CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (1)

Conventional Question Practice Programe

Date: 16th April, 2016

(b)

21.

(a)

41.

(d)

61.

(b)

81.

(a)

101.

(a)

2.

(b)

22.

(c)

42.

(b)

62.

(d)

82.

(d)

102.

(a)

3.

(d)

23.

(b)

43.

(d)

63.

(b)

83.

(a)

103.

(a)

4.

(c)

24.

(d)

44.

(b)

64.

(b)

84.

104.

(c)

5.

(a)

25.

(a)

45.

(a)

65.

(d)

6.

(c)

26.

(b)

46.

(a)

66.

(c)

7.

(d)

27.

(d)

47.

(b)

67.

8.

(a)

28.

(c)

48.

(c)

68.

9.

(d)

29.

(c)

49.

10.

(c)

30.

(a)

11.

(d)

31.

(a)

12.

(b)

13.

(b)

(d)
(b)

105.

(a)

86.

(c)

106.

(b)

(b)

87.

(d)

107.

(a)

(d)

88.

(d)

108.

(b)

69.

(a)

89.

(a)

109.

(b)

85.

(c)

1.

ANSWERS

50.

(b)

70.

(a)

90.

(b)

110.

(c)

51.

(d)

71.

(b)

91.

(b)

111.

(a)

(d)

52.

(d)

72.

(a)

92.

(a)

112.

(a)

33.

(b)

53.

(c)

73.

(a)

93.

(d)

113.

(b)

(b)

34.

(b)

54.

(a)

74.

(d)

94.

(c)

114.

(a)

15.

(b)

35.

(c)

55.

(b)

75.

(b)

95.

(d)

115.

(a)

16.

(b)

36.

(c)

56.

(b)

76.

(c)

96.

(c)

116.

(d)

17.

(b)

37.

(c)

57.

(d)

77.

(d)

97.

(c)

117.

(a)

18.

(b)

38.

(a)

58.

(a)

78.

(b)

98.

(d)

118.

(a)

19.

(c)

39.

(b)

59.

(b)

79.

(b)

99.

(b)

119.

(d)

20.

(a)

40.

(d)

60.

(a)

80.

(b)

100. (b)

120.

(d)

14.

IE

32.

(2)
1.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

(b)
6.
(c)
Shrunk length Shrunk scale
S.F. = Original length Original scale

f = 20 cm;

d = 10 cm

i = 4 mm;

s = 2.500 m.

C = f + d = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3

24 Shrunk scale

25
1 / 2400

Shrunk scale =

f 20

= 50
i 0.4

Staff interept,

1
2500

S = 2 (2.5 1) = 3.0 m

(b)

Horizontal distance between the staff station

and instrument station,
D = Ks + C

sin

2.

K =

= 50 3 + 0.3

7.

Cg = 2 sin2 / 2
4.

(c)

(d)

% of error between 3 under gussian law

of distribution = 99.7%

CP =

(P P0 ) L
AE

where

P = Pull applied during measurement (N)

P0 = Standard pull (N)

L = Measured length (m)

A = Cross-sectional area of the tape (cm2)

E = Youngs modulus of elasticity

(N/cm2)

IE

Here L = 1500 m, P0 = 100 N, P = 150 N

(150 100) 1500 50 1500

CP =
AE
AE

5.

8.

(a)

9.

(d)

If CP is the correction for pull, we have

No. of errors that are expected to exceed

the limit of 3 = (1 0.997) 1000
= 3 103 1000 = 3

3.

(d)

= 150.3 m

Cg = L(1 cos )

If a computed quantity is a function of two or

more observed quantities, its probable error
is equal to the square root of summation of
the squares of the probable errors. of the
observ ed quantity multiplied by its
differentiation with respect to that quantity.
Let y = computed quantity
x1, x2, x3 etc. = observed quantities
Such that y = f(x 1, x2, x3 etc.)
Then

(a)

The additive constant, c = f + d

Multiplying constant, K =

f
i

where,
f = focal length of objective
d = horizontal distance between optical
centre and v ertical axis of
tacheometer

ey =

eA =

ea b2 eb a 2
(0.05 180)2 (0.06 120)2

c = 0.25 + 0.15 = 0.4 m

= 11.53 sqm.

f 25

= 50
i 0.5

where ey = Probable error of the computed

quantity e x1 , e x2 , e x3 = Probable errors of
observed quantities. Let area A = a b

Here, i = 5 mm, f = 25 cm, d = 15 cm

K =

dy
dy
dy

ex1 dx e x2 dx e x3 dx

2
3

where eA = Probable error in the area.

(c)

The local attraction at any station is

detected by observing the fore and back
bearings of the line.

If local difference between them is 180,

both the end stations are considered to
be free from local attraction, provided the
compass is not having any instrumental
errors.

11.

17.

(c)

18.

(b)
Ist sub chord = 2220 2002.48 = 17.52 m

19.

Radius of curvature of the bubble tube

ndL
s
5 2 103 100
20m
=
0.05

= R=

If the diff erence is not 180, the

discrepancy introduced may be because
of presence of local attraction at either or
both of the station.

where
n = 5
d = 2 mm

200 15 17 45 180

L = 100 m

246 0 65 15 180

s = 0.05 m

310 30 135 15 180

20.

(d)

(b)
If the magnetic declination at a place at the
time of observation is known the true bearing
of a line can be determined from its magnetic
bearing and vice-versa. If declination is west,

21.

True bearing = Magnetic bearing declination

89 = magnetic bearing 1
Magnetic bearing = 90

Magnetic bearing of BA = 180 90 = 90

(b)
(b)
Q

23.

(b)
Contour lines are imaginary lines passing
through points of equal elevations.

IE

(d)
Contour lines close together indicate a steep
slope.

59

25.
R

(a)
Width of ground to be covered

Line

FB

BB

PQ

590

2390

QR

12930

30930

PQR = FB of line QR + BB of PQ
= 12930 + 2390 = + 10930
(interior included angle)
15.

Last sub chord = 2303.39 2300 = 3.39 m

(c)

12930

(a)

22.

24.

13.
14.

(a)

The importance of the two peg test result is

that even when the levelling instrument is not
in correct adjustment, the difference in height
measured between two points by a level
equidistant from each gives the true difference
in height.

180 1947 13 160 1247

12.

(c)

10.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (3)

16. (b)

= (1 0.6) 0.23 20,000 = 1840 m.

26.

(b)
Relief displacement of a point,

r.h
H
where h = height of the object above datum,
d =

(b)

H = flying height above the datum,

The line of collimation should be parallel to

the axis of the tube when the vertical circle
reading is zero.
The axis of the altitude level tube is truly
horizontal when the bubble is in the centre.

r = radial distance of the image of the

top of the object from principal
point.
d =

90 500
9mm
5000

29.

Nd
6
= 0.0576 6
18
3
= 0.1152 m /d per m length

28.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

(d)
When two different soils are used in a soil
mass, thus making it non-homogeneous. The
(c)
flow lines and equipotential lines get deflected
(c)
at the interface. The flow net thus get modified.
Principal Point : It is a point where a
K1 and K2 are related as
perpendicular dropped from the front nodal
K1
tan 1
point strikes the photograph.
=
K2
tan 2
Isocentre : It is the point in which the
34. (b)
bisector of the angle of tilt meets the
photographs.
h = 6 m, Nf = 6; Nd = 18
Crab : It is the term used to designate the
K = 4 105 m/min = 4 105 60 24
angle formed between the flight line and
= 0.0576 m/day
the edges of the photograph in the direction
Nf
of flight.
Seepage discharge = Kh
Drift : It is caused by the failure of the
aeroplane to stay on the predetermined
flight line.

30.

(a)

35.

e = 0.60

For quick sand condition,

(a)

ic =

Lehmanns method or Trial and error method

in the field is used to find out the position
of the station of a plane table.
32.

G 1
1 e
G 1
1.6 ic G 1
ic =
1 0.6

31.

(c)

The Right Ascension (RA) of a celestial body

is the angular distance measured along the
celestial equator between the first point of Aries
and declination circle of the body.

(d)
V

36.

T1

G = 1.6 ic + 1
(c)
G = 2.60, n = 0.33

ic = (G 1) (1 n)

= ( 2.60 1) (1 0.33) = 1.072

T2

37.

(c)

Fs =

IE

Apex distance, VC = R (sec /21)

tan '
tan ' tan30
tan i

tan i
Fs
1.732

= 0.333

Length of long chord = T1 DT2 = 2R sin/2

i = tan1(0.333)

Mid ordinate (M) = Length CD

38.

= R (1cos/2)

(a)
B = 2 m, Df = 2m

= R versin /2
33.

(4)
27.

C = 30 kN/m2 ; sat = 20 kN/m3

(b)
N or

Soil-1 (K1)

As per skempton's theory,

m al

Soil-2 (K2)

1
Flowlines

Df
2
1
=
B
2

Flow lines
Normal

Df
B

1 0.2
NC = 5 1 0.2

B
L

= 5(1 + 0.2 1) ( 1 + 0) = 6.0

qnu = CuNc = 30 6 = 180 kN/m2

39.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (5)

42. (b)

(b)
= 0.70

= sub h (Assuming sub = 10kN/m )

Cu = 40 kN/m2
F.S. = 2.50
B = 0.3 m
43.

D = 10 m

50 = 10.h

h = 5m

(d)
Q = KAi

Qu = qbAb + .c. (p D)

2 h
QA = K D
4
2L

= (9 40) 0.32
4
+ 0.7 40 ( 0.3 10)

QB = K

= 289.194 kN

(d)
44.

Total stress in multi-layered soil :

h = 1m
L = 2m

Vertical total stress at depth z,

v = 1d1 2 d2 3 (z d1 d2 )

where,

respectively
d1

of soil layers 1, 2, 3, etc.

d2

IE

1m

60 sec = 3ml
2m

h
Q
L

h
L

(For constant head

permeameter)

1
4h L
Q
2h

=
L / 2 (H / L) L h
Q

Q = 4Q
46.

(a)
As per Allen Hazens formula

e3 2
1 e D

where C = a constant depending upon shape

of c/s of flow.
= dynamic viscosity of fluid
D = grain size

(a)

The permeability

e = void ratio

h
L

dV
h
= K A.
dt
L
-3
V = (10 cm/s) (100cm2)

Q = K . A.

(d)

w
K = C

Q = KA i = K A

The increase in vertical stress at a depth

of 1 m is 36 kN/m 2, this will be the increase
in vertical stress every where below the surface
level.

41.

A = 100cm2

45.
2

(b)

K = 10-3 cm/s

The total stress at depth z is the sum of the

weights of soil in each layer thickness above.

1, 2 , 3 = unit weights

40.

2 h
K D
4
2L = 1 = 0.125

2 h
8
K 4D
4
L

QA
=
QB

Q4
289.194

115.68 kN
Qa =
F.S.
2.5

2 h
4D
4
L

2
K = C.D10

Where K = Coeff. of s permeability (cm/sec)

D10 = effective size (cm)
C = Constant, with a value between
100 and 150.
2

.6
Ratio of permeability =
4
0.3

(6)
47.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

(b)
51. (d)
The steady seepage condition is critical
for the d/s slope of an earth dam.

Kh = 3m/day
KV =

48.

K =

1
m/day
3
K h .K V 3

1
1m/day
3

52.

The critical condition for the stability of the

u/s slope of an earth dam is when there is
a sudden drawndown in the reservior u/s.
(d)

(c)

C
15

10
1.5 1.5
10
Sn = 0.046 =
H

Cm =

Failure by piping or undermining

(c)

49.

In case of a falling head permeameter,

K =

L = 10 cm

where

h
2.303La
log10 1
A t 2 t1
h2

a = 1 cm2

A = 50 cm2

IE

(t2 t1) = 1 hour = 3600 sec.

h1
80
2
h2 = 40

Hence

50.

2.303 10 1
0.3
50 3600
= 3.84105 cm/sec.

K =

(b)
H = 10 m
Df H = 15 m

Df =

15
1.50
10

Sn =

C
Fc H

0.164 =

35
Fc 1.15
Fc 18.5 10

10
11.5 m
19 0.046

(c)
Swedish circle method: The actual shape
of a slipsurface in the case of finite slopes is
curvilinear. For convenience,it is approximated
as circular. The assumption of a circular slip
surface and its application for stability analysis
of slopes was developed in sweden. The
method is known as the swedish circle method
or the method of slices.
Stability member (Sn): It is defined as

53.

The exist gradient is said to be critical when

the upward distributing force on the grain is
just equal to the submerged weight of the
grain at the exit. When a factor of safety equal
to 4 or 5 is used, the exit gradient. Can then
be taken as safe In other words, an exit
1
1
gradient equal to
to
of the critical exit
4
5
gardient is ensured, so as to keep the structure
safe against piping.

H =

When the seepage water retains sufficient

residual force at the emerging downstream end
of the work, it may lift up the soil particles.
This leads to increaed porosity of the soil by
progressive removal of soil from beneath the
foundation. The structure may ultimately
subside into the hollow so formed, resulting in
the failure of the structure.

Sn =

Cm
C

H Fc H

The reciprocal of the stability number is known

as stability factor. The stability number is a
dimensionless quantity. The stability number
can be used to determine the factor of safety
of a given slope.
Sudden drawdown conditions: When the
water standing on the slope is suddenly and
quickly removed, the water pressure (U)
disappears. However, if there is no time for
drainage to occur from the soil in the slope,
the soil remains submerged as before and the
natural part of the weight is still acting. Thus,
the equilibrium of the neutral force is distrubed,
although the equilibrium of the inter granular
forces remains unaffected.
Critical void ratio: It may be observed that
the void ratio of an initial loose sand decreases
with as increase in shear strain whereas that
for the initially dense sand increases with an
increase in strain. The void ratio at which there
is no change in it with an increase in strain is
known as the critical void ratio. If the sand
initially is at critical void ratio, there would be
practically no change in volume with an
increase in shear strain.
Where there is soft clay there is a chance of
base failure

54.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (7)

(a)
The horizontal strain required to reach the active
state of plastic equilibrium is very small. It
The following are the important points of
has been shown that in dense sand, the
comparison of coulombs theory with Rankines
horizontal strain required is about 0.5%
theory:
Coulomb considers a retaining wall and
the backfill as a system; he takes into
account the friction between the wall and
the backfill, while Rankine does not.
The backfill surface may be plane or curved
in coulombs theory, but Rankines allows
only for a plane surface.

56.

It may be summarised that the state of

shear failure corresponding to the minimum
earth pressure is the active state and that
corresponding to the maximum earth pressure
is the passive state.
(b)

In coulombs theory, the total earth thrust

is first obtained and its position and
direction of the earth pressure are assumed
to be known; linear variation of pressure
with depth is tacitly assumed and the
direction is automatically obtained from the
concept of wall friction. In Rankines theory,
plastic equilibrium inside a semi-infinite soil
mass is considered, pressure evaluated, a
retaining wall is imagined to be interposed
later, and the location and magnitude of
the total earth thrust are established
mathematically.

It is thus found that very little horizontal strain

(about 0.50%) is required to reach one half
the maximum passive pressure in dense sand
but much more horizontal strain (about 5% in
dense and and 15% in loose sand) is required
to reach the full passive pressure.

Unsupported height =

Coulombs theory is more versatile than

Rankines in that it can take into account
any shape of the backfill surface, break in
the wall face or in the surface of the fill,
effect of stratification of the backfill, effect
of various kinds of surcharge on earth
pressure and the effects of cohesion,
adhesion and wall friction. It lends itself to
elegant graphical solution and gives more
reliable results, especially in the
determination of the passive earth
resistance; this is in spite of the fact that
static equilibrium condition does not appear
to be satisfied in the analysis.

(d)

57.

55.

(b)
When a wall moves away from the backfill,
some portion of the backfill located immediately
behind the wall tries to break away from the
rest of the soil mass. This wedgeshaped
portion, known as the failure wedge or the
sliding wedge moves downward and outwards.
The lateral earth pressure exerted on the wall
is a minimum in this case. The soil is at the
verge of failure due to a decrease in the lateral
stress.

Ka =

1 sin

2
= tan /2
1 sin
4

Kp =

1 sin
2
= tan 45 /2
1 sin

Kp
Ka

Ka =

IE

Rankines theory is relatively simple and

hence is more commonly used, while
coulombs theory is more rational and
versatile although cumbersome at times,
therefore, the use of the later is called for
in important situation or problems.

Kp
Ka

58.

4C 4 5

1m

20

tan 45 /2
2

tan 45 /2

1
Kp
2

tan 45 /2
4
= tan 45 /2
1

2
tan 45

(a)
1

Given that, KA = tan2 45 1 =

4
2

tan 45 1 =
2
2

tan 45 1 = 2
2

C1 = 20 kN/m2

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

H1 =

foundation is required to reduce differential

settlement.

4C1

tan 45 1
1
2

Pile foundation are required for the

transmission of structural loads through
deep water to a firm stratum.

4 20
2 8m
H1 =
20

H2 =

4C2 4 40

8m
2
20

H2/H1 =
59.

Pile forces are used to resist horizontal

forces in addition to support the vertical
loads in earth-retaining structures and tall
structures that are subjected to horizontal
forces due to wind and earthquake.

8
1
8

(b)

Piles are required when the soil condition

are such that a washout, erosion or scour
of soil may occur from underneath a
shallow foundation.

For square footing,

Net ultimate bearing capacity,

qnu = (5.7 c) 1.3

In case of expansive soils, such as black

cotton soil, which swell or shrink as the
water content changes, piles are used to
transfer the load below active zone.

= 5.7 1.3 1 kg/cm2

= 7.41 kg/cm2
= 74.1 t/m2
63.

(a)
The allowable bearing capacity,

S1 = 25 mmm

The allowable bearing capacity, Q2 for allowable

settlement, S2 = 40 mm

40
S
2
Q2 = 2 Q1 =
15 24 t/m

25

S
1
(b)

61.

But Housels method,

Q1
Q2
=
S1
S2

The ultimate bearing capacity of purely

cohesive soil is given by qu = CNC+ q

IE

Where q = surcharge due to increase in depth

of foundation.

62.

Raft foundations on sands are quite useful.

Their bearing capacity failure is generally out
of question, because the bearing capacity in
sands increases with the width of the footing
and this width in rafts is quite large. The
differential settlements in rafts are also
generally smaller as compared to isolated
footings even for the same load intensity
because a raft eliminates the influence of local
loose soils.

Q1 = 15 t/m2 for allowable settlement,

(b)

60.

(8)

Permissible total
settlement

Permissible
differential
Soil
settlement
For
Type
For raft
For
For raft
isolated foundation isolated foundation
footings
footing
Sandy
4 cm
4 to
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
6.5 cm
Clayey 6.5 cm
6.5 to
4 cm
4 cm
10 cm

As we can observe from the above equation

that bearing capacity of footing on purely
cohesive soil is independent of size of footing.

64.

(b)

65.

(d)

(d)

66.

(c)

Pile foundations are used in the following

condition:

When the strata at or just below the ground

surface in highly compressible and very
weak to support the load transmitted by
the structure.
When the plans of the structure is irregular
relative to its outline and load distribution.
It would cause non-uniform settlement if a
shallow foundation is constructed. A pile

General shear failure

General shear failure is seen in dense and
stiff soil. The following are characteristics of
general shear failure :

Continuous well defined and distinct failure

surface develops between the edge of
footing and ground surface.
Dense or stiff soil that undergoes low
compressibility experiences this failure.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (9)

67. (b)
Continuous bulging of shear mass adjacent
to footing is visible.
Observed reading of SPT No. = No
Failure is accompanied by tilting of footing.
= 6 + 9 = 15
Failure is sudden and catastrophic with
pronounced P- curve.

Overburden pressure = = 183

The length of disturbance beyond the edge

of footing is large.

Hence we apply overburden correction.

= 54 kN/m2 < 280 kN/m2

350
N1 = N0

70

State of plastic equilibrium is reached

initially at the footing edge and spreads
gradually downwards and outwards.

350
= 15
42.3
54 70
Water table lies at the same depth. Hence
water table correction is also applied.

General shear failure is accompanied by

low strain (<5%) in a soil with considerable

( > 36) and large N (N > 30) having

1
42.3 15
2
= 28.67 29

relative density (ID > 70%)

N2 = 15

68.

(d)

Qu = (Cu

This type of failure is seen in relatively loose

and soft soil. The following are some
characteristics of general shear failure.

Local shear failure

A significant compression of soil below the

footing and partial development of plastic
equilibrium is observed.

where

Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting

of footing

Cu

Failure surface does not reach the ground

surface and slight bulging of soil around
the footing is observed.

Failure is characterised by considerable

settlement.

69.

IE

having low relative density (ID>20%).

Punching shear failure of foundation soils

This type of failure occurs in a soil of very

high compressibility.
Failure pattern is not observed

Building of soil around the footing is absent.

Failure is characterised by very large
settlement.
Continuous settlement with no increase in
p is observed in p- curve.

Cu = undrained
cohesion
embedded length of pile.

base

in

= undrained cohesion at the base

of the pile

0.52 2 0.5 10
4
= 2.25 10 12.25

Qu = (4 9)

49
tonnes.
4

(a)
It has been observed that group efficiency of
driven piles in loose or medium dense sand is
> 1. This is because soil arround and
between the piles get compacted due to the
vibration caused during the driving operations.

considerably low ( <28) and low N (N<5)

This type of failure is seen in loose and soft

soil and at deeper excavations. The following
are some characteristics of general shear
failure :

= adhesion factor

Local shear failure is accompanied by large

strain (> 10 to 20%) in a soil with

Nc ) Ab (. Cu ) A s

NC = 9

Failure surface is not well defined.

Well defined peak is absent in p curve.

base

Whereas in dense sand above phenomenon

is not true.
70.

(a)
The load carrying capacity of a driven pile can
be estimated from the resistance against
penetration developed during driving operation.
The methods give fairly good results only in
the case of free-draining sands and hard clays
in which high pore water pressures do not
develop during the driving of piles. In saturated
fine grained soils, high pore water pressure
develops during the driving operation and the
strength of the soil is considerably changed
and the methods do not give reliable results.

(10) CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

71. (b)
Can be used where soil requires such a
large bearing area and the footing might be
Types of Foundation
spread to the extant that it becomes more
Spread Footings
economical to pour one large slab more
Used for most buildings where the loads
economical-less form-work.
are light and or there are strong shallow
It is used in lieu of driving piles because it
soils.
can be less expensive and less obstrusive.
Generally suitable for low rise buildings (1
Usually used over expansive clays, silts to
4 stories).
let f oundation settle without great
Requires firm soil condition that are capable
differences.
of supporting the building on the area of
72. (a)
the spread footings.
73. (a)
These are most widely used because they
74. (d)
are most economical.
75. (b)
Spread footings should be above the water
table.
8 24
c
20 = 640 mg/l
XNB
fss =
Drilled piers or Caissons
6

(c)

77.
78.

Bacteria produces highest biomass among

other micorbs.
(d)
(b)

The caissons might be straight or belled

out at bottom to spread the load.

76.

HRT

For expansive soils with low to medium

loads or high loads with rock not too far
down, drilled caissons (piers) and grade
beams can be used.

79.

Piles

For expansive soils or soils that are

compressive with heavy loads where deep
soils can not take building load and where
soil of better capacity is found deep below.
There are two types of piles

(b)

h = Sy + Sr

Caissous deliver the load to soil of stronger

capacity which is located not too far down.

0.40 = Sy + 0.15 Sy = 0.25

where Sy = Specific yield
Change in groundwater storage of the
aquifer
= 0.25(23 20) 150 = 112.5 ha.m

80.

(b)

1. Friction pilesused where there is no

reasonable bearing stratum and they rely
on resistance from skin of pile against
the soil.

Q = 2700 lit/min = 0.04533 m 3/s

2. End bearing which transfers directly to

soil of good bearing capacity.

Q =

IE

For confined aquifer,

Cast in situ piles are composed of hole

drilled in earth and then filled with concrete,
it is used for light loads on soft ground
where drilling will not cause collapse.

here r1 = 10 m; S1 = 3m
r2 = 100 m; S2 = 0.5 m
0.04533 =

Mat Foundations
Reinforced concrete raft or mats can be
used for small light load buildings on very
weak or expansive soils such as clays.
They are often post tensioned concrete.

They allow the building to float on or in the

soil like a raft.
Can be used for buildings that are 1020
stories tall where it provides resistance
against overturning.

2T S1 S2
r
ln 2
r1

2T 3 0.5
100
ln

10

T = 6.6487 103 m2/s = 574.44 m2/day

81.

(a)
When the flow in normal to the stratification,
the equivalent permeability Ke of the aquifer
n

Li
Ke =

1
n

L
Kii
1

243
9

12.7 m
2 4
3
1 1 1

6 16 24 3 4 8

82.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (11)

88. (d)

(d)

When the flow is parallel to the stratification,

the equivalent permeability Ke

Total rainfall of 4h storm = 7 cm

Loss @ 0.25 cm/h for 4h = 1 cm

Effective rainfall of the storm = 7 1 = 6 cm

K iBi
Ke =

3 30 2 10 5 20

21m/day
325

1
n

Bi

Peak ordinate of 4h UH = 80 m 3/s

Peak ordinate of 4h DRH = 80 6

= 480 m3/s

Transmissibility, T = KB = 21 10
= 210 m2/day
(a)

84.

(d)

85.

(b)

Peak of the flood discharge due to the

storm = 480 + 20 = 500 m3/s
89.

(a)

Rainfall = 2.7 cm

Area of catchment A = 360 km 2

Loss @ 0.3 cm/h for 3 h = 0.9 cm

Duration of unit hydrograph = 4h

83.

Base flow = 20 m3/s

Equilibrium discharge of S-curve

Effective rainfall, ER = 2.7 0.9 = 1.8 cm

QS = 2.778 A/D m3/s

DRH of the storm has peak = 200 20

= 180 m 3/s

(c)

1
60 3600 36
2

Volume of surface runoff

ER
= 300 106
100
ER = 1.08 cm = 10.8 mm

V2
The efficiency will be maximum for a given
value of V when
d
h = 0
du

or

(d)
or

ER of 1h UH = 1 cm

or

1
1
1
1
1
1
1 3600 3 3 5 5 4 4 2 2 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2

= 54,000 m3

91.

54,000 100
1
= 5.4 106 m2

= 5.4 km2
Time (h)
(1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Ordinate
of 1h UH
3
(m /s)
(2)
0
3
5
4
2
1
0

Ordinate of
1h UH lagged
by 1 h
(3)

0
3
5
4
2
1
0

Ordinate of
1h UH lagged
by 2 h
(4)

0
3
5
4
2
1
0

col. 2 +
col. 3
+ col. 4
(5)
0
3
8
12
11
7
3
1
0

Ordinate of
3h UH =
(col. 5)/3
(6)
0
1
2.67
4
3.67
2.33
1
0.33
0

1 cos
2

d
2uV 2u2 = 0
du

1 cos

d
0
2uV 2u2 = 0
2
du

or 2V 4u = 0

Catchment area represented by this UH

=

d 2u V u 1 cos

= 0
du
V2

Volume of runoff = Area under 1h UH

IE

87.

2 V u 1 cos u

h =

Let rainfall excess be ER (in cm)

360
= 250.02 m3/s
4

(b)

86.

90.

180
= 100 m3/s
1.8

3h UH has peak =

= 2.778

or u =

V
2

(b)
In centrifugal pumps, the cavitation may occur
at the inlet of the impeller of pump. If the
pressure at the suction side of the pump drops
below vapour pressure of liquid, then cavitation
may occur.
Cavitation is the localised formation and
subsequent collapse of cavities, or bubbles in
a liquid. Cavitation is usually caused by
insufficient NPSHA.
In a pump, cavitation will first occur at the
inlet of the impeller. Denoting the inlet by i,

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

96. (c)
NPSHA at this point is defined by
pi v i2 pv

NPSHA =
g 2g g

Z=

On the other hand, in a reaction turbine,

cavitation will first occur at the outlet of the
impeller, at the entrance of the draft tube.
92.

97.

(a)

r
m

Hence, Kb = 0.39
Now for a balanced section

3. 60 to 300 51 to 225 Francis turbine

0.5cbc b K bd = A st,b st

4. 300 to
1000

Pt(%) = 50 K b

Kaplan or
Propeller turbine

(d)

= 50 0.39

1.6T
Shear due to torque =
b

1.6T
V
b

= 48 + 20
= 68 kN
(c)

99.
ds

IE

d-n

At

Take moment about neutral axis

ds

B ds n
2

= m At (dn)
(d)
beff =

l0
b w 6Df
6

Where l 0 = distance between points of

contraflexure.
beff =

1
0.696%
28

Tensile force = t

Equivalent shear =

3600
300 6 100 = 1500mm
6

cbc
st

(d)

98.

1.6 9
48 kN
0.3

95.

st 1400
r = 50 28
cbc

2. 35 to 60 30 to 51 Pelton wheel with

two or more jets
225 to
860

= 18106mm3

Mcr = f cr Z = 3.518 kNm = 63 kNm

(c)
Kb =

Specified
Types of
speed
turbine
(M.K.S.) S.I.
1. 10 to 35 8.5 to 30 Pelton wheel with
single jet

94.

f cr = 0.7 fck = 0.75 = 3.5MPa

S.
No.

93.

bD2 300 600

6
6

(12)

2
d
4

Bond stress resistance = Sb d l

bond stress resistance = Tensile force
2
Sb d l = t d
4
dt
l = 4S
b

(b)

Diagonal tension is produced in beam due to

shear force which is predominent at the ends
of beam. So, to counter this diagonal tension
we require bent up hooked bars at the ends
of beam.
100. (b)
Hook requires minimum extension of 4d a head
of curvature of Hook.
101. (a)
The line of collimation of a theodolite must be
perpendicular to the horizontal axis at its
intersection with the vertical axis. If this
condition exists, the lime of sight will generate
a vertical plane when the telescope is rotated
about the horizontal axis.
If the line of sight is not perpendicular to the
trunnion axis of the telescope, it will not revolve
in a plane when the telescope is raised or
lowered but instead, it will trace out the surface
of a cone.

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (13)

102. (a)
Displacement increases with the height of
the object and or distance from the principal
The direction of a survey line can either be
point.
established (i) with relation to each other or
rh
(ii) with relation to any meridian. The first will
Relief displacement, d =
H
give the angle between two lines while the
where
second will give the bearing of the line.
r = radial distance from principal point
to displaced image point

103. (a)
Feature of contour of terrain:

h = height above surface of the object

point

All points on a contour line are of the same

elevation.

H = flying height above the surface.

105. (a)

Meridian Circle : It is a great circle which

passes through the zenith and Nadir as well
as through the poles.

Closely spaced contour lines indicate

steep slope.

Vertical Circle : A vertical circle of the celestial

sphere is great circle passing through the
zenith and Nadir.

Widely spaced contour lines indicate gentle

slope

106. (b)

Closed contour lines with reducing levels

towards the centre indicate pond or other
depression.

108. (b)

Equally spaced contour lines indicate

uniform slope.

No two contourlines can meet or cross

each other except in the rare case of an
overhanging vertical cliff.

107. (a)

Contour lines of ridge show higher elevation

within the loop of the contours. Contour
lines cross ridge at right angles.

109. (b)

Contour lines of valley show reducing

elevation within the loop of the contours.
contour lines cross valley at right angles.

All contour lines must close either within

the map boundary or outside.

IE

Contour lines cannot merge or cross one

another on map except in the case of an
overhanging cliff.

Contour lines never run into one another

except in the case of a vertical cliff. In this
case, several contours coincide and the
horizontal equivalent becomes zero.

104. (c)
Relief displacement : It is caused by changes
in the distance between the ground and the
camera as the plane flies over the ground.
Characteristics of relief displacement

Characteristics of aerial images over varied

terrain.
Objects that rise above the surface away
from the principal point.
Objects extending below the surface lean
towards the principal point.

The characteristics of flow net can be

summarised as under :
The fundamental condition that is to be
satisfied is that every intersection between
a flow line and an equipotential line should
be at right angles.
The second condition to be satisfied is that
the discharge between any two adjacent
flow lines is constant and the drop of head
between the two adjacent equipotential lines
is constant.

The ratio of the length and width of each

field is constant. The ratio is generally taken
as unity for convenience. In other words,
the flow net consists of approximate
squares.
110. (c)
In the Fellenius analysis, the horizontal and
vertical forces on the slice boundaries are
assumed to be equal and opposite. This is
true if the slice is reduced to the width of a
line but as the width of a slice increases the
assumption is partially untrue since the two
sides will be very different in size. Thus, if the
soil is divided into many slices, as can be
done using modern computers, then a
reasonably accurate factor of safety can be
found. However for manual analysis, the
number of slices that can realistically be used

(14)

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016

(i.e., upto 10 approximately) limits the
112. (a)
accuracy of the method.
Shear strength is a term used in soil
Because the forces on the vertical boundaries
mechanics to describe the magnitude of the
are assumed to cancel out as shown in fig
shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear
below, the total normal force on the base of
resistance of a soil is a result of friction and
the slice is equal to the component of the
interlocking of particles and possibly
weight in the direction of the normal force.
cementation or bonding at particle contacts.
N = wcos
The shear strength of soil depends on the
effective stress, the drainage conditions, the
density of particles, the rate of strain and the
b
direction of the strain.
The drained shear strength is the shear
strength of the soil when pore fluid pressures,
generated during the course of shearing the
soil, are able to dissipate during shearing. It
also applies where no pore water exists in the
soil and hence pore fluid pressures are
negligble. It is commonly approximated using
the Mohr-coulomb equation.

In terms of effective stresses, the shear

strength is often approximated by
= tan c

The fellenium equation is fairly simple to solve

and yields conservative results (lower than
actual factor of safety) especially where the
slip surface is deep or where the pore water
pressures are high. In both these cases the
fault lies with the neglect of the interslice
forces.

IE

It is also known as swedish circle method. In

this method, the equilibrium of each slice is
determined and factor of safety found by
summing the resisting forces and dividing by
the driving forces. The operation is repeated
for the circles until the lowest safety factor is
found. The method does not consider all the
forces acting on a slice, as it omits the shear
and normal stresses and pore water pressures
acting on the sides of the slice but usually
(although not always) it yields conservative
results. However, the conservatism may be
high.

111. (a)

The Rankines theory assumed that the wall

surface is smooth whereas in practice, a lot
of friction may develop between the wall surface
and the soil fill. This friction will depend upon
the wall material. This friction leads to the
development of smaller active pressure and
larger passive pressure than that estimated
by Rankines theory.
Thus, the estimation of the active pressure
using Rankines theory will be slightly higher
than the actual (reduced due to friction) Passive
pressure will be slightly lower.

where ( u) is the effective stress. is

total stress applied normal to the shear plane
and u is the pore water pressure acting on the
same plane.
= effective stress friction angle.
c = cohesion

113. (b)
Principal factors that influence ultimate bearing
capacities are type and strength of soil,
foundation width and depth, soil weight in the
shear zone and surcharge.
The depth to the water table influences the
subsurface and surcharge soil weights.
If the water table is below the depth of the
failure surface then the water table has no
influence on the bearing capacity and effective
unit weight is equal to the wet unit height of
the soil.
If the water table is above the failure surface
and beneath the foundation base, then effective
unit weight of the soil gets reduced.
114. (a)
A relative movement between a pile and soil
produces shear along the interface of the pile
and the soil. Such movement can be induced
by a push-load on the pile pressing it down
into the soil or by a pull-load moving it upward.
A relative movement can also be induced when

CE (Test-15), Objective Solutions, 16th April 2016 (15)

the soil settles in relation to the pile or in
The methods give fairly good results only in
swelling soils when the soil moves upward in
the case of free draining sands and hard clays
relation to the pile. By definiiton, if the
in which high pore water pressures does not
movement of the pile is downwrd i.e. the shear
develop during driving of piles. In saturated
stress induced in the pile is upward, the
fine-grained soils, high pore water pressure
direction of the shear is positive. If the
develops during the driving operation and the
movement of the pile is upward, the shear
strength of the soil is considerably changed
stress direction is negative.
and the methods do not give reliable results.
The methods can not be used for submerged,
In order terminology, the induced shear along
uniform fine sands which may be loose enough
a pile was called skin friction. The negative
to become quick temporarily and show a much
and positive skin friction is shear stress
less resistance.
induced by settling or swelling soil respectively.
116. (d)
117. (a)

119. (d)

where W = weight of hammer (kN),

h = height of ram drop (cm),

h = efficiency of pile hammer,

R = pile resistance (kN), taken equal
to Qu and S = pile penetration
per blow (cm)

IE

A draft tube is a tube or pipe of gradually

increasing area which is used for discharging
water from the exit of the turbine to the tail
race. This is because the pressure at the exit
of the summer of a reaction turbine is generally
less than atmosphereic pressure. Thus, the
water at exit cannot be directly discharged to
the tail race.

The dynamic formulae are based on the

assumption that the kinetic energy delivered
by the hammer during driving operation is equal
to the work done on the pile. Thus,
Wh h = R S

118. (a)

115. (a)
Dynamic formulae for piles :

Slug is a higher strength and higher volume

waste discharged in short period of time.

Large ground settlement due to consolidation

of soft soils will drag down piles and induce
negative skin friction (NSF) along the pile-soil
interfaces. NSF will induce additional drag load
on the piles which may cause structural failure
of piles due to overstress or downdrag
settlement which may compromise the
serviceability of super structure. It has been
recognised that pile groups posses beneficial
effects in alleviating NSF on piles.

The load carrying capacity of a driven pile can

be estimated from the resistance against
penetration developed during driving operation.

Also, the draft tube converts a large proportion

V2
of the kinetic energy 2 rejected at the
2g
outlet of the turbine into useful pressure energy.
Without the draft tube, the kinetic energy
rejected at the outlet of turbine will go waste
to the tail race.

Hence by using draft tube, net head on turbine

increases. The turbine develops more power
and also efficiency of turbine increases.
120. (d)
Minimum grade of concrete in RCC is
Restricted to M20 as per IS 456:2000