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Decision-Making Network
Lauren A. OConnell1 and Hans A. Hofmann1,2*
Animals evaluate and respond to their social environment with adaptive decisions. Revealing the
neural mechanisms of such decisions is a major goal in biology. We analyzed expression profiles for
10 neurochemical genes across 12 brain regions important for decision-making in 88 species
representing five vertebrate lineages. We found that behaviorally relevant brain regions are
remarkably conserved over 450 million years of evolution. We also find evidence that different
brain regions have experienced different selection pressures, because spatial distribution of
neuroendocrine ligands are more flexible than their receptors across vertebrates. Our analysis
suggests that the diversity of social behavior in vertebrates can be explained, in part, by variations
on a theme of conserved neural and gene expression networks.
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REPORTS
outgroup we cannot determine whether TH expression was lost or gained in these brain areas.
Second, several SDM network nodes gained
neuropeptide (AVP and OXY)expressing cells
when birds diverged from reptiles ~220 Ma or
even longer ago. The information on reptiles in
our analysis is largely limited to lepidosaurians
(lizards and snakes), because data on turtles and
crocodilians are sorely lacking. The latter group
would be particularly interesting because of its
HIP
Reptiles
LS
HIP
meAMY
BNST
blAMY
POA
PAG
V
M
H
LS
Str
AH
VTA
NAcc
VP
HIP
Birds
HIP
blAMY
blAMY
PAG
BNST
Str
NAcc
BNST
VP
LS
VP
LS
VMH
VTA
meAMY
POA
AH
Mammals
HIP
HIP
PAG
Str
Str
Str
NAcc
LS
BNST
meAMY
VP
blAMY
bl
AMY
meAMY
AH
HIP
HIP
bl meAMY
AMY
LS
Amphibians
VTA
VMH
POA
Str
TPp
(VTA)
BNST
Str
PAG
VP
NAcc
VP
POA
VMH
AH
Dm-3
Dm
(blAMY)
Dl(HIP)
Dlvv
Vd
(NAcc)
Vs (meAMY/
BNST)
Dm
(blAMY)
PAG
Vc (STR)
Vl/Vv (LS)
Vs (meAMY/
BNST)
TPp (VTA)
TPp (VTA)
Dl (HIP)
Teleosts
vTn (AH)
aTn (VMH)
POA
Fig. 1. Neural basis of behavioral diversity. The social behavior network (yellow) and mesolimbic reward
system (blue) are two important neural networks regulating behavior in vertebrates and have functional
connections (green) between the circuits. The mammalian nomenclature used in nonmammalian lineages
does not necessarily imply discrete (one-to-one) homologs of mammalian structures. [Adapted from (5)]
AH, anterior hypothalamus; BNST/meAMY, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis/medial amygdala; HIP,
hippocampus; LS, lateral septum; NAcc, nucleus accumbens; PAG, periaqueductal gray/central gray; VMH,
ventromedial hypothalamus; VP, ventral pallidum; VTA, ventral tegmental area.
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B
AR
ER
PR
D1aR
V1aR
OTR
Aromatase
AVP
OXY
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
blAMY
Str
HIP
VTA
NAcc
VP
BNST/meAMY
LS
POA
VMH
AH
PAG/CG
Reward
system
Number of changes
3
2
1
0
Number of changes
360
VMH
BNST/meAMY
AH
LS
PAG
POA
3
2
1
360
310
222 reptiles
TH
360
310
222
Receptors
ER
OTR
D1a
AR
V1a
PR
3
2
1
0
mya 450
360
310
222 reptiles
m
als
ds
bir
am
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AVP
ARO
s
an
ibi
als
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ph
am
d
bir
am
an
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Ligands
sts
leo
te
ph
sts
Receptors
G5
0
mya 450
mya 450
222
am
1156
310
Ligands
F
VP
Str
LS
BNST/meAMY
VTA
HIP
NAcc
blAMY
Reward System
mya 450
Social behavior
network
leo
te
Genes
0.6
TH
Neural Networks
might accompany the evolution of novel life history strategies or social systems, consistent with
the known pleiotropic roles of many of these
ligands. Recent investigations into the evolution
of developmental mechanisms have similarly
observed that the appearance of novel body plans
or color patterns is often associated with changes
in the spatial expression patterns of morphogenetically important ligands (29). On the other
hand, receptors are generally associated with complex intracellular machinery and thus may be
more restricted in spatial distribution changes
than ligands, given that such a shift must also
require altering the spatial distribution of many
other proteins. Our analysis also suggests that
macro- and microevolutionary processes might
be dissociated, given that behavioral variation
within a population or across closely related
species can arise because of quantitative differences in receptor or ligand distributions (19, 24),
although more comparative studies of these and
other neurochemicals in nonmammalian taxa are
needed to better understand how the social brain
evolved with changes in brain gene expression.
Because the brain regions that govern social
behavior function within a network, the integrative and systems-level approach we have used
here opens up new avenues toward understanding
the neural and molecular architecture of social
behavior and its evolution. We suggest that the
diversity of social behavior in vertebrates can be
explained at least in part by variations on a conserved
theme of neural and gene expression networks.
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REPORTS
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Supplementary Materials
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/336/6085/1154/DC1
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 and S2
Tables S1 to S10
References (31180)
9 January 2012; accepted 20 April 2012
10.1126/science.1218889
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