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Outline

E. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

17.1 Magnetic flux


17.2
17.3 Self-inductance L
17.4 Energy stored in an inductor
17.5 Mutual induction

Chapter 17
Electromagnetic induction

Objectives
(a) define magnetic flux = B A
BA
(b
(c) derive and use the equation for induced
e.m.f. in linear conductors and plane coils in
uniform magnetic fields
(d) explain the phenomenon of self-induction,
and define self-inductance
(e) use the formulae E Ldl/dt, LI=N
(f) derive and use the equation for selfinductance of a solenoid L = 0N2A/l

Objectives
(g) use the formula for the energy stored in an
Inductor U = LI2
(j) explain the phenomenon of mutual
Induction, and define mutual inductance;
(i) derive an expression for the mutual
inductance between two coaxial solenoids of
the same cross-sectional area M =
0NpNsA/lp

17.1 Magnetic Flux


In the easiest case, with a constant magnetic
field B, and a flat surface of area A, the
magnetic flux is

17.1 Magnetic flux

A
B
B=

BA

Units : 1 tesla x m2 = 1 weber

17.1 Magnetic flux


Definition: Number of magnetic field lines
that pass through an area (usually a loop)
= BAcos ; Units: Weber (Wb)
= Flux measured in Webers (Wb); 1 Wb =
1Tm2
B = Magnetic Field (T)
A = area of region that the flux is passing
through (m2)
= angle formed between the magnetic field
lines and the area.
A changing magnetic flux creates an induced
EMF

17.1 Magnetic flux


Magnetic flux: is defined as the
product of the magnetic field B
(also called magnetic flux
density) and the area A of the
plane of the loop through
which it passes, where is the
angle between the direction of
B and a line drawn
perpendicular to the plane of
the loop.
If

= BA

= BA cos

17.1 Magnetic flux

17.1 Magnetic flux

A change in flux can occur in two ways:


1. By changing the flux density B going through
a constant loop area A:

17.1 Magnetic flux

17.1 Magnetic flux

Faraday referred to changes in B field, area and


orientation as changes in magnetic flux inside the
closed loop
The formal definition of magnetic flux ( B
(analogous to electric flux)
B

= B dA

When B is uniform over A,


B

2. By changing the effective area A in a


magnetic field of constant flux density B:

The emf is actually induced by a change in the


quantity called the magnetic flux rather than
simply by a change in the magnetic field
Magnetic flux is defined in a manner similar
to that of electrical flux

= BA cos

Magnetic flux is a measure of the # of B field lines


within a closed area (or in this case a loop or coil of
wire)
Changes in B, A and/or change the magnetic flux
electromotive force (& thus current) in a closed wire
loop

Magnetic flux is proportional to both the


strength of the magnetic field passing through
the plane of a loop of wire and the area of the
loop

(Electromagnetic Induction)
In 1831, Michael Faraday
discovered that when a
conductor cuts magnetic flux
lines, an emf is produced.
The induced emf in a circuit
is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux,
through any surface
bounded by that circuit.
e = - d B / dt

17.1 Magnetic flux


Flux through coil
changes because
bar magnet is
moved up and
down.

Moving the magnet induces a current I.


Reversing the direction reverses the current.
Moving the loop induces a current.
The induced current is set up by an induced
EMF.

N
v
I

Changing the current in the right-hand coil


induces a current in the left-hand coil.
The induced current does not depend on the
size of the current in the right-hand coil.
The induced current depends on dI/dt.
(right)
dI/dt
EMF

(left)

When B is not constant, or the surface is not


flat, one must do an integral.
Break the surface into bits dA. The flux
through one bit is
d B = B dA = B dA cos
Sum the bits: B
B dA
Bcos dA

Relative motion between a conductor and a


magnetic field induces an emf in the
conductor.
The direction of the induced emf depends
upon the direction of motion of the conductor
with respect to the field.
The magnitude of the emf is directly
proportional to the rate at which the
conductor cuts magnetic flux lines.
The magnitude of the emf is directly
proportional to the number of turns of the
conductor crossing the flux lines.

Moving the magnet changes the flux B (1).


Changing the current changes the flux B (2).
Faraday: changing the flux induces an emf.
N

1)
i

=-d

dA
B

When no voltage source is present, current


will flow around a closed loop or coil when an
electric field is present parallel to the current
flow.
Charge flows due to the presence of
electromotive force, or emf ( ) on charge
carriers in the coil.
The emf is given by: =
dl = iRcoil

ds

E
Changing Magnetic Field

di/dt

/dt
equals the rate of change
of the flux through that loop

The emf induced


around a loop

An E-field is induced along a coil when the


magnetic flux changes, producing an emf (e).
The induced emf is related to:
The number of loops (N) in the coil
The rate at which the magnetic flux is
changing inside the loop(s), or
E dl

d B
dt

d
(BA cos )
dt

Note: magnetic flux changes when either the


magnetic field (B), the area (A) or the
orientation (cos f) of the loop changes:
d B
dB d B =B cos dA
=A cos
dt
dt
dt
dt

d cos
d B
=BA
dt
dt

Changing Area
A loop of wire (N=10)
contracts from 0.03 m2 to
0.01 m2 in 0.5 s, where B is
0.5 T and is 0o (Rloop is 1
).

A magnet moves toward a


loop of wire (N=10 & A is 0.02
m2).
dB During the movement, B
-NA cos
dt changes from is 0.0 T to 1.5 T
in 3 s (Rloop is 2 ).
1) What is the induced in the loop?
2) What is the induced current in the loop?

EMF
S

B
S

2)

-NB cos

dA
dt

1) What is the induced in the loop?


2) What is the induced current in the loop?

Changing Orientation
-NAB

d(cos )
dt

-NAB

d(cos
dt

and therefore the direction of any induced current.

or

NAB

sin t

A loop of wire (N=10) rotates from 0o to 90o in 1.5


s, B is 0.5 T and A is 0.02 m2 (Rloop is 2 ).
1)What is the average angular frequency, ?
2)What is the induced in the loop?
3)What is the induced current in the loop?

If we move the magnet towards the loop


the flux of B will increase.
the current induced in the loop will
generate a field B opposed to B.

straight, with less effort.


The induced emf is directed so that any
induced current flow
will oppose the change in magnetic flux (which
causes the induced emf).
This is easier to use than to say ...
Decreasing magnetic flux
emf creates additional
magnetic field
Increasing flux emf creates opposed magnetic field

If we move the magnet towards the loop


the flux of B will increase.
the current induced in the
loop will generate a field B opposed to B.

B
B

Lenz's Law
When the magnetic flux changes within a loop
of wire, the induced current resists the
changing flux
The direction of the induced current always
produces a magnetic field that resists the
change in magnetic flux (blue arrows)
i

B
Magnetic flux,

B
Increasing

B
Increasing

When an emf is generated by a change in


magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the
polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change which produces it.
The induced magnetic field inside any loop of
wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in
the loop constant.

Lenz's Law
In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced
field acts in the direction of the applied field
to try to keep it constant.

Lenz's Law
The induced current
produces magnetic fields which tend to oppose the
change in magnetic flux that induces such currents.
conducting loop placed in a magnetic field. We
follow the procedure below:
1. Define a positive direction for the area vector A.
2. Assuming that B is uniform, take the dot product of
B and A. This allows for the determination of the
sign of the magnetic flux B.
3. Obtain the rate of flux change d B/dt by
differentiation. There are three possibilities:
d

dt

induced emf

0
0

induced emf
induced emf

0
0

Lenz's Law

Lenz's Law

4. Determine the direction of the induced


current using the right-hand rule. With your
thumb pointing in the direction of A, curl the
fingers around the closed loop. The induced
current flows in the same direction as the way
your fingers curl if >0, and the opposite
direction if <0 , as shown in figure below.

Lenz's Law

determine the direction of the induced


current .

Lenz's Law

The situation can be summarized with the


following sign convention:
B

In the figure below we illustrate the four


possible scenarios of time-varying magnetic

B/dt

+
+
+
+
+
+
The positive and negative signs of I
correspond to a counterclockwise and
clockwise current, respectively.

Lenz's Law
With the magnetic field
pointing downward and the
area vector A pointing
upward, the magnetic flux is
negative, i.e. B = - B A < 0,
where A is the area of the
loop. As the magnet moves
closer to the loop, the
magnetic field at a point on
the loop increases
(dB/dt>0), producing more
flux through the plane of the
loop.

Lenz's Law
Alternatively, the direction of the induced
current can also be determined from the point
of view of magnetic force.
that the induced emf must be in the direction
that opposes the change. Therefore, as the bar
magnet approaches the loop, it experiences a
repulsive force due to the induced emf. Since
like poles repel, the loop must behave as if it
were a bar magnet with its north pole pointing
up. Using the right-hand rule, the direction of
the induced current is counterclockwise, as
view from above. Figure above illustrates how
this alternative approach is used.

may be applied, consider the situation where a


bar magnet is moving toward a conducting
loop with its north pole down, as shown in
figure below.

Lenz's Law
B/dt = - A (dB/dt) < 0, implying
a positive induced emf,
> 0, and the induced current flows in the
counterclockwise direction.
The current then sets up an induced magnetic
field and produces a positive flux to counteract
the change. The situation described here
corresponds to that illustrated in the slide
above position c.

Motional EMF
Consider a conducting bar of
length l moving through a
uniform magnetic field which
points into the page, as shown
in Figure below. Particles with
charge q>0 inside experience
a magnetic force FB = q v x B
which tends to push them
upward, leaving negative
charges on the lower end.

Motional EMF

Motional EMF

The separation of charge gives rise to an electric field


E inside the bar, which in turn produces a downward
electric force Fe = qE.
At equilibrium where the two forces cancel, we have
qvB = qE or E = v B.
Between the two ends of the conductor, there exists a
potencial difference given by:
Vab = Va Vb = = El = Blv
Since arises from the motion of the conductor, this
potential difference is called the motional emf. In
general, motional emf around a closed conducting
loop can be written as:
= (v B)ds where ds is a differential length
element.

Motional EMF

Now suppose the


conducting bar moves
through a region of
uniform magnetic field B
= - Bk (pointing into the
page) by sliding along
two frictionless
conducting rails that are
at a distance l apart and
connected together by a
resistor with resistance R,
as shown in Figure below.

Motional EMF

Let an external force Fext be


applied so that the conductor
moves to the right with a
constant velocity v = vi.
The magnetic flux through
the closed loop formed by
the bar and the rails is given
by
Thus
B = BA = Blx

The corresponding induced current is :


I = l l/R = Blv/R and its direction is
The equivalent circuit diagram is shown in
Figure below.

the induced emf is:


= - d /dt = - d/dt (Blx)
= - Bl dx/dt = - Blv
where dx/dt = v is simply the
speed of the bar.

Motional EMF

Motional EMF

The magnetic force experienced by the bar as it


moves to the right is:
2 2
FB

I (lj ) ( Bk )

IlBi

B l v
i
R

which is in opposite direction of v. For the bar to


move at a constant velocity, the net force acting on it
must be zero. That means that the external agent
must supply a force:
Fext = - FB = + ( B l v/R )i
The power delivered by Fext is equal to the power
dissipated in the resistor:
P = Fext v = Fext v = ( B l v / R) v = (Blv)/R = /R =
IR as required by energy conservation.

Consider a coil of radius 5 cm


with N = 250 turns.
A magnetic field B, passing
through it,
changes in time: B(t)= 0.6 t [T]
(t = time in seconds)
The total resistance of the coil is 8
W.
What is the induced current ?
current.

From the analysis above, in order for the bar to move at a


constant speed, an external agent must constantly supply a
force Fext.
What happens if at t=0 , the speed of the rod is vo, and the
external agent stops pushing? In this case, the bar will slow
down because of the magnetic force directed to the left. From
FB = - Blv / R = ma = m dv/dt or dv/dt = - Bl / mR dt = dt/
Where = mR / Bl. Upon integration, we obtain :
v (t) = vo exp. t /
Thus, we see that the speed decreases exponentially in the
absence of an external agent doing work. In principle, the bar
never stops moving. However, one may verify that the total
distance traveled is finite.

B
The change in B is increasing
the upward flux through the
coil.
I
So the induced current will
have a magnetic field whose
Induced B
flux (and therefore field) are
down.
Hence the induced current must be
clockwise when looked at from above.

induced emf and current.

The induced EMF is = - d B/dt


Here B = N(BA) = NB ( r2)
r2)

Therefore = - N (
dB/dt
Since B(t) = 0.6t, dB/dt = 0.6 T/s

I
Induced B

Magnetic Flux in a Nonuniform Field


A long, straight wire carries a current I. A
rectangular loop (w by l) lies at a distance a, as
shown in the figure.
What is the magnetic flux through the loop?

Thus

I a

I a

= - (250) ( 0.0052)(0.6T/s) = -1.18 V (1V=1Tm2 /s)


Current I =

/ R = (-1.18V) / (8

) = - 0.147 A

Induced emf Due to Changing


Current

Motional
EMFto Changing Current
Induced
emf Due

A long, straight wire carries a current I = I0 + t.


A rectangular loop (w by l) lies at a distance a, as
shown in the figure.
What is the induced emf in the loop?.
What is the direction of the induced current and
field?
I a

Up until now we have considered fixed loops.


The flux through them changed because the
magnetic field changed with time.
Now moving the loop in a uniform and
constant magnetic field. This changes the flux,
too.
x

Bx

Bx

B points
into
screen

x
x

R D

x
x

R D

Motional EMF x

Bx

x
x

R D

The flux is B = BA = BDx


This changes in time:
d B / dt = d(BDx)/dt = BDdx/dt = -BDv

B/dt

gives the EMF


= BDv
In a circuit with a resistor, this gives
= BDv = IR
I = BDv/R
Thus moving a circuit in a magnetic field produces an emf
exactly like a battery.
This is the principle of an electric generator.

Rotating Loop - The Electric Generator

The flux changes because angle


changes with time: = t.
Hence
d B/dt = d(B A)/dt
= d(BA cos )/dt
= BA d(cos( t))/dt
= - BA sin( t)

= -d

current. What is the direction of the current?


: there is less inward flux through the loop.
Hence the induced current gives inward flux.
So the induced current is clockwise.

Consider a loop of area A in a


uniform magnetic field B.
Rotate the loop with an angular
frequency .

Rotating Loop - The Electric Generator

B
B
A

=-d

B/dt

= - BA sin( t)

/dt = BA sin( t)

This is an AC (alternating current) generator.

Induced Electric Fields

A New Source of EMF

Consider a stationary wire


in a time-varying magnetic field.
A current starts to flow.

x dB/dt

If we have a conducting loop in a magnetic field, we


can create an EMF (like a battery) by changing the
value of B A.
This can be done by changing the area, by changing
the magnetic field, or the angle between them.

So the electrons must feel a force F.


It is not F = qvxB, because the charges started stationary.
Instead it must be the force F=qE due to an
induced electric field E.
That is:
A time-varying magnetic field B
causes an electric field E to appear!

We can use this source of EMF in electrical circuits


in the same way we used batteries.
Remember we have to do work to move the loop or
to change B, to generate the EMF (Nothing is for
free!)

Example: a 120 turn coil (r= 1.8 cm, R = 5.3 ) is placed


outside a solenoid (r=1.6cm, n=170/cm, i=1.5A). The current in
the solenoid is reduced to 0 in 0.16s. What current
appears in the coil ?

Example: a 120 turn coil (r= 1.8 cm, R = 5.3 ) is placed


outside a solenoid (r=1.6cm, n=170/cm, i=1.5A). The current in
the solenoid is reduced to 0 in 0.16s. What current
appears in the coil ?

Current induced in coil:

Current induced in coil:

ic EMF N d B
R
R dt
B

B A

ic EMF N d B
R
R dt

nis A s

Only field in coil is inside solenoid

B A

nis A s

N d( 0 nis As )
N
R
dt
R
di
1.5A
Use s
and As
dt
0.16s
ic

Induced Electric Fields

Only field in coil is inside solenoid

nAs

dis
dt

0.016cm

ic

4.72mA

Induced Electric Fields

Consider a stationary conductor


in a time-varying magnetic field.
A current starts to flow.

Edl = - d

B/dt

So the electrons must feel a force F.


It is not F = qvxB, because the charges started stationary.
Instead it must be the force F=qE due to an
induced electric field E.
That is:
A time-varying magnetic field B
causes an electric field E to appear!

Electrostatic Field
F=qE

A technical detail:
The electrostatic field E is conservative:
Consequently we can write E = - V.

o Edl = 0 and Ee = V
Conservative
Work or energy difference
does NOT depend on path
Caused by stationary
charges

The induced electric field E is NOT a conservative field.


We can NOT write E = - V for an induced field.

Induced Electric Field

Induced Electric Fields

F=qE
o

Vab = - Edl

Edl = 0.

E o dl = - d
o Edl

E dl = - d

B/dt

B/dt

Nonconservative
Work or energy difference
DOES depend on path
Caused by changing
magnetic fields

Now suppose there is no conductor:


Is there still an electric field?
YES! The field does not depend
on the presence of the conductor.
For a dB/dt with axial or cylindrical
symmetry, the field lines of E are circles.

dB/dt

Induced Electric Field

Induced Electric Field


We have seen that the electric potential difference
between two points A and B in an electric field E can
B
be written as
V = VB

VA = - E ds

Therefore, we conclude that there is a nonconservative electric field ENC associated


with an induced emf:

ENC ds

time, an induced current begins to flow. What causes the


charges to move? It is the induced emf which is the work
done per unit charge. However, since magnetic field can
do not work, the work done on the mobile charges must
be electric, and the electric field in this situation cannot
be conservative because the line integral of a conservative
field must vanish.

Induced Electric Field


The above expression
implies that a changing
magnetic flux will induce a
non-conservative electric
field which can vary with
time.

Induced electric field


due to changing
magnetic flux

Induced Electric Field

Suppose the magnitude of B increases with


time, i.e
electric field everywhere due to the changing
magnetic field.
Since the magnetic field is confined to a
circular region, from symmetry arguments we
choose the integration path to be a circle of
radius r. The magnitude of the induced field
Enc at all points on a circle is the same.

Induced Electric Field

Enc
must be such that it would drive the induced
current to produce a magnetic field opposing
the change in magnetic flux. With the area
vector A pointing out of the page, the
magnetic flux is negative or inward. With
dB/dt > 0 , the inward magnetic flux is
increasing.
Therefore, to counteract this change the
induced current must flow counterclockwise
to produce more outward flux. The direction
of Enc is shown in Figure above.

Induced Electric Field

nc.

the region r < R , the rate of changing of


magnetic flux is:

Using equation (1) we obtain:

which implies: Enc = r / 2 (dB / dt)

Numerical Problem

Similarly, for r > R, the induced electric field


may be obtained as:

Enc = R/2r dB/dt

d B
...(1)
dt

Induced Electric Field

field which points into the page and is confined to a


circular region with radius R, as shown in Figure
right.

Enc (2 r) = - d B/dt = dB/dt

Eds

R or

A. Induced current is

shown moving ccw. RH


rule indicates a
magnetic field out of
the page, opposing
external field.
Therefore, external
magnetic field must
have been increasing.
B. Rate of change is 2.34
T/s

In

Inductors
An inductor is a device that produces a
uniform magnetic field when a current passes
through it. A solenoid is an inductor.
The magnetic flux of an inductor is
proportional to the current.
For each coil (turn) of the solenoid:

17.3 Self-inductance L

per coil
sol

(Au0N2
sol
This is actually a self-inductance

Inductors

Potential difference across an inductor


For the ideal inductor, R
= 0, therefore potential
difference across the
inductor also equals
zero, as long as the
current is constant.
What happens if we
increase the current?

The proportionality constant is defined as L,


the inductance:
Lsol = sol /I = Au0N2
Note that the inductance, L depends only on
the geometry of the inductor, not on the
current.
The unit of inductance is the henry
1 H = 1 Wb/Ampere
The circuit symbol for an inductor:

Potential difference across an inductor


Increasing the current
increases the flux.
An induced magnetic field
will oppose the increase by
pointing to the right.
The induced current is
opposite the solenoid
current.
The induced current carries
positive charge to the left
and establishes a potential
difference across the
inductor.

The potential difference


across the inductor can be

N
Induced current

Induced
field

with an induced current.

dt

Induced current

Where m = per coil


sol = N per coil
We defined = LI
d sol/dt = L |dI/dt|

Potential difference

Potential difference across an inductor


If the inductor current is
decreased, the induced
magnetic field, the induced
current and the potential
difference all change
direction.
Note that whether you
increase or decrease the
current, the inductor

Potential difference across an inductor

Induced
field

Potential difference

The sign of potential difference across an


inductor
= -L dI/dt
L decreases in the
direction of current flow
if current is increasing.
L increases in the
direction of current flow
if current is decreasing.
L is measured in the
direction of current in
the circuit
L

The
potential
always
decreases

The potential
decreases if the
current is increasing
The potential
increases if the
current is
decreasing

Self Inductance

Self Inductance

Self Inductance:
When a current flows in a circuit, it creates a
magnetic flux which links its own circuit. This is
called selffor the flux linkage B).
The strength of B is everywhere proportional to the I
B = LI,
Where L = self-inductance of the circuit
L depends on shape and size of the circuit. It may
B

when I = 1 amp.
Wb
T m2
1
The unit of inductance is the henry 1 H 1
A

Self Inductance
L

N2A
0

2
0n A

Calculation of self inductance : A solenoid Accurate


calculations of L are generally difficult. Often the answer
depends even on the thickness of the wire, since B
becomes strong close to a wire.
In the important case of the
solenoid, the first approximation
result for L is quite easy to obtain:
earlier we had
N
Hence
NAB
B
I
B
0
Then, L

N2A

n2 A

N 2A
0

n : the number of turns


per unit length

So L is proportional to n2 and the volume of the solenoid

Self Inductance
n : the number of turns
per unit length

Example: the L of a solenoid of length 10 cm, area 5 cm2,


with a total of 100 turns is
L = 6.28 10 H
0.5 mm diameter wire would achieve 100 turns in a single
layer.
Going to 10 layers would increase L by a factor of 100.
Adding an iron or ferrite core would also increase L by
about a factor of 100.
The expression for L shows that
Tm/A obtained earlier

has units H/m, c.f,

Self Inductance

A changing current in a
coil can induce an emf
in itself

If the current is steady, the coil acts like an ordinary


piece of wire.
But if the current changes, B changes and so then
does
, and Faraday tells us there will be an
induced emf.
such a direction as to produce a current which
makes a magnetic field opposing the change.

Example: Finding Inductance

The self inductance of a circuit element (a coil,


wire, resistor or whatever) is L = B/I.
Then exactly as with mutual inductance = - L
dI/dt.
Since this emf opposes changes in the current (in
-

What is the (self) inductance of a solenoid with


area A, length d, and n turns per unit length?

In the solenoid B = 0nI, so the flux


through one turn is B = BA = 0nIA
The total flux in the solenoid is (nd) B
Therefore, B = 0n2IAd and so L = B/I
gives

inductance.
L=

0n

2Ad

(only geometry)

Inductance Affects Circuits and Stores


Energy
First an observation: Since cannot be infinite
neither can dI/dt. Therefore, current cannot
change instantaneously.
We will see that inductance in a circuit affects
current in somewhat the same way that
capacitance in a circuit affects voltage.
circuit is called an inductor.

17.4 Energy stored in an inductor

Think about I

Energy Stored in an Inductor


R

S
0

+
-

Recall the original circuit when current was changing


(building up). The loop method gave: e0 - IR + eL = 0

- I2R - d((1/2)LI2)/dt = 0

I 0 is the power (energy per unit time)


delivered by the battery.
I2R is the power dissipated in the resistor.
2]/dt as
the rate
at which energy is stored in the inductor.

In creating the magnetic field in the


inductor, we are storing energy

Multiply by I and use eL = - L dI/dt


Then:
Ie0 - I2R - ILdI/dt = 0
or:
Ie0 - I2R d[(1/2)LI2]/dt = 0
{d[(1/2)LI2]/dt=ILdI/dt}

The amount of energy in the magnetic field is:


UB = (1/2) LI2

Energy Density in a Magnetic Field

Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

LI 2
We have shown U B
2
Apply this to a solenoid:

UB

1
2

n A I

A
2 o

2
o

A
B2
2 o

2 2

n I

Dividing by the volume of the solenoid, the


stored energy density is: uB = B2/(2 0)
This turns out to be the

energy density in a magnetic field

The left side of Eq. represents the rate


at which the emf device delivers
energy to the rest of the circuit.
The rightmost term represents the
rate at which energy appears as
thermal energy in the resistor.
Energy that is delivered to the circuit
but does not appear as thermal energy
must, by the conservation-of-energy,
be stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor.

Energy Density of a Magnetic Field


Consider a length l near the middle of a long solenoid of
cross-sectional area A carrying current i; the volume
associated with this length is Al.
The energy stored per unit volume of the field is

17.5 Mutual induction


L

n2lA

17.5 Mutual Inductance

17.5 Mutual Inductance

Transformer and mutual


inductance
The classic examples of
mutual inductance are
transformers for power
conversion and for making
high voltages as in gasoline
engine ignition.

A current I1 is flowing in the


primary coil 1 of N1 turns
and this creates flux B
which then links coil 2 of
N2 turns.
The mutual inductance M2 1
is defined such that the
induction 2 is given by
2

L2 I 2 M 21I1

L1I1 M12I 2

Also

M2 1: Mutual Inductance of
the coils
Generally, M 1 2 = M 2 1

Typical Transformers

Step-up Transformer

Np < Ns
PRIMARY COIL

SECONDARY COIL

~
AC POWER
SUPPLY

Vs
Np

Ns

Vp
IRON CORE

VS
VP

Transformers usually heavy


due to iron core

Np > Ns

~
Ns

Np
IRON CORE

= N
N

AC POWER
SUPPLY

CORE
COIL

Vp

S
P

TRANSFORMER

Ns

Np

Vp

Vs

VS
VP

= N
N

AC POWER
SUPPLY
S
P

DC TRANSFORMER
CORE

VS
VP

12
= 120
=N
N
PRIMARY
COIL

SECONDARY
COIL

PRIMARY COIL

Vs

VS
VP

TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORM VOLTAGES

Step-down Transformer
SECONDARY COIL

= N
N

S
P

COIL

Mutual Inductance

Step-down transformer

Changing current and


induced emf
Consider two fixed coils
with a varying current I1 in
coil 1 producing magnetic
field B1. The induced emf
in coil 2 due to B1 is
proportional to the
magnetic flux through coil
2:
B1 dA2 N 2
2

Mutual Inductance
2

Changing current and


induced emf
f2 is the flux through a single
loop in coil 2 and N2 is the
number of loops in coil 2. But we
know that B1 is proportional to I1
which means that F2 is
proportional to I1. The mutual
inductance M is defined to be
the constant of proportionality
between F2 and I1 and depends
on the geometry of the situation.

B1 dA2

N2

Mutual Inductance
2

N1 /

N 2 B1 ( r12 )

N2 B1 A1
B2

M 21

I1

n n ( r12 )I1

n2 n1 ( r12 ) ; in general M 21

M 12

M.

dI1
;
dt

dI1
; M 21
dt

B2

n n ( r12 )

0 2 1

I1

3 10 4 A s -1

6,000 V

Spark jumps across gap in a spark plug and ignites a


gasoline-air mixture

Mutual Inductance

Bof 1 through 2

Bof 1 through 2

I
1

The mutual inductance M is the proportionality


constant between 2 and I1:
2 = M I1
so d 2 /dt = M dI1 /dt
2=

M 12

0 2 1

Two coils, 1 & 2, are arranged such that flux


from one passes through the other.
We already know that changing the current in
1 changes the flux (in the other) and so
induces an emf in 2.
This is known as mutual inductance.

Example of inductor: Car ignition coil


Two ignition coils, N1=16,000 turns, N2=400 turns
wound over each other.
l=10 cm, r=3 cm. A current through the primary coil
I1=3 A is broken in 10-4 sec. What is the induced emf ?

dI1
dt

Mutual Inductance

d 2 dI1
dI1 dt

d 2
dI1

The flux through the outer solenoid


due to this magnetic field is:
B2

d 2
dt

Mutual Inductance

Now consider a tightly wound concentric solenoids.


Assume that the inner solenoid carries current I1 and the
magnetic flux on the outer solenoid FB2 is created due
to this current. Now the flux produced by the inner
solenoid is:
n I where n1

N2 2
I1

I1

The induced emf is proportional to M and to


the rate of change of the current .

Example

0 1 1

Changing current and induced emf


M

Mutual Inductance

B1

-d

/dt = - M dI1 /dt

Hence M is also the proportionality constant


between 2 and dI1 /dt.

Mutual Inductance

M arises from the way flux from one coil


passes through the other: that is from the
geometry and arrangement of the coils.
Mutual means mutual. Note there is no
subscript on M: the effect of 2 on 1 is
identical to the effect of 1 on 2.
The unit of inductance is the Henry (H).

Summary

1 H = 1Weber/Amp = 1 V-s/A

Magnetic Flux Defined


Magnetic flux depends on field strength, area
and angle to the field.

BA cos

circuit is given by the rate of change of


magnetic flux.

N
n

Motional Emf
Lenz: the minus sign in

Conducting bar moves through a magnetic


field perpendicular to bar.
Emf depends on field, speed and bar length.
Application: voltages across aircraft wings.

the polarity of the


induced emf opposes
the applied change.
Application: circuit
breakers.

Blv

Self-inductance

Summing up

Inductors are devices where a changing


current induces an emf voltage.
Application: electronic circuits

I
t

The magnetic force on a moving charge helps


us define magnetic field strength.
The magnetic field strength can be readily
calculated for a current-carrying wire.
A changing magnetic field and flux can induce
voltages.

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