AM Generation in Matlab

CE00038-2-Communications
Individual Assignment
Page 1of 29
Table of content
S.no
Topic
Page no.
1.
Acknowledgement
2.
Abstract
3.
Question 1
4-10
4.
Question 2
10-28
5.
References
29
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology
2014
Page 2of 29
Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this assignment. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them.
I am highly indebted to my module teacher Mrs. Monika Gambhir for her guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the assignment & also for
her support in completing the assignment.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the assignment and people
who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 3of 29
Abstract
The assignment basically deals with communication system. The first part of assignment consists
of a formal report on Modulation and Demodulation techniques. Modulation and demodulation
are briefly described. By going through the assignment one can know how modulation
techniques are useful in communication system. Different schemes of analog and digital
modulation are described.
The second part of the assignment covers the simulation performed in MATLAB. DSBAM
(Double Side Band Amplitude Modulation) modulation and demodulation models are build on
MATLAB and then simulated at different modulation depths. It consists of diagrams of
waveforms at different modulation depth. Analysis is done on the basis of waveforms. Model of
DSBSC (Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier) is also build and simulated. Parameters of
DSBSC are theoretically calculated.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 4of 29
a) MODULATION
Modulation is an important step of communication system. Modulation is the process of placing
the message signal over some carrier to make it suitable for transmission over a long distance.
The carrier signal is basically of higher frequency than that of message. Modulation is also
defined as the process whereby some characteristic (amplitude, frequency, phase of a high
frequency signal wave(carrier wave) is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of low
frequency signal wave (modulating wave.) Either of three characteristics can be varied in
accordance with the modulating signal.
DEMODULATION
Demodulation is the process of separating message signal from the modulated carrier signal. The
process is used in the receivers to recover the original signal coming from the sender end in
modulating form. When the signals reach the destination i.e. at the receiver end, then the signal
strength will be very less. This weak signal is amplified with the help of other signals. After
amplification this signal is filtered from the other signals which were used earlier to modify it.
When the signal becomes ready for demodulation process, then the below steps are performed
for demodulation. These steps are basically the functions of the receiver.
Demodulating and amplifying the received signal
Filtering of the original received signal from the non necessary signals
Power display of the received signal after the completion of demodulation process
Fig. 1: Block diagram of demodulator
Modulation makes possible to transmit several modulating signal over a common channel and
the technique is known as multiplexing. It is simultaneous transmission of multiple messages
(more than one message) over a common channel. The channel may be pair of wires (called
transmission lines) or free space. If transmitted without modulating, the different message signals
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 5of 29
over a single channel will interfere with one another. This is because their baseband (spectrum)
is identical or overlapping. However, different message signals can be transmitted over a same
channel without interference using multiplexing techniques. There are two types of multiplexing
techniques- frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing. The frequency
division multiplexing uses analog modulation systems, whereas the time division multiplexing
uses pulse modulating systems. Multiplexing reduces the cost of installation and maintenance of
more channels.
b) Types of analog pulse modulation are
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of periodic sequential pulses are varied in
accordance with sample values of the baseband signal. It can be generated by using an AND
gate. PAM can be demodulated by passing through low pass filter with cut-off frequency as the
highest signal frequency.
PDM (Pulse Duration Modulation)
In pulse duration modulation, the duration of periodic sequential pulses are varied in accordance
with sample values of the baseband signal. It is also known as pulse width modulation. It can be
generated using a monostable multivibrator. It can be demodulated by feeding the PWM signal
to an integrating circuit.
PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
In PPM the position of pulse or the time of occurrence of the pulses is changed in accordance
with the instantaneous magnitude of the modulating signal. It can be generated in the similar way
as PWM but the pulse is kept constant from the starting point of occurrence of pulse. It can be
demodulated by converting into PWM using a flip-flop.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 6of 29
Table 1: Difference between PAM, PDM, PPM
Pulse Amplitude
Sr.No.
Modulation
1.
2.
3.
Amplitude of the pulse is

proportional to amplitude of
modulating signal.
The bandwidth of the

transmission channel
depends or width of the
pulse.
The instantaneous power of
the transmitter varies.
Noise interference is high.

4.
Pulse Width/
Duration
Modulation
Pulse Position
Modulation
Width of the pulse is

proportional to
amplitude of
modulating signal
The relative position

of the pulse is
proportional to the
amplitude of
modulating signal.
Bandwidth of
Bandwidth of
depends on rise time of depends on rising
the pulse.
time of the pulse.
The instantaneous
The instantaneous
power of the
power of the
transmitter varies.
transmitter remains
constant.
Noise interference is
Noise interference is
minimum.
minimum.
System is complex.
Simple to implement.
Simple to
implement.
Similar to amplitude.
Similar to frequency.
Similar to phase
modulation.
5.
6.
c) The move to digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility, with digital
data services, higher data security, better quality communications, and quicker system
availability. Digital modulation is very useful in communication system due to following
reasonsCompatibility and flexibility- A complex and costly transmission is far more useful if it can
sustain a variety of information types and patterns of usage. Conversion of all data sources to a
common format, bits, means that can be handled by the same equipment.
Privacy- Privacy has become increasingly difficult to guarantee, so that many users demand
encryption of their data, a much easier process with digital signal.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 7of 29
Fidelity of reproduction and error control- digital transmission may be favored by the nature of
channel. Moreover digital communication makes it easier to guarantee a given data error rate or
fidelity of reproduction.
Types of digital modulation techniquesAmplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
In ASK, the baseband signal is used to modulate the amplitude of an analog carrier. One ways to
perform ASK would be to transmit the carrier signal with constant amplitude for one level of
digitally encoded baseband signal (e.g. NRZ) voltage and sending nothing for the other level.
ASK is a very simple mechanism and is a frequent choice in optical communications where a
large amount of bandwidth is available.
Fig. 2: Block diagram of ASK modulation
Frequency shift keying (FSK)

In FSK, two signals with different carrier frequencies are used to represent data. Since these
carriers have different frequencies, they can easily be distinguished at the receiver. It has the
added benefit over the ASK that if a bit is lost during transmission, it is known that the bit is lost,
since there should always be a carrier signal for zero or one. As compared to ASK signal
synchronization is easier to maintain in FSK. In FSK, the difference between the carrier
frequencies is kept large enough so that energy is not trapped in their byproducts.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 8of 29
Fig. 3: Block diagram of FSK modulation
Phase shift keying (PSK)

In this type of digital modulation, the data information is embedded in the phase of the carrier.
The same carrier frequency is used for both types of bits (0 and 1) but the phase is inverted for
one or other. In simple binary PSK, two carrier signals are defined with same frequency and
same amplitude but opposite phases. In differential BPSK, instead of defining two carrier signals
with opposite phases, phase inversion is used to modulate one of the two types of binary signals.
Fig. 4: Block diagram of PSK modulation
d) Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital scheme for transmitting analog data. It converts an
analog signal into digital form. Using PCM, it is possible to digitalize all forms of analog data,
including full-motion video, voice, music, telemetry, etc.
To obtain a PCM signal from an analog signal at the source (transmitter) of a communications
circuit, the analog signal is sampled at regular intervals. The sampling rate is several times the
maximum frequency of the analog signal. The instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal at
each sample is rounded off to the nearest of several specific, predetermined levels (quantization)
the number of levels is always power of 2. The output of a pulse code modulator is a series of
binary numbers, each represented by some power of 2 bits. At the destination of the
communications circuit, the pulse code modulator converts the binary numbers back into the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 9of 29
pulses having the same quantum levels as those in the modulator. These pulses are further
processed to restore the original analog waveforms.
Fig. 5: Block diagram of PCM technique
Assume that the modulating signal be a sinuosoidal voltage, having peak amplitude Am. Let this
signal cover the complete excursion of representation levels.
The power of this signal will be,
=
Here V= rms value

=[
When R=1, the power is normalized P i.e.,

Normalised power:
2
=
2
Therefore, signal to noise ratio is given by equation
3
= 2
22

Here
2
=
2
Putting these values in the above equation,
=
= 1.5 22
Expressing signal to noise power ratio in dB,
( ) = 1010 (1.5 22 )

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 10of 29
= 1.8 + 6
e) Application of Analog Modulation
Amplitude modulation is used in computer modems, VHF aircraft radio and portable two way
radio.
Frequency modulation is commonly used for broadcasting music and speech, magnetic tape
recording systems, two way radio systems and video transmission systems.
Generally phase modulation is used for transmitting waves is an essential part of many digital
transmission coding schemes that underlie a wide range of technologies like GSM, WiFi, and
satellite television.
Applications of Digital Modulation
ASK is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber.
FSK is used over voice lines, in high frequency radio transmission.
PSK are used in DTH satellite broadcasting system.
2.
a)
DSBAM model is build and simulated in MATLAB. The diagram below shows the model of
DSBAM modulator.
Fig. 6: Model of DSBAM Modulator (Time domain)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 11of 29
Parameters of components used in Simulink model are given below

( ) = 1
( ) = 100
( ) = 7
( ) =
As mentioned in the question we have to vary the value of VDC to get desired modulation depth
Table 2: Value of amplitude of message signal and constant
1.
0.25
2.
0.5
3.
4.
2/3
1.5
5.
1/5
6.
1/100
100
S.no.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 12of 29
Fig. 7: Waveform at modulation index 0.25 (Time domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 13of 29
Fig. 9: Waveform at modulation index 1 (Time domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 14of 29
Fig.11: Waveform at modulation index 2 (Time domain)
Fig. 12: Waveform at modulation index 100 (Time domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 15of 29
Fig.13: Model DSBAM (Frequency domain)
Fig.14: Waveform at modulation index 0.25 (Frequency domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 16of 29
Fig.16: Waveform at modulation index 1 (Frequency domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 17of 29
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 18of 29
Conclusion
When modulation index is less than 1, there is no distortion in waveforms. The ideal condition is
when modulation index is 1.
As modulation index goes beyond 1, modulated waveform becomes distorted. It results in a
condition called over modulation. As we can see the waveform is flattened at zero line. Moreover
data is also lost in over modulation. The negative peak of the modulating waveform is clipped and
[Ac+m(t)] goes negative, which mathematically appears as phase reversal of 1800 rather than a
clamped level. These phase reversals give additional sidebands resulting from the phase reversals
(phase modulation) than extend out, in theory to infinity. This can cause serious inference to other
users if not filtered.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 19of 29
b)
Model for DSBAM demodulator is build and simulated at different value of modulation depth by
changing the value of constant.
Fig.20: Model of DSBAM Demodulator (Time domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 20of 29
Fig. 21: waveform at modulation depth 0.25 (Time domain)
Fig.22: Waveform at modulation depth 0.5 (Time domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 21of 29
Fig.23: Waveform at modulation depth 1 (Time domain)
Fig.24: Waveform at modulation depth 1.5 (Time domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 22of 29
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 23of 29
Fig.27: DSBAM demodulation (Frequency domain)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 24of 29
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 25of 29
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 26of 29
Conclusion
When modulation index is below 1 or 1 the bandpass or modulating signal can be recovered with
negligible change in original data. It can be observed from waveforms when modulation index is lees
than 1 or equal to 1.
When modulation depth is more than 1, the baseband signal recovered from the modulated signal is
not preserved. It means that the baseband signal recovered is distorted. As phase reversal takes place
in modulated waveforms, the demodulated signal is inverted and becomes m(t).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 27of 29
c)
Output of PM1: The output consists of two sidebands as follows:
LSB = 10kHz -0.3kHz
to
10kHz -3kHz
= 9.7kHz to 7kHz
USB = 10kHz +0.3kHz to
-
10kHz +3kHz
10.3kHz to 13kHz
Output of BPF1- Assume that this BPF passes only the USB
1 () = 10.3 13
Output of PM2 : Output of PM2 consists of the following two sidebands
1 + 10.3 1 + 13
1.0103 1.013
1 10.3 1 13
0.9897 0.987
Output of BPF2: let the BPF2 select the upper sideband from the PM2 output.
2 1.0103 1.013
Passbands of the two BPF:
1. Passband of BPF1:10.3kHz to 13kHz
2. Passband of BPF2: 1.0103MHz to 1.013MHz
Guardband of BPF1:
The guardband of BPF1 extends from the lowest frequency of the USB to the higher frequency
of LSB.
1 = 9.7 10.3
Guardband of BPF2:
Similarly the guardband of BPF2 extends from 0.9897 1.0103
DSBSC model is build and simulated in MATLAB. The diagram given below illustrates the
model of DSBSC.
Conclusion
The detection process for DSB-SC requires a local oscillator at the receiver end. The frequency
and phase of the locally generated carrier signal and the carrier signal at the transmitter carrier
must be identical. This means that the local oscillator signal must be exactly coherent or
synchronized with the carrier signal at the transmitter, both in frequency and phase, otherwise the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 28of 29
detected signal would get distorted. Thus the demerits of the synchronous detection is that it
requires an additional system at the receiver to ensure that the locally generated carrier is
synchronized with the transmitter carrier making the receiver complex and costly.
Fig.34: Model of DSBSC in MATLAB
Fig.35: Waveform of DSBSC

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014
Page 29of 29
References
Anderson,J.B,(1986),Digital
Phase
Modulation,Berlin,Springer
Science
&
Business
Media,pp.76-77.
Borda,M,(2011),Fundamentals in Information Theory and Coding,Berlin,Springer Science &
Business Media,pp.33-34.
Borth,D.E,(2013),Telecommunication. Available:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58
5799/telecommunication,Last accessed 18th Oct 2014.
Chitode,J.S,(2009),Principles Of Communication,Pune,Technical Publications,pp.4-7.
Godse,A.P,(2009), Communication Engineering,Pune, Technical Publications,pp.16-18.
Rajput,R.K,(2011),Basic
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering,New
Delhi,Laxmi
Publications,pp.525-526.
Singh,R.P,(2008),Communication Systems,New Delhi,Tata McGraw-Hill Education,pp.112-113.
Sturley,K.R,(2012),Modulators
and
Demodulators
.Available:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1262240/radiotechnology/25124/Modulator
s-and-demodulators. Last accessed 17th Oct 2014.
Waggener,B,(1994). Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. London,Springer Science & Business
Media. p221-223.
Xiong,F,(2006),Digital Modulation Techniques, Pune, Artech House,pp.110-111.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2
2014

AM Generation in Matlab

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

AM Generation in Matlab

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CE00038-2-Communications

Demodulating and amplifying the received signal

Fig. 1: Block diagram of demodulator

Table 1: Difference between PAM, PDM, PPM

Amplitude of the pulse is

The bandwidth of the

Noise interference is high.

Width of the pulse is

The relative position

Fig. 2: Block diagram of ASK modulation

Frequency shift keying (FSK)

Fig. 3: Block diagram of FSK modulation

Phase shift keying (PSK)

Fig. 4: Block diagram of PSK modulation

Fig. 5: Block diagram of PCM technique

Here V= rms value

When R=1, the power is normalized P i.e.,

Expressing signal to noise power ratio in dB,

Fig. 6: Model of DSBAM Modulator (Time domain)

Parameters of components used in Simulink model are given below

Fig. 7: Waveform at modulation index 0.25 (Time domain)

Fig. 8: Waveform at modulation index 0.5 (Time domain)

Fig. 9: Waveform at modulation index 1 (Time domain)

Fig. 10: Waveform at modulation index 1.5 (Time domain)

Fig.11: Waveform at modulation index 2 (Time domain)

Fig. 12: Waveform at modulation index 100 (Time domain)

Fig.13: Model DSBAM (Frequency domain)

Fig.14: Waveform at modulation index 0.25 (Frequency domain)

Fig.15: Waveform at modulation index 0.5 (Frequency domain)

Fig.16: Waveform at modulation index 1 (Frequency domain)

Fig.17: Waveform at modulation index 1.5 (Frequency domain)

Fig.18: Waveform at modulation index 2 (Frequency domain)

Fig.19: Waveform at modulation index 100 (Frequency domain)

Fig.20: Model of DSBAM Demodulator (Time domain)

Fig. 21: waveform at modulation depth 0.25 (Time domain)

Fig.22: Waveform at modulation depth 0.5 (Time domain)

Fig.23: Waveform at modulation depth 1 (Time domain)

Fig.24: Waveform at modulation depth 1.5 (Time domain)

Fig.25: Waveform at modulation depth 2 (Time domain)

Fig.26: Waveform at modulation depth 100 (Time domain)

Fig.27: DSBAM demodulation (Frequency domain)

Fig.28: Waveform at modulation index 0.25 (Frequency domain)

Fig.29: Waveform at modulation index 0.5 (Frequency domain)

Fig.30: Waveform at modulation index 1 (Frequency domain)

Fig.31: Waveform at modulation index 1.5 (Frequency domain)

Fig.32: Waveform at modulation index 2 (Frequency domain)

Fig.33: Waveform at modulation index 100 (Frequency domain)

Fig.34: Model of DSBSC in MATLAB

Fig.35: Waveform of DSBSC

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi