Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ii
Contents
Contents
Ramesh Chandra
B.Tech IIT Kanpur (Mechanical Engineering)
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iv
Contents
Notion Press
5 Muthu Kalathy Street, Triplicane,
Chennai - 600 005, India
First Published by Notion Press 2014
Copyright Ramesh Chandra 2014
All Rights Reserved.
ISBN: 978-93-84391-47-8
This book is sold subject to condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold or hired out, circulated
and no reproduction in any form, in whole or in part (except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews) may be
made without written permission of the publishers.
This book has been published in good faith that the work of the author is original. All efforts have been taken to make the
material error-free. However, the author and the publisher disclaim the responsibility for any inadvertent errors.
Contents
CONTENTS
Page No
1.
2
2
4
6
7
2.
Counting
(a) Addition principle
(b) Multiplication principle
(c) Palindromes
(d) Solved problems to explore counting
(e) Inclusion Exclusion Principle
(f) Exercise II (Subjective) + (Answer Key)
(g) Exercise - I (objective) + (Answer key)
11
11
12
14
15
25
27
29
3.
30
30
34
36
42
45
49
50
53
54
4.
Circular permutations
(a) Introduction
(b) Garlands
58
58
61
5.
Number Theory
(a) Exponent of prime numbers in n!
(b) Number of divisors of a given natural number (N)
(c) Sum of divisor of natural number N
(d) Derangements
64
64
66
68
69
6.
Grouping
(a) Division and distribution of objects
(b) Multinomial theorem
(c) Results of binomial theorem
(d) Mathematical modeling
72
72
78
79
80
7.
Functional mapping
96
vi
Contents
8.
102
102
102
102
103
104
104
105
105
9.
110
110
111
112
113
113
114
115
115
117
119
119
10.
138
138
146
146
148
151
151
151
151
152
11.
ARCHIVE
(a) Archive IIT-JEE Mains/AIEEE
(b) Archive IIT- JEE Advanced (Objective + Subjective)
(c) Archive - CAT Exam
ANSWER KEY
(a) Archive IIT- JEE Mains/AIEEE
(b) Archive IIT- JEE Advanced
(c) Archive - CAT Exam
SOLUTIONS
(a) Archive IIT JEE Advanced
(Objective Questions + Subjective Problems)
PUZZLE SECTION
153
153
156
161
164
164
164
165
165
165
172
Contents
12.
SAMPLE PAPERS
174
184
187
198
204
213
213
213
220
221
vii
viii
Contents
2
3
1. Is (2 3)! 2! 3!?
2. Is (5 3)! 5! 3!?
3. Is (5 3)! 5! 3!?
5 5!
4. Is ! ?
3 3!
Here answer to each question is False, Hence from here we get the following results.
Results:
Ex1.
Sol.
1) (m + n)! m! + n!;
3) (m n)! m! n!;
4)
m m!
.
!
n n!
1 2 3
3! 4! 5!
I.
10!
2!8!
I)
10! 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9
45.
2!8! 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2
II.
III.
5!
5!
5!
5!
5!
5!
II)
3
1 2
6 24 120
1 2 3
20 10 3
3! 4! 5!
120
III)
5!
5!
5!
5!
5!
5!
27
9
.
120 40
5! 5. 4! 5.4. 3! 5.4. 3! 5. 4!
5!
0! 5! 1! 4! 2! 3!
3! 2! 4!1! 5!0!
n 1! n
. Think! Why?
or recursively defined as n !
if n 0
( n 1)! n if n 0
k 1
is use for multiplication of all the entities. Let us solve some question to get the theory.
1 1 x
6! 7! 8!
Ex2:
Solve for x,
Sol:
8 x
1
1
x
x
1
1
x
8
So x = 64.
1
6!
7 8 7 6!
6! 7 6! 8 7 6!
1 8
7 8 7
Ex3:
Sol:
n!
n!
(3!) 2 1
( n 2)! ( n 1)!
n.(n 1) n 1 (3.2.1)2
n2 2n 1 (3.2.1) 2
n!
n!
(3!) 2 1 .
(n 2)! (n 1)!
1 (3!) 2
n 2!
n 1!
Sol:
SUMMATION
This is the topic, which most student hate at start, I am going to explain it in details so that your fear factor
becomes zero. Hence, first understands the meaning of it, only then we can play with the summation type problems.
Ex1:
in this case lower limit = 1 and upper limit = 5 and Variable function is Tr .
r 1
5
r 1
2(1 2 3 4 5) (1 1 1 1 1) . 2
1 2 3 4 ..... n
5 6
5 = 35. Here we are using the formula
2
n(n 1)
. Let us have another example.
2
10
Ex2:
22 32 42 .................. 102.
m 2
Observe the expression, variable m is starting from 2 and end at 10 and variable is increasing by 1 unit
each time.
10
m 1
2
22 32 ..... 102 12 =
m 2
10 11 21
1 385 1 384.
6
2
1)
r 1 2 3 ...... n
r 1
n(n 1)
.
2
n (n 1) (2n 1)
.
6
2)
3)
r 1
n (n 1) (2n 1)
.
6
12 22 32 ..... n 2
n(n 1)
r 3 13 23 33 ..... n 3
.
2
r 1
n
4)
Ex3:
2 2 2
.............. 2 2 n.
2 2
r 1
n times
5)
k1r k 2 k1 r k 2 or in general
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1
Ex4:
5r 2 5 1 2 5 2 2 5 3 2 5 4 2 ....... 5 n 2 .
r 1
2
2
........ 2.
= 5.1 5.2 5.3 ............5.n 2
ntimes
n
r 2.
2
2
.......... 2. = 5
= 5(1 2 3 ................ n) 2
r 1
ntimes
= 5
r 1
n(n 1)
2n
2
n
5r 2 = 5 r 2 .
r 1
r 1
r 1
Now answer the next question i.e. formula and remember the result.
n
r 1
r 1
Sol.
So
r(r 1) 1 2 2 3 3 4 20 &
r 1
r 1 2 3 6,
r 1
(r 1) 2 3 4 9 ,
r 1
r 1
100
Ex5:
r r! .
r 1
Sol.
100
100
100
100
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1
r r ! (r 1 1) r ! r 1 r ! r ! (r 1)! r !
r 1
r 1
2!
3!
4!
1!
2!
3!
5!
4!
...
... = 101! 1.
= ...
.... ..... ...
.... ...
...
100! 99!
101! 100!
101!1!
Ex6:
(A) (10!)2.
Sol.
10!
(B) (2!)10.
(C) (5!)4.
(D) (4!)5.
EXERCISE 1
Q1. Find the value of following
a) (6 2)!
b) 6! 2!
6
2
6!
? What do you learn from this question?
2!
a) 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10
Q3. Evaluate:
b) 3 x 5 x 7 x 12 x 32
n!
for the following
r !( n r )!
a) n = 10, r = 2.
Q4. Prove that
b)
n = 5, r= 3.
(2n)! n
2 (2n 1) (2n 3) (2n 5) ...... 5 31. Hence deduce that
n!
30! 15
2 29 27 25 ...... 5 3 1.
15!
ANSWER KEY
1.(a) 24 (b) 718
2. (a)
10!
(b) 8!
5!
3. (a) 45 (b) 10
n!
, where n and r Whole numbers such that 0 r n .
r!(n r)!
10
2)
C2
C3
3)
C5
4)
C1
5)
6)
Prove that C5
14
Sol.
Cr
1)
10
14 13
14 13
14 13 12 11 10
C4 12C3
and hence deduce that
5
5 4
5 4 3 2 1
n n 1
Cr 1
r
C2
10!
10! 10 9 8!
45.
2!(10 2)! 2! 8!
2! 8!
5!
5!
5 4 3!
10.
3!(5 3)! 3! 2! 2! 3!
7!
7!
7 6 5!
7
3. C5
21.
5!(7 5)! 5! 2!
5! 2!
2.
C3
4.
C1
5.
13
n n 1 !
n!
n.
1!(n 1)!
n 1!
r!(n r 1)! n r r 1
n!(n 1)
(n 1)!
=
=
= n 1 C r 1 .
r!(n r 1)!(n r)(r 1) (r 1)!(n r)!
C4
5!9! 5 4! 9! 5 4! 9! 5
13 12
14 13 12
14 13 12 11 10
13
14
Similarly C 4 C3 so C5
C3 = 9C0 . Here 9 C 0 1
4
5 4
5 4 3 2 1
n n 1
n!
n (n 1)!
n
(n 1)!
Now n C r
= C r 1 .
r!(n r)! r (r 1)!(n r)! r (r 1)!(n r)! r
n n 1 n 2 n 3
n
Note: This property can be extended more as Cr
Cr 3 , provided n 3, r 3.
r r 1 r 2
6.
14
C5
7! 7
C2
2!5!
(ii)
7! 7
C5
2!5!
(iii)
7! 7
C2 Then which one is correct?
2!6!
(x y)! (x y)
Cx (x y) C y
x!y!
OTHER FORMULAES
n
If
C r n C n r . {since x = r, y = n r, x + y = n}
C0 1,n C n 1
C0 n C1 n C2 n C3 .......... n C n 2 n .
(1 x) n
n r 1
Cr x r so coefficient of xr in 1 x
is n r 1 Cr .
r 0
Observe that all the power of x {0, 1, 2, 3,..,} i.e. whole numbers.
m n l
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . + n)2
2
Cm
2
n l
Cn lCl
(m n l)!
.
m!n!l!
A geometric progression a, ar, ar2, ar3 ar(n-1) . Sum of its first n terms
i.e. Sn = a + ar +
ar2
ar3 ++ar(n-1)
1 rn
= a
.
1 r
a
.
1 r
Have you memories the above formulas? Let us have a mind refreshing IQ problem.
IQ 1:
Sol.
Ex 2:
If C9
Sol.
by property Cr
12 1110 9
C6 then find the value of n.
98 7
n
n n 1 n 2 n 3
Cr 3
r r 1 r 2
10 9
11
12
C6 10C7 , 10C7 11C8 , 11C8 12C9
7
8
9
Ex 3:
Sol.
Apply n Cr n Cr 1 n 1C r 1
We can write n C0 n 1C0 n 1C0 n 1C1 n 2C1 and
At the end we will get
2n
n2
Cn 1 2 n C n 2 n 1C n .
So n C0 n 1 C1 n 2 C 2 n 3 C3 n 4 C4 n 5 C5 .........2 n C n 2 n 1C n
Ex 4:
Proof:
Ci i C j
n- j
C i- j for integers 0 j i n .
n !i !
n!
( n j )!
n!
( n j )!
n- j
= n C j C i- j .
j !( n j )! (i j )!( n i )!
NOTES MAKING
HOW TO MAKE NOTES?
When you read the book, you will have some thinking and questions in your mind. There might be
situation that you want to discuss to your teachers. Even you can have a better solution to particular
question, and then write it for your future. You can discuss your thinking at pncbyrc@gmail.com
Que No./
Page No.
NOTES
10
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
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