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Chapter 17
Electromagnetic induction
Objectives
(a) define magnetic flux = B A
BA
(b
(c) derive and use the equation for induced
e.m.f. in linear conductors and plane coils in
uniform magnetic fields
(d) explain the phenomenon of self-induction,
and define self-inductance
(e) use the formulae E Ldl/dt, LI=N
(f) derive and use the equation for selfinductance of a solenoid L = 0N2A/l
Objectives
(g) use the formula for the energy stored in an
Inductor U = LI2
(j) explain the phenomenon of mutual
Induction, and define mutual inductance;
(i) derive an expression for the mutual
inductance between two coaxial solenoids of
the same cross-sectional area M =
0NpNsA/lp
A
B
B=
BA
= BA
= BA cos
= B dA
= BA cos
(Electromagnetic Induction)
In 1831, Michael Faraday
discovered that when a
conductor cuts magnetic flux
lines, an emf is produced.
The induced emf in a circuit
is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux,
through any surface
bounded by that circuit.
e = - d B / dt
N
v
I
(left)
1)
i
=-d
dA
B
ds
E
Changing Magnetic Field
di/dt
/dt
equals the rate of change
of the flux through that loop
d B
dt
d
(BA cos )
dt
d cos
d B
=BA
dt
dt
Changing Area
A loop of wire (N=10)
contracts from 0.03 m2 to
0.01 m2 in 0.5 s, where B is
0.5 T and is 0o (Rloop is 1
).
EMF
S
B
S
2)
-NB cos
dA
dt
Changing Orientation
-NAB
d(cos )
dt
-NAB
d(cos
dt
or
NAB
sin t
B
B
Lenz's Law
When the magnetic flux changes within a loop
of wire, the induced current resists the
changing flux
The direction of the induced current always
produces a magnetic field that resists the
change in magnetic flux (blue arrows)
i
B
Magnetic flux,
B
Increasing
B
Increasing
Lenz's Law
In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced
field acts in the direction of the applied field
to try to keep it constant.
Lenz's Law
The induced current
produces magnetic fields which tend to oppose the
change in magnetic flux that induces such currents.
conducting loop placed in a magnetic field. We
follow the procedure below:
1. Define a positive direction for the area vector A.
2. Assuming that B is uniform, take the dot product of
B and A. This allows for the determination of the
sign of the magnetic flux B.
3. Obtain the rate of flux change d B/dt by
differentiation. There are three possibilities:
d
dt
induced emf
0
0
induced emf
induced emf
0
0
Lenz's Law
Lenz's Law
Lenz's Law
Lenz's Law
B/dt
+
+
+
+
+
+
The positive and negative signs of I
correspond to a counterclockwise and
clockwise current, respectively.
Lenz's Law
With the magnetic field
pointing downward and the
area vector A pointing
upward, the magnetic flux is
negative, i.e. B = - B A < 0,
where A is the area of the
loop. As the magnet moves
closer to the loop, the
magnetic field at a point on
the loop increases
(dB/dt>0), producing more
flux through the plane of the
loop.
Lenz's Law
Alternatively, the direction of the induced
current can also be determined from the point
of view of magnetic force.
that the induced emf must be in the direction
that opposes the change. Therefore, as the bar
magnet approaches the loop, it experiences a
repulsive force due to the induced emf. Since
like poles repel, the loop must behave as if it
were a bar magnet with its north pole pointing
up. Using the right-hand rule, the direction of
the induced current is counterclockwise, as
view from above. Figure above illustrates how
this alternative approach is used.
Lenz's Law
B/dt = - A (dB/dt) < 0, implying
a positive induced emf,
> 0, and the induced current flows in the
counterclockwise direction.
The current then sets up an induced magnetic
field and produces a positive flux to counteract
the change. The situation described here
corresponds to that illustrated in the slide
above position c.
Motional EMF
Consider a conducting bar of
length l moving through a
uniform magnetic field which
points into the page, as shown
in Figure below. Particles with
charge q>0 inside experience
a magnetic force FB = q v x B
which tends to push them
upward, leaving negative
charges on the lower end.
Motional EMF
Motional EMF
Motional EMF
Motional EMF
Motional EMF
Motional EMF
I (lj ) ( Bk )
IlBi
B l v
i
R
B
The change in B is increasing
the upward flux through the
coil.
I
So the induced current will
have a magnetic field whose
Induced B
flux (and therefore field) are
down.
Hence the induced current must be
clockwise when looked at from above.
Therefore = - N (
dB/dt
Since B(t) = 0.6t, dB/dt = 0.6 T/s
I
Induced B
Thus
I a
I a
/ R = (-1.18V) / (8
) = - 0.147 A
Motional
EMFto Changing Current
Induced
emf Due
Bx
Bx
B points
into
screen
x
x
R D
x
x
R D
Motional EMF x
Bx
x
x
R D
B/dt
= -d
B
B
A
=-d
B/dt
= - BA sin( t)
/dt = BA sin( t)
x dB/dt
ic EMF N d B
R
R dt
B
B A
ic EMF N d B
R
R dt
nis A s
B A
nis A s
N d( 0 nis As )
N
R
dt
R
di
1.5A
Use s
and As
dt
0.16s
ic
nAs
dis
dt
0.016cm
ic
4.72mA
Edl = - d
B/dt
Electrostatic Field
F=qE
A technical detail:
The electrostatic field E is conservative:
Consequently we can write E = - V.
o Edl = 0 and Ee = V
Conservative
Work or energy difference
does NOT depend on path
Caused by stationary
charges
F=qE
o
Vab = - Edl
Edl = 0.
E o dl = - d
o Edl
E dl = - d
B/dt
B/dt
Nonconservative
Work or energy difference
DOES depend on path
Caused by changing
magnetic fields
dB/dt
VA = - E ds
ENC ds
Enc
must be such that it would drive the induced
current to produce a magnetic field opposing
the change in magnetic flux. With the area
vector A pointing out of the page, the
magnetic flux is negative or inward. With
dB/dt > 0 , the inward magnetic flux is
increasing.
Therefore, to counteract this change the
induced current must flow counterclockwise
to produce more outward flux. The direction
of Enc is shown in Figure above.
nc.
Numerical Problem
d B
...(1)
dt
Eds
R or
A. Induced current is
In
Inductors
An inductor is a device that produces a
uniform magnetic field when a current passes
through it. A solenoid is an inductor.
The magnetic flux of an inductor is
proportional to the current.
For each coil (turn) of the solenoid:
17.3 Self-inductance L
per coil
sol
(Au0N2
sol
This is actually a self-inductance
Inductors
N
Induced current
Induced
field
dt
Induced current
Potential difference
Induced
field
Potential difference
The
potential
always
decreases
The potential
decreases if the
current is increasing
The potential
increases if the
current is
decreasing
Self Inductance
Self Inductance
Self Inductance:
When a current flows in a circuit, it creates a
magnetic flux which links its own circuit. This is
called selffor the flux linkage B).
The strength of B is everywhere proportional to the I
B = LI,
Where L = self-inductance of the circuit
L depends on shape and size of the circuit. It may
B
when I = 1 amp.
Wb
T m2
1
The unit of inductance is the henry 1 H 1
A
Self Inductance
L
N2A
0
2
0n A
N2A
n2 A
N 2A
0
Self Inductance
n : the number of turns
per unit length
Self Inductance
A changing current in a
coil can induce an emf
in itself
inductance.
L=
0n
2Ad
(only geometry)
Think about I
S
0
+
-
- I2R - d((1/2)LI2)/dt = 0
LI 2
We have shown U B
2
Apply this to a solenoid:
UB
1
2
n A I
A
2 o
2
o
A
B2
2 o
2 2
n I
n2lA
L2 I 2 M 21I1
L1I1 M12I 2
Also
M2 1: Mutual Inductance of
the coils
Generally, M 1 2 = M 2 1
Typical Transformers
Step-up Transformer
Np < Ns
PRIMARY COIL
SECONDARY COIL
~
AC POWER
SUPPLY
Vs
Np
Ns
Vp
IRON CORE
VS
VP
Np > Ns
~
Ns
Np
IRON CORE
= N
N
AC POWER
SUPPLY
CORE
COIL
Vp
S
P
TRANSFORMER
Ns
Np
Vp
Vs
VS
VP
= N
N
AC POWER
SUPPLY
S
P
DC TRANSFORMER
CORE
VS
VP
12
= 120
=N
N
PRIMARY
COIL
SECONDARY
COIL
PRIMARY COIL
Vs
VS
VP
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORM VOLTAGES
Step-down Transformer
SECONDARY COIL
= N
N
S
P
COIL
Mutual Inductance
Step-down transformer
Mutual Inductance
2
B1 dA2
N2
Mutual Inductance
2
N1 /
N 2 B1 ( r12 )
N2 B1 A1
B2
M 21
I1
n n ( r12 )I1
n2 n1 ( r12 ) ; in general M 21
M 12
M.
dI1
;
dt
dI1
; M 21
dt
B2
n n ( r12 )
0 2 1
I1
3 10 4 A s -1
6,000 V
Mutual Inductance
Bof 1 through 2
Bof 1 through 2
I
1
M 12
0 2 1
dI1
dt
Mutual Inductance
d 2 dI1
dI1 dt
d 2
dI1
d 2
dt
Mutual Inductance
N2 2
I1
I1
Example
0 1 1
Mutual Inductance
B1
-d
Mutual Inductance
Summary
1 H = 1Weber/Amp = 1 V-s/A
BA cos
N
n
Motional Emf
Lenz: the minus sign in
Blv
Self-inductance
Summing up
I
t