnace dust,
Waelz oxides, galvanizing industry waste, etc.
An earlier review article by Cole and Sole[1] (published in 2003)
discussed the status of solvent extraction in process industries. Some
important literature has accumulated since the publication of the above
article. The present review article covers the updated information on the
scientific research in the area of the solvent extraction of zinc. The
applications of different extractants from different acidic media have
been cited. Some significant and recent SX applications in the processing
of primary and secondary zinc are highlighted.
EXTRACTION FROM SULPHATE MEDIA

Extractants used and Important Concepts
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic
acid mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester (PC-88A), bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)
phosphinic acid (CYANEX 272), and bis-(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl)
dithiophosphinic acid (CYANEX 301) have been the most commonly
suggested Zn(II) extractants[25] from the aqueous sulphate media. The
chemical structures of these extractants are given in Fig.1. These
organophosphorus extractants primarily behave as cation exchangers
(eq 1) and the extraction of Zn(II) is pH dependent.
Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc
Figure 1.
Structures of some important zinc extractants.
377
378
Zn2z
aq zmHAorg
ZnA2 HAm{2org z2 Hz
where HA is extractant molecule, and m may vary from 2 to 4.

Figure 2 shows the extraction patterns of Zn(II) with DEHPA, PC88A, CYANEX 272, and CYANEX 301 as a function of equilibrium pH.
Nathsarma and Devi,[3] Mellah and Benachour,[6] Ocio and Elizalde,[7]
Devi et al.,[810] and Nayak et al.[11] have presented experimental data on
the extraction properties of the above highlighted extractants. The
stripping of Zn(II) from the organic phase is simple and can be achieved
with sulphuric acid. The temperature also affects the rate of extraction,
and generally the extraction reaction is endothermic.
CYANEX 301 is particularly selective for Zn(II) over calcium and
magnesium. Separation of Zn(II) from Fe(III) is one of the biggest
challenges in the zinc processing industry. DEHPA and CYANEX 301 form
strong organic phase complexes with Fe(III), but the stripping is not easy
and requires the use of concentrated HCl[1214]. This difficulty in the Fe(III)
stripping limits the utility of DEHPA and CYANEX 301 on the industrial
scale. DEHPA can, however, be used to simultaneously extract Zn(II) and
Fe(III) at low pH (11.5), followed by the selective stripping of Zn(II) using
Figure 2. Extraction behaviour of Zn(II) in DEHPA, PC-88A, CYANEX 272

and i. CYANEX 301 extractants (Vaq/Vorg.51) as a function of equilibrium pH,
ii. (Source: Cole and Sole, 2003).
379
H2SO4. Extraction of Zn(II) at low pH is also advantageous in minimizing

interferences due to copper, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium. Nonetheless, some
impurities, such as indium, tin, and bismuth, may still interfere, and a
continuous buildup of Fe(III) in the organic phase is never avoided. Some
alternative stripping routes have been suggested for the removal of Fe(III)
from the loaded DEHPA phase. Reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the
organic phase has been suggested as one of the options[1416]. This has been
achieved using H2 or SO2, maintaining high temperature and pressure. Lupi
and Pilone[17] suggested the reductive stripping of Fe(III) from DEHPA in
vacuum using zinc powder as a reducing agent. More than 89% iron (when
initial concentration of Fe in DEHPA was 5 g/L) could be stripped at room
temperature under a pressure of 80 kPa. The galvanic stripping of Fe(III) has
been proposed by Moats et al., [18] Barrera Godinez et al., [19] and OKeefe
et al. [20]. An advantage of galvanic stripping is the production of a
concentrated iron solution (90130 g/L Fe). However, this process is not
continuous. Van Weert et al.[21] suggested the use of 6 N nitric acid for the
stripping of Fe(III) from DEHPA (in kerosene), with a view of producing
spheroidal hematite by the autoclave treatment of the recovered ferric nitrate
solution. The complex of Fe(III) was very stable when exposed to nitric acid
solutions up to 6 N and temperatures up to 70uC over a period of five days.
But this process has disadvantages. The stripping became more difficult with
increasing DEHPA concentration. Also, it was not possible to generate
ferric nitrate solution having more than 10 g/L of iron.
Another interesting way of tackling the problem of difficult DEHPA
regeneration is the mixing of the extractant with other reagents, like with trin-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO), CYANEX
923, and amines[14,2225]. Mixing of DEHPA with the above reagents may
enable the use of sulphuric acid as a stripping reagent of Fe(III).
PC-88A and CYANEX 272 offer easy stripping of Fe(III) with
sulphuric acid[1,26]. CYANEX 272 also provides selective separation of
Fe(III) from Zn(II)[26] at pH around 1.8. The co-extracted fraction of Zn(II)
can be scrubbed using dilute H2SO4, followed by the stripping of Fe(III)
using 2 M H2SO4. A successful selective separation of Fe(III) from Zn(II)
may be followed by the extraction of Zn(II) using DEHPA or CYANEX
301; the latter extractant being more selective toward Ca(II) and Mg(II). A
significant feature of employing Zn(II) extraction with DEHPA or
CYANEX 301 after the removal of Fe(III) is the flexibility in choosing
the range of working pH. A high concentration of DEHPA and CYANEX
301 can be used so as to achieve the extraction at pH as low as 1, thereby
requiring little pH adjustment during the extraction stages.
Some recent studies by Principe and Demopoulos[27,28] have
indicated the use of octylphenyl acid phosphate (OPAP) as Fe(III)
extractant from ZnSO4-H2SO4 solutions. OPAP was claimed to provide
better kinetics of iron extraction, and offers greater pH functionality than
380
DEHPA. OPAP was also useful in keeping the sulphate co-extraction

lower than DEHPA; however, slightly higher co-extraction of Zn(II) was
observed. Stripping of the loaded iron could be achieved with 6 N HCl. A
stripping solution of 70 g/L of Fe(II) in 6 N HCl provided 100 g/L of
metal ion build-up in the final solution at 20uC.
Industrial Applications
An industrially tested application of the SX of Zn(II) with DEHPA is the
treatment of bioleaching liquor at MIM Holdings Ltd. (now Xstrata Plc)[29].
The leaching of zinc sulphide concentrate was performed in stirred-tank
reactors with a mixed bacterial population of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,
Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Sulfobacillus strains,
Thiobacillus caldus, Acidiphilium cryptum, Acidiphilium organovorum,
and some heterotrophic microorganisms (pH 1.61.7) for a residence time of
3 days maintaining the temperature at 4045uC and providing the reactors
with 2% v/v CO2. Some nutrients were introduced during the leaching. The
whole process gave a pregnant leach solution containing 2530 g/L Zn, 3
4 g/L Fe (mostly ferric), and around 100 mg/L Cd(II). This solution was
adjusted to pH 4.0 with limestone slurry to precipitate iron. After reducing
the iron concentration to less than 10 mg/L, a two-stage SX was employed
using 25% (w/w) solution of DEHPA in Shellsol 2046 (O/A53). The coextracted Ca(II) was removed by scrubbing with dilute electrolyte (O/
A520). Finally, Zn(II) was stripped (O/A54) using the spent electrolyte
(6070 g/L Zn, 180 g/L H2SO4). The obtained advanced electrolyte (80
100 g/L Zn) was used in electrolysis cells. MIM bioleaching, combined with
SX, has been tested on a pilot-plant level[30] using a commercial zinc
concentrate (48.6%, w/w Zn, 2.7%, w/w Pb, 8.6%, w/w Fe, 32.6%, w/w S)
and a mixed zinc-lead concentrate (43.8%, w/w Zn, 11.3%, w/w Pb, 6.1%, w/
w Fe, 31.0%, w/w S).
Teck Comincos HydroZinc process (Fig. 3) is also based upon the
solvent extraction of Zn(II)[31,32]. The process involves the leaching of
volcanogenic massive sulphides and Sedex deposits with mesophile,
thermophile, or extreme thermophile microorganisms. Enough aeration
(5 L/min/m2) is provided from the heap bottom and iron precipitation is
avoided by keeping sufficient acid content (1530 g/L H2SO4) at the lower
heap levels. The temperature can range from about 35uC to above 60uC.
The leaching solution containing 1050 g/L Zn has to be neutralized to
pH 4 with limestone slurry to remove Fe(III). Strong oxidation
conditions are not used as a small amount of Fe(II) can be tolerated in
the DEHPA extraction circuit. A 20% DEHPA solution in kerosene (v/v)
was employed to extract around 3050% of initial Zn(II). The pH
adjustments during the extraction process were cut to a minimum by
381
Figure 3.
Teck Comincos HydroZinc process.
avoiding the use of an expensive caustic reagent to ensure a low cost of the
process. This was the reason for a low percentage of the Zn(II) extraction.
After a three-stage scrubbing of the organic phase with the dilute spent
382
electrolyte to remove co-extracted impurities (Ca(II) and Cd(II)), Zn(II) was

recovered by stripping with the spent electrolyte to produce an advanced
electrolyte. Despite prior iron decontamination of the aqueous phase, some
fraction of this impurity transferred into the organic phase during the
extraction step. The iron build-up in the organic phase was proposed to be
removed by reductive stripping with zinc dust[33]. The HydroZinc process
has been tested on pilot plant level treating zinc sulphide ore (15% Zn) from
the Red Dog mine (Alaska, USA).
Skorpion mine (Namibia) use the modified ZINCEX process, which
can be termed an important success story in the development of Zn(II)
SX[34]. A detailed flow sheet of Skorpion process is given in Fig. 4.
Skorpion mine produces a silicate ore with a composition of 814% Zn,
23% Fe, 2227% Si and 46% Al[35,36]. The ore was milled and then
leached with dilute sulphuric acid at 50uC. This extracted more than 95%
of Zn(II). The leach solution was neutralized to pH 4.2 with limestone,
lime, or basic ZnSO4. Some impurities like iron, silica, and aluminium
were precipitated and a pregnant leach liquor containing 3040 g/L
Zn(II), along with other metal ions, such as Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and
Co(II), was obtained. SX of the above leaching solution was done in three
or four stages at 40uC with 30% (v/v) DEHPA[37,38]. Inter-stage pH
adjustments were made using lime or basic ZnSO4. However, those
optional inter-stage pH adjustments may be avoided by using higher
concentration, e.g. 40%, of the organic extractant. After the extraction,
the organic phase was scrubbed subsequently with water and the dilute
spent electrolyte to remove co-extracted metals, such as Cd(II) and
Cu(II). Zn(II) was finally recovered from the organic phase by stripping
(4 stages) with the spent electrolyte (O/A53). A bleed of the organic
phase was separately contacted with 48 M HCl solution to remove
entrained iron and aluminium. SX in the Skorpion process helps in
upgrading the zinc concentration and the recovered zinc sulphate
electrolyte becomes appropriately concentrated for its use in electrolytic
cells. Anglo American Plc. is the present owner of the Skorpion project.
The company has ramped up the production of special high grade (SHG)
electrolytic zinc to about 150,000 metric tons per annum.
EXTRACTION FROM CHLORIDE MEDIA

Extractant used and Important Concepts
Chloride hydrometallurgy has been of research interest due to the
effective leaching characteristics of this aqueous medium for some of the
zinc ores, such as oxides of zinc and secondary materials. Several
extractant systems have been explored for use in chloride media. Acidic
383
Figure 4.
Skorpion process for the recovery of zinc from the silicate ore.
384
extractants extract Zn(II) from chloride media according to equation (1).

DEHPA has been one of the most frequently studied acidic extractants
for Zn(II)[39,40]. At low Zn(II) concentration, ZnR2.HR and ZnR2.(HR)2
are the prominent extracted complexes. Macro concentration of Zn(II)
forms (ZnR2)n, where n ranges between 2 and 3.5. A thio- derivative of
CYANEX 272, bis (2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) monothiophosphinic acid
(CYANEX 302) extracts the (ZnR2)2.(HR)3 species from chloride
media[41]. This reagent has been reported as a stronger Zn(II) extractant
than DEHPA[42] and also provides selectivity over Ca(II).
Amongst the chelating agents, KELEX 100 is one of the most
notable Zn(II) extractant from the chloride media[43,44]. The extraction
with protonated extractant, [RH2][Cl]2, is proposed to distribute the
[RH2]2.ZnCl4 species into the organic phase. Co-extracted chloride ions
can be scrubbed by ammonia solution at equilibrium pH of 6.5 to 8.0.
During this scrubbing step, the complex in the organic phase changes to
R2Zn. Finally, stripping with 0.5 N H2SO4 recovers Zn(II) as ZnSO4
solution. Jia et al.[45] have described the extraction of Zn(II) by a mixture
of primary amine N1923 and PC-88A. A low concentration of the amine
used enhances the extraction of Zn(II), while a high concentration
displays an antagonistic effect. The extraction reaction is exothermic.
Basic extractants have also been frequently used for the extraction of
Zn(II) from the chloride media. The secondary and tertiary amines form
extractable complexes with anionic Zn(II) chloride species, ZnCl422 and
ZnCl32. A typical reaction for the extraction of Zn(II) chloride anionic
species with secondary amines can be given as
ZnCl2{
4 aq z2 R2 NH2 Clorg
R2 NH2 2 ZnCl4org z2 Cl{

aq
About three decades back, a secondary amine was proposed for the
treatment of pyrite cinder leach liquor containing 2030 g/L Zn[46,47]. This
process involved the extraction of Zn(II) from the chloride solution using
Amberlite LA-2. The extraction step also transferred some associated
metals, such as Fe(III), Cu(II), and Cd(II) into the organic phase, while
other impurities, like Co(II) and Ni(II) were left in the aqueous phase.
The loaded organic phase was scrubbed with water, followed by the
stripping of Zn(II) with acidified water (pH 56). These steps recovered
the Zn(II) solution, which is again subjected to the extraction with
DEHPA (kerosene solution). The stripping of Zn(II) from the loaded
DEHPA phase is carried out with sulphuric acid to finally obtain a
sulphate electrolyte. This process was called the ZINCEX process, and it
was used in the plants at Bilbao, Spain in 1976, and at Quimigal, Portugal
in 1980 for the production of zinc from pyrite cinders obtained from
Longmaid-Henderson nonvolatilizing chloride roast and Kowa-Seiko
volatilizing roast processes. Both of these plants worked for about fifteen
years. The ZINCEX process was modified during the early 1990s and is
385
now used at the Skorpion mine in Namibia. Wassink et al.[48] have

reported the use of Aliquat 336 for the extraction of Zn(II) from the
chloride medium. This reagent is a quaternary amine and performs the
selective extraction of Zn(II) over Co(II) and Ni(II). 30% (v/v)
concentration of Aliquat 336 is used to achieve 18 g/L Zn(II) concentration in the organic phase. The stripping of the extracted Zn(II) is carried
out with ammonia solution.
Solvating extractants for Zn(II) mainly include tri-n-butyl phosphate
(TBP), dibutylbutyl phosphonate (DBBP), and CYANEX 923 (a mixture
of four trialkyl phosphine oxides). Due to their electron donor properties,
the above reagents can form complexes with the neutral Zn(II) chloride
species. TBP is by far the most extensively studied extractant. In the
1980s, Ritcey et al.[49,50] developed an extraction process for the recovery
of zinc from a leaching liquor containing 30 g/L Zn(II). The researchers
used 60% (v/v) TBP solution in Solvesso 50. The stripping of Zn(II) from
the loaded TBP phase was achieved by the spent electrolyte solution
containing 15 g/L Zn(II) (HCl media) at pH 1.0. The composition of
extracted Zn(II) complexes in TBP was determined as ZnCl2.2TBP from
dilute HCl solutions. At HCl acidity higher than 0.10 mol/L, Zn(II) is
distributed in the organic phase as an acidic complex HZnCl3[51]. The
investigations on TBP were continued at the Cato Research Corporation,
USA[52] with special emphasis on the stripping of the extracted metal ion
with ammonium chloride solution. The objective was to finally produce
zinc chloride product by the decomposition of the stripped liquor. The
studies on the stripping of Zn(II) from TBP with ammonia/ammonium
chloride solution have recently been revisited by Mishonov et al.,[53] who
observed that a vigorous shaking of 23 min provided equilibrium
stripping conditions. The pregnant strip solution can be concentrated up
to 53 g/L Zn(II). This recovered solution is suitable for use in
electrowinning cells. Recently, Dessouky et al.[54] have reported the
recovery of Zn(II) (25 g/L) from the spent pickling solution of the hot
dipping galvanizing bath by extraction with undiluted TBP. The aqueous
phase, also containing 158 g/L Fe(II), 2 g/L Fe(III), and 10% (v/v) HCl,
and traces of Cd(II), was filtered and then subjected to reduction by
granulated zinc to reduce ferric to ferrous and to precipitate cadmium.
Two-stage extraction by undiluted TBP (A/O51) transferred 96% Zn(II)
into the organic phase. The co-extracted traces of Fe(II) were removed
from the organic phase by scrubbing with distilled water (A/O50.25).
Zn(II) was finally stripped using distilled water at an A/O ratio of 1.
Dibutylbutyl phosphonate[55] has been used to extract Zn(II) from a
leach solution containing 5 g/L Zn at 25uC. The loaded Zn(II) was
stripped at 60uC using an electrolyte of 30 g/L Zn in 116 g/L NaCl so as to
produce pure solution of 65 g/L Zn. The purified solution was used for
the recovery of electrolytic zinc. This process, called ZINCLOR, has been
386
tested on a pilot plant level and it was reported to consume low energy
due to high current efficiency and low cell voltage. The extraction of
Zn(II) with DBBP was exothermic and the standard enthalpy D Ho was
228.4 kJ/mol[56]. The performance of DBBP vs. TBP has been evaluated
[57]
to show that DBBP has a higher Zn(II) extraction efficiency than
TBP. It has also been proposed that DBBP forms a 1 (metal ion): 2
(extractant) complex at extractant concentration higher than 40% (v/v);
whereas the stoichiometry of this complex changes to 1 (metal ion) : 1
(extractant) at lower extractant concentrations. Zn(II) can be separated
from Fe(II) with a separation factor of more than 103. The stripping of
the extracted metal ion was achieved in three stages using water.
CYANEX 923 is another solvating extractant suggested for the
recovery of Zn(II) from the chloride solutions[5860]. This extractant
formed a 1 (metal ion) : 2 (extractant) complex. The extraction reaction
was exothermic (DHu5255.2 kJ/mol). The stripping of Zn(II) from the
organic phase was achieved by water. CYANEX 923 has been used for
the extraction of 0.23 g/L Zn(II) from mixed chloride (176.3 g/L) and
sulphate (48.9 g/L) solution, also containing 11.8 g/L Fe(III) and 24.8g/L
Cu(II)[58]. This was done by first removing Fe(III) and Cu(II) in two
successive extraction circuits using TBP (1 M) + MIBK (20%, v/v) and
LIX 84I (70%, v/v) reagents, respectively followed by the extraction of
Zn(II) with 0.05 M CYANEX 923. The extracted Zn(II) was recovered by
stripping with water. Some extensive studies on the use of CYANEX 923
for different 3d transition metal ions have indicated that this extractant
performs fast kinetics in extraction and has the selectivity for Zn(II) in
the presence of associated metal ions, such as Ti(IV), Mn(II), Co(II),
Ni(II), and Cu(II)[61]. The selective extraction of Zn(II) was achieved at
1 mol/L chloride ions, wherein Ti(IV), Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II)
remained in the raffinate.
The co-extraction of Fe(III) has been a problem in the chloride media
also. DEHPA, TBP, and CYANEX 923 strongly extract Fe(III). The
regeneration of DEHPA and TBP requires the use of concentrated HCl.
To avoid this situation, some suggestions have been given to reduce ferric
ions to ferrous ions prior to the extraction step. The distribution of Fe(II)
in DEHPA and TBP is negligible. Thus, the contamination of the organic
phase can be avoided[54,59]. CYANEX 923 is a better extractant in terms
of its regeneration capacity. This reagent can be easily recycled from iron
by contacting with only moderately concentrated (1 mol/L) sulphuric acid
solution[62].
Bis-benzimidazole (ACORGA ZNX 50) has been reported as a selective
Zn(II) extractant in the presence of Fe, As, Ca, Cr, Pb, Mg, Mn, and
Ni[6365]. Copper was the only important co-extractable impurity, which was
removed by scrubbing with water. The stripping of the extracted Zn(II) was
achieved with the spent electrolyte solution (30 g/L Zn, 2 mol/L NaCl, 5 g/L
387
HCl) in a closed loop SX-EW circuit. Smith et al.[66] and Flett and
Anthony[67] have used ACORGA ZNX 50 to treat ferric chloride leachates
of a complex sulphide ore (7.13%, w/w Zn, 37.5%, w/w S, 32.1%, w/w Fe,
2.63%, w/w Pb 0.75%, w/w Cu), mined from the province of New
Brunswick, Canada. The extracted Zn(II) was recovered by stripping with
the spent electrolyte. This process was suggested to be economically suitable
only in the case of a low cost mining and a high yield production. Despite its
highly selective property, ACORGA ZNX 50 was never fully commercialized due to a lack of demand.
Ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate leaching of zinc
offer selectivity advantages. Harvey[68] has recently reviewed the history
of ammonium carbonate leaching of zinc. He has cited the advantages of
this leaching medium. The process is simple and economical. The
solubility of Zn(II) in the reagent is high under mild reaction conditions.
Since the dissolution of metal is achieved at pH higher than 3, iron is
rejected in the precipitate. The process is not directly usable on the zinc
sulphide concentrate, but it can be considerable after the roasting or
fuming of the concentrate. Other zinc ores, such as zincite (ZnO),
hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6), calamine (H2Zn2SiO5), and smithsonite
(ZnCO3) can be directly leached. Amer et al. [69,70] have proposed the
extraction of Zn(II) from the ammonium chloride solutions with
DEHPA. The following extraction reaction was proposed
ZnNH3 2 Cl2aq znHA2org
[ ZnA2 HA2n{2,org z2 NH4 Claq

3
where the value of n depends upon the equilibrium pH according to the

equation:
n~1:62{0:1pH:
Release of ammonia in the above solution served to neutralize the
protons released from the acidic extractant during the extraction
reaction, which eliminated the need of an external neutralizing agent.
Though the extraction was done from the chloride media, stripping could
be achieved with sulphuric acid. This may consequently permit the use of
the recovered solution in the conventional electrolysis cells. CYANEX
923 has also been proposed as a Zn(II) extractant from the ammonium
chloride media[71].
Industrial Applications
So far, only a few industrial plants have used the extraction of zinc from
chloride media. Tecnicas Reunidass ZINCLOR process was based upon
this route. Important features of the process have already been discussed.
Combination of SX with CENIM (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones
388
Metalurgicas)-LNETI (Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia e

Tecnologia Industrial) leaching process is another significant development. In this process, a mixed copper-zinc-lead sulphide ore was
subjected to leaching by 6 M NH4Cl solution at 105uC and 1.5 atm O2.
ZnSsz2 NH4 Claqz0:5 O2 g [
ZnNH3 2 Cl2 aqzSszH2 O
Several researchers such as Amer et al., [69,70] Limpo Gil et al., [72]
Limpo et al., [73,74] Figueriredo et al. [75] have presented the data on the
above leaching process. The high pH (67) of the leaching solution helped
in dissolving Zn(II) selectively over Fe(III). The reaction also depended
upon the cupric/cuprous ion ratio in leaching solution. The minimum
required concentration of cupric ions was 1 g/L. A single stage leaching
provided only incomplete (8085%) recovery of Zn(II), and the residue
needed further treatment in an acid leach step to increase the recovery of
Zn(II) to more than 95%. The two stages, neutral and acid leaching, ran
in countercurrent mode. The leaching solution, already free from iron,
bismuth, antimony, and arsenic, was first treated by Zn or Cu dust
cementation to remove entrained silver and mercury. Pb(II) was then
separated as insoluble lead chloride by cooling and vacuum crystallization at 50uC. It was followed by the precipitation of sulphates as
gypsum with the addition of lime. Zn(II) was finally extracted using 20%
(v/v) DEHPA at 50uC. The scrubbing of the loaded organic phase with
the zinc chloride solution, derived from the lead cementation, removed
the co-extracted fractions of Cu, Ca, and Pb. The washing of the organic
phase with water removed chlorides. Zn(II) was recovered by stripping
with the spent electrolyte. The finally recovered solution contained 85 g/L
Zn(II). The CENIM-LNETI process has an advantage of rejecting iron
during the leaching itself; however, even the smallest chloride carryover
to the final electrolyte can deteriorate the cathode quality.
EXTRACTION FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID

Extractants used, Important Concepts, and Applications
The industrial wet process phosphoric acid (WPA) production is carried
out through the leaching of phosphate rocks using sulphuric or nitric
acid. The leaching liquor is a complex solution containing around 30%
P2O5 (4.5 M H3PO4) and other organic and inorganic impurities. Zn(II) is
also present in an average concentration of 335 mg/L[76]. The extraction
of Zn(II) from the phosphoric acid solution is important for obtaining an
impurity free acid product. Likewise, cleaning of the rusted steel
389
hardware with phosphoric acid may results into the leaching of Zn(II)
and other metal ions. The removal of Zn(II) is necessary to regenerate the
used phosphoric acid. Though, over the years, the liquid-liquid extraction
of inorganic impurities, such as Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), U(IV), U(VI),
Fe(III), and lanthanides, from the phosphoric acid medium has been
investigated by several researchers[7783], the removal of Zn(II) does not
find many references.
In 1997, Riveros and Dutrizac[84] investigated DEHPA, CYANEX
301, CYANEX 302, and CYANEX 272 for the removal of Zn(II) from
the spent phosphoric acid leaching solutions used for the cleaning of
galvanized pole line hardware. The liquid-liquid extraction approach was
assessed to be a better option than selective zinc precipitation or direct
zinc electrolysis. Amongst the four extractants tested, DEHPA and
CYANEX 301 were found to have practically the same maximum
loading capacities (25 g/L for CYANEX 301, 24.6 g/L for DEHPA).
CYANEX 272 could offer a loading capacity of only 8.5 g/L, and
CYANEX 302 suffered with the problem of emulsification. Further tests
on the removal of Zn(II) from the spent leaching solution containing
106 g/L of Zn(II) and 84.8 g/L of H3PO4 using DEHPA and CYANEX
301 revealed the loading capacity of DEHPA to be 24.2 g/L after five
consecutive contacts. Interestingly, the maximum loading capacity of
CYANEX 301 under the given condition was on a lower side, 18.5 g/L.
DEHPA further proved to be a better choice, as the 66% of the loaded
Zn(II) was readily recovered by stripping with 1 mol/L H2SO4 (O/
A53.33/1). Whereas, the maximum stripping efficiency from the loaded
CYANEX 301 was observed to be only 33% even after using a higher
(3 mol/L) concentration of H2SO4. This Zn(II) extraction process with
DEHPA was tested in continuous extraction circuits (three extraction
stages) to separate Zn(II) from feed solutions containing 103120 g/L
Zn(II), and 7684 g/L H3PO4. The final concentration of Zn(II) was
reduced to 2226 g/L after around 38 h of the extraction experiments. The
concentration of H3PO4 was also upgraded to 256291 g/L. The complete
(100%) removal of Zn(II) was not possible. The stripping of the Zn(II)
loaded DEHPA was carried out with 1 mol/L H2SO4 in two counter
current stages, which finally produced about 110 g/L Zn(II) solution.
Ocio and Elizalde[76] reported the extraction of Zn(II) (1.661024
6.361024 mol/L) from phosphoric acid (0.47.3 mol/L) using CYANEX
301. Based on the graphical and numerical data analyses, they
determined the composition of the extracted species as ZnR2
(R5bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinate). They also proposed
that the 50% removal of phosphoric acid (initial concentration53.0 mol/L) could be achieved using only 1.561022 mol/L of CYANEX 301.
Recently, Mellah and Benachour[8587], have investigated TBP, DEHPA,
and KELEX 100 as reagents for the extraction of Zn(II) from phosphoric
390
acid solutions. In the case of TBP, the extraction of Zn(II)

(4.561023 mol/L) increased with the increase in the phosphoric acid
concentration, and rose to a maximum at 5.5 mol/L H3PO4 (O/A51,
t530 min). The further increase in the phosphoric acid concentration
decreased the extent of Zn(II) distribution in the organic phase. This
decrease was attributed to the formation of less extractable Zn(H2PO4)+
species. The extraction of Zn(II) with TBP also depended upon the
temperature. The standard molar enthalpy of the reaction was calculated
to be 51.11 kJ/mol. DEHPA was used for the extraction of Zn(II)
(4.561023 mol/L) from 5.5 mol/L phosphoric acid solution. The equilibrium constant of the extraction reaction was 0.2861022 mol1/2 L21/2.
Around 95% extraction of Zn(II) was observed after contacting the
aqueous and the organic phases (0.3 mol/L DEHPA) for 25 min.
Extraction of Zn(II) with KELEX 100 was a pH depending process. A
higher aqueous phase pH offered an increased extraction of Zn(II). The
kinetics of extraction was slow, and it took 240 min of contact time to
achieve equilibrium conditions. The addition of n-decanol improved the
rate of extraction. Only 30 min of contact time was sufficient to achieve
equilibrium conditions in the presence of 10% (v/v) modifier. The pH0.5
for the extraction of Zn(II) (4.561023 mol/L) (extractant50.1 mol/L
KELEX 100) was 2.0 0.1. The extraction improved from 65% (0.1 mol/
L) to 83% (0.4 mol/L) with the increasing extractant concentration.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZN(II) SOLVENT

EXTRACTION FROM SULPHATE, CHLORIDE, AND
PHOSPHATE MEDIA
The selective and quantitative extraction of Zn(II) can be achieved from
sulphate, chloride, and phosphate media. A number of commercially
available extractants, including organophosphorus acids and oxides, high
molecular weight amine, and chelating reagents, are able to serve the
purpose. Organophosphorus extractants are definitely the widely
recognized Zn(II) extractants. Some of the reagents of this category,
namely DEHPA, PC-88A, CYANEX 272, and CYANEX 301, offer
strong extraction of Zn(II) from sulphate media. The extraction is pH
dependent, and the exchange of cations governs the mechanism of mass
transfer. The stripping of the extracted metal ion can be achieved with
dilute (12 mol/L) H2SO4. DEHPA, and CYANEX 301 are very good
reagents in terms of their selective nature with respect to a number of
generally associated metal ions, such as Mg(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II),
and Cd(II). However, the co-extraction of Fe(III) poses problems.
Though Zn(II) can be selectively stripped in the presence of Fe(III), the
regeneration of the extractant solution requires the removal of the ferric
391
impurity by employing special steps. Most of the zinc processing

industries prefer the use of sulphuric acid as the leaching medium;
therefore, the liquid-liquid extraction of Zn(II) from the sulphate medium
has been thoroughly investigated. Xstrata Plc process, Teck Comincos
HydroZinc process, and the modified ZINCEX process have been
successfully used on industrial scale.
The chloride leaching provides the effective recovery of zinc from
sulphides and oxides minerals and from secondary sources. The separation
of Zn(II) from this medium is achievable by a variety of extractants,
including organophosphorus acid and oxides, chelating reagents, and
amines. The mechanism of the extraction, and thus, the choice of the
extractant for the extraction of Zn(II) from chloride medium depend upon
the formation of different chloride species at different Cl2 concentrations.
Below 1 mol/L of Cl2, the cationic species Zn2+ dominates, which is
extractable by acidic extractants, such as DEHPA and CYANEX 302.
Above about 1 mol/L of Cl2, the main species are ZnCl422 and ZnCl32, and
these species can be extracted by basic extractants, such as Amberlite LA-2,
and Aliquat 336. Neutral species at higher acidity are extractable by
solvating reagents, e.g. TBP, DBBP, and CYANEX 923.
The extraction of Zn(II) from the phosphoric acid medium is a
relatively new concept. The removal of Zn(II) from the phosphoric acid
has been studied by the cation exchange and solvating reagents. Based on
the currently available information, DEHPA can be termed as the most
useful extractant providing effective extraction of Zn(II), coupled with a
convenient stripping.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ZINC

FROM THE PRIMARY RESOURCES
Currently, about 90% of the world zinc production is obtained through
hydrometallurgy. The conventional roasting-leaching-electrowinning
(RLE) method is still the main technology in use for the metal
production. Nevertheless, with the emergence of strict environmental
regulations, the feasibility of the roasting step is under question. It is also
no more a hidden fact that the available zinc sulphide resources are
rapidly exhausted and the current zinc market is facing supply deficit.
The exploitation of mixed sulphide and zinc oxide ores and secondary
sector materials has become quite significant. The integration of SX with
the new direct leaching techniques is a prospective solution to use the
leaner sources for a viable recovery of zinc. The SX also helps in
preventing the losses of valuable metals that occur with the traditional
precipitation methods. The technology can also be helpful in upgrading
the leaner electrolytes for their use in electrowinning cells. A successful
392
implementation of SX at Skorpion mine, Namibia, has verified the

impetus of the technology.
Another useful aspect of SX in the zinc process industry may be the
separation of iron from the leaching solution. Current practice of jarosite
or goethite precipitation is flawed with the recurring landfill cost and
possible contamination of the soil.
The integration of new leaching and SX has been considered in
several recent projects. A test work is in progress at Mintek, South
Africa, on the direct sulphuric acid leaching and solvent extraction of zinc
from Mexican Sierra Mojada zinc oxide concentrate[88]. Outotec is all set
to design and supply technology for a 100,000 t/y zinc plant for Iran Zinc
Production Company in cooperation with Kahanroba (Iran), ABB
(Switzerland), and TAIM (Spain). This plant will employ a direct
leaching technique and SX with DEPHA[1]. Accha reserves of Peru are
being exploited by Southwestern Resources Corp. The modelling work is
in progress to test the compatibility of Skorpion process to the Accha
material. The experimental work is yielding favorable results as per the
latest available information[89].
ZINC SX FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND SECONDARY

MATERIALS
Around 30% of the consumed zinc is recycled and this figure is bound to
increase as the environmental regulations on the discharge of metals become
stricter. Several industrial wastes are considered as the potential sources for a
profitable recovery of zinc. These wastes include the electric arc furnace dust
(EAFD), Waelz oxides, spent batteries, and galvanizing industry sludge. The
overall scenario indicates towards a worldwide awareness in processing the
secondary zinc materials. This review article provides some important and or
relatively new published research activities dealing with the use of solvent
extraction in the processing of secondary zinc.
Cole and Sole[1] have discussed about the treatment of hydrochloric acid
leachates of pyrite cinders and other zinc secondary materials at plants in
Bilboa, Spain, and in Quimigal, Portugal. This treatment utilized the
ZINCEX process based upon the extraction of Zn(II) with Amberlite LA-2
and DEHPA. In the first extraction stage of this process, Zn(II) was
extracted from chloride solutions using Amberlite LA-2. Some impurities,
e.g. Cu and Cd were co-extracted, but other metal ions, e.g. As, Ni, Co, and
Pb, remained in the raffinate. The loaded organic phase was subjected to the
stripping with water. The obtained stripping solution was again treated in a
DEHPA extraction circuit to extract Zn(II) selectively over Cu(II) and
Cd(II). The loaded DEHPA phase was then washed with dilute acid to
remove entrained chlorides. Zn(II) was finally recovered by stripping with
393
the spent electrolyte of the electrowinning cell. The process thus provided an
advanced electrolyte containing 60 g/L of Zn(II).
The galvanic sludge has also been treated for the extraction and
removal of Zn(II) with DEHPA and CYANEX 272[90]. The sulphuric
acid leaching solution, containing Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III), was
first subjected to the cementation and precipitation steps to remove
Cu(II) and Cr(III), respectively. The partially purified solution was then
treated for the solvent extraction of Zn(II). DEHPA proved to be a
stronger extractant than CYANEX 272. DEHPA offered more than 95%
extraction at pH 3 from a leaching solution containing 13 g/L of Zn(II).
Kinoshita et al.[91] have reported the recovery of Zn(II) from the
hydrochloric acid leaching solution of ashes of automobile tire waste. The
researchers have tested LIX 54, LIX 84, DEHPA, Alamine 336, TOA
(tri-n-octyl amine), and Aliquat 336. TOA provided the best recovery
(67%) at an acidity of 0.7 mol/L HCl. The stripping was performed with
water. The recovered solution was also free from the following impurities,
Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Cu, and Mg. Pareira et al. [92] have proposed the use of
DEHPA for the treatment of an industrial effluent produced by
Votorantim Co. (Brazil). Apart from containing 13.4 g/L of Zn(II), the
effluent was loaded with Cd(II),Co(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), Ca(II), Mg(II),
Mn(II), and Ni(II). Around 98% of initial Zn(II) was selectively removed
from the effluent using three extraction (pH 2.5, [D2EHPA]520% (w/w)
and A/O51), and three stripping stages (O/A54). The final solution
contained 125.7 g/L of Zn(II), which was suitable for the electrowinning.
Nonetheless, some contamination by Mg and Mn could not be prevented.
Furnace dust reprocessing has also been an interesting area
involving the solvent extraction of Zn(II). Lupi et al.[93] have presented
the data on a trial plant in Italy to recover zinc from EAFD. Zn and Fe
were simultaneously leached and subjected to a five-stage extraction
with 1 mol/L DEHPA. Zn(II) was stripped in seven stages with 1 mol/L
sulphuric acid. The co-extracted Fe(III) was removed by the stripping
under reducing conditions. Cole and Sole[1] have discussed the process
of a SX based EAFD processing plant at MetMax Penoles, Mexico.
The plant produces 5000 t/a zinc cathode of 99.99% purity. Their
process involves sulphuric acid leaching of the dust, followed by the
cementation of the leaching solution with SrCO3, KMnO4, and zinc
dust to remove Pb, Fe, As, and Cd impurities, and finally extracting
Zn(II) with 12% (v/v) DEHPA at an O/A ratio of 1.5/1 maintaining the
pH to 2.5 to 3. The loaded organic phase has to be washed with water
to remove entrained chlorides. Zn(II) is recovered by the stripping with
the spent electrolyte.
The recovery of zinc from the spent batteries and the rayon effluent has
also drawn some research interests. The R. F. Proces Plant in the Spanish
province of Cataluna uses DEHPA for the treatment of the spent domestic
394
batteries[1,94]. The process is detailed in Fig. 5. The domestic batteries are

collected, classified, and then crushed to obtain the zinc-manganese dust.
The feed solution is prepared by leaching the zinc manganese dust at pH 1.8
to 2.2. Fe(III) is then removed by precipitating the solution with KOH,
followed by the cementation of Ni and Hg with Zn dust. The resulting
aqueous phase is subjected to the extraction with 15% (v/v) DEHPA in three
stages. After the extraction, the loaded organic phase is treated in the two
scrubbing stages. Water is first used to remove the entrained feed solution,
followed by a small portion of loaded Zn(II) strip liquor to remove the coextracted Ca(II) and Mg(II). Zn(II) is finally recovered from the organic
phases by a two-stage stripping with 2 mol/L H2SO4, thus obtaining an
advanced electrolyte containing 140 g/L Zn(II).
Some researchers have discussed the treatment of the spent batteries
with CYANEX 301[95,96]. The mechanism of the Zn(II) extraction is the
same as that in the DEHPA process. However, the pH is not necessarily
Figure 5.
Recovery of zinc from spent domestic batteries.
395
controlled in that narrow range. In this treatment, the co-extraction of

Cu(II) and Fe(III) in the organic phase deteriorates the regeneration
capacity of CYANEX 301. El-Nadi et al.[97] have worked on the recovery
of Zn(II) from the black paste of the spent MnO2-Zn cell batteries.
Sulphuric acid was found to be a better leaching medium in this
particular case. Both Zn(II) and Mn(II) were extracted into the organic
phase, but the extraction of Zn(II) was more favorable. The selective
stripping of Zn(II) was achieved with 5 mol/L HCl. The overall Zn(II)
recovery was 99%. Salgado et al.[98] have discussed a hydrometallurgical
process for the recovery of Zn(II) and Mn(II) from the spent alkaline
batteries using CYANEX 272. The dry black powder of the batteries,
containing 19.5%, w/w Zn and 31.1%, w/w Mn along with some fractions
of K, Na, and Fe, was leached with 0.05% (v/v) H2SO4 (S/L ratio510%).
The obtained leaching solution, containing 18.96 g/L of Zn(II) and
12.95 g/L Mn(II) was extracted in two stages with 20% (v/v) CYANEX
272 at pH 2.5 maintaining the reaction temperature to 50uC. Almost 90%
of Zn(II) was recovered leaving Mn(II) in the raffinate.
The recovery of Zn(II) from the rayon industry effluent has been
investigated by some researchers. Around three decades back, Reinhardt
et al.[99] developed the Valberg process. This process was based upon the
solvent extraction of Zn(II) with dioctyl phosphoric acid and DEHPA. For
some years, this process was in operation at two industrial plants. The
requirement of a relatively high pH of the aqueous solution for the
extraction with DEHPA is considered a disadvantage of the Valberg
process. Recently, CYANEX 272 and CYANEX 302 have been
investigated [100]. Since the waste contains Ca(II), it is considered that
CYANEX 302 is a better extractant as it provides an improved Zn(II)/
Ca(II) separation factor. More than 99% of Zn(II) was extracted from the
effluent at an equilibrium pH of higher than 3.4 (O/A51/30). The stripping
of the extracted metal ion was achieved by 10% (v/v) H2SO4. Another
report by Ali et al.[101] on the use of CYANEX 272 for the treatment of
rayon industry waste discussed several optimization parameters. The
addition of ammonium sulphate in the aqueous phase was observed to
improve the extraction percentage of Zn(II) in CYANEX 272. Four stages
of extraction ensured the loading of extractant in proportion of 0.105 mol/L
metal ion per mole of CYANEX 272. The increasing temperature of the
reaction environment slowed down the kinetics of the metal extraction. A
moderately concentrated HCl or HNO3 solution provided an effective
stripping of the extracted metal ion.
CONCLUSIONS
The industrial zinc leaching solutions are invariably loaded with a number of
metal ions. The composition of leaching solutions from the leaner sources is
396
even more complex. The conventional precipitation and cementation

methods for the refining of zinc cannot always be conveniently applied to
the aqueous streams of diverse compositions. Solvent extraction, coupled
with the new innovative direct leaching, ammonia leaching, and bioleaching
processes, is quite effective for the useful exploitation of several sulphidic,
non-sulphidic, low-grade, and secondary zinc resources. The introduction of
SX in the process flow sheet provides certain advantages, e.g., minimizing
the loss of metal values, curtailing the solid waste generation and attaining a
high purity electrolyte solution. Some of the commercially available Zn(II)
extractants, such as DEHPA and CYANEX 301, are very strong
extractants, but their inability of rejecting Fe(III) is seen as a limitation.
CYANEX 301 is also susceptible of degradation in the presence of Cu(II).
However, the prior removal of these two impurities may provide an
opportunity to exploit DEHPA and CYANEX 301 in a really advantageous
way. CYANEX 272, CYANEX 923, and PC-88A also seem to be the
reagents of choice. All these three extractants have reasonably fast extraction
kinetics and can be easily regenerated from several metal ions, including
Fe(III) and Cu(II). CYANEX 272 and CYANEX 923 are selective for
Zn(II) over a number of metal ions, including Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Ca(II),
and Mg(II). The problem of co-extraction of Fe(III) with Zn(II), can be
tackled by a prior removal of Fe(III) or by the selective stripping of Zn(II).
Solvent extraction is also a potential technique to exploit secondary
sector materials for the recovery of high purity zinc. Successful tests have
been carried out for the spent domestic batteries and the furnace dusts.
The feasibility studies have proven the technique to be economically
viable. CYANEX 923 is a promising option to recover pure zinc from the
industrial effluents and wastes in a chloride medium. This extractant is
selective for Zn(II) over Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and
Hg(II).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AD acknowledges the postdoctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/20321/2004)
from the FCT, Portugal. We are thankful to the Portuguese innovation
agency (ADI; PRIME-IDEIA, Project no. 70/00191), and Somincor,
Portugal.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACORGA ZNX 50
60% wt. of the active substances consisting of

unreacted dimethyl bibenzimidazole, dimethyl
1-mono(tridecyloxycarbonyl)-2,2-bibenzimidazole
ALAMINE 336
ALIQUAT 336
Amberlite LA-2
CYANEX 272
CYANEX 302
CYANEX 301
CYANEX 923
DBBP
DEHPA
KELEX 100
LIX 54
LIX 84
MIBK
N1923
OPAP
PC-88A
SOLVESSO 50
TBP
TOA
TOPO
397
and dimethyl 1,1-bis(tridecyloxycarbonyl(22,2bibenzimidazole dissolved in Cl0-Cl5 hydrocarbons.

tricaprylyl amine
tricaprylmethylammonium chloride
n-lauryl-(trialkyl-methyl) amine
bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid
bis-(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) monothiophosphinic
acid
bis-(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) dithiophosphinic acid
93% pure mixture of four trialkylphosphine
oxides: R3P5O, R9R2P5O, R2R9P5O, and
R39P5O, where R and R9 represent n-octyl and
n-hexyl hydrocarbon chains
dibutylbutyl phosphonate
di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
7-(4-Ethyl-1-methylocty)-8-hydroxyquinoline
six isomeric compounds of 1-phenyldecane-1,3diones, heptane-8,10-dione, 1,3-diphenylpropane1,3-dione
2-hydroxy-5-nonyl-acetophenone oxime
methyl isobutyl ketone
primary amine with the following formula:
R1R2CHNH2, the total number of carbon atoms
is 1923
octylphenyl acid phosphate
2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethyl hexyl
ester
hydrocarbon diluents with .99% aromatics
tri-n-butyl phosphate
trioctylamine
tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide
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Review On The Recent Developments in The Solvent Extraction of Zinc

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Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange

ISSN: 0736-6299 (Print) 1532-2262 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lsei20

Review on the Recent Developments in the Solvent

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Date: 19 April 2016, At: 11:42

Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 26: 375404, 2008

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Review on the Recent Developments in the Solvent

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A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

sulphuric acid to produce zinc leachates. Further purification involves

EXTRACTION FROM SULPHATE MEDIA

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

Structures of some important zinc extractants.

A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

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where HA is extractant molecule, and m may vary from 2 to 4.

Figure 2. Extraction behaviour of Zn(II) in DEHPA, PC-88A, CYANEX 272

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

H2SO4. Extraction of Zn(II) at low pH is also advantageous in minimizing

A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

DEHPA. OPAP was also useful in keeping the sulphate co-extraction

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

Teck Comincos HydroZinc process.

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A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

electrolyte to remove co-extracted impurities (Ca(II) and Cd(II)), Zn(II) was

EXTRACTION FROM CHLORIDE MEDIA

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

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A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

extractants extract Zn(II) from chloride media according to equation (1).

R2 NH2 2 ZnCl4org z2 Cl{

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

now used at the Skorpion mine in Namibia. Wassink et al.[48] have

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A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

[ ZnA2 HA2n{2,org z2 NH4 Claq

where the value of n depends upon the equilibrium pH according to the

A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

Metalurgicas)-LNETI (Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia e

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ZnNH3 2 Cl2 aqzSszH2 O

EXTRACTION FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID

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Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc

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A. Deep and J. M. R. de Carvalho

acid solutions. In the case of TBP, the extraction of Zn(II)

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZN(II) SOLVENT