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Introduction
15
Point of View
The mix design was based on the method proposed by
Nan et. al. It gives an indication of the target strength at
28 day. Figure 1 shows the flowchart used for obtaining
30, 40 and 50 MPa concrete. 16 The water powder
ratio (w/p) was varied to obtain the strengths. The
mixes were checked for self compactability following
EFNARC acceptance criteria.17 A naphthalene based
superplasticiser and calcium sulphate dihydrate
viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) were added to
obtain the required workability.
Experimental programme
Materials
The materials used in this study were:
1. Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS
12269:198713
2. Flyash with a consistency of 45% obtained from
Neyveli Lignite Power Plant and conforming to
Type F as per ASTM C618 14
3. R i v e r s a n d p a s s i n g t h r o u g h 4 . 7 5 m m
IS sieve conforming to grading zone II of
IS 383:1970 and having specific gravity of 2.54.15
4. Coarse aggregate with a maximum size of
12mm.
16
Point of View
rubber particles.18 Table1 gives the details of the mix.
The self compactability of the mixes was checked by the
Flow test, V-funnel test and L-Box test. The compressive
strength of the various mixes including SCC, SCRC and
SFRSCRC was tested using 150mm cube specimens.
Table 2 gives the fresh state properties and compressive
strength.
Durability tests
The durability properties such as water permeability,
chloride ion permeability, water absorption, abrasion
resistance, sorptivity, and resistance to seawater attack
and acid attack were investigated. Six specimens were
cast for each mix and the average value was used for
the analysis. The durability test details are discussed
below.
SCC 1
SCRC 1
161
887.00
710
Super
plasticizer,
% of
powder
content
VMA,
kg/m3
PVA,
kg/m3
w/p Water,
kg/m3
1.00
0.49
209.00
267
161
753.95
710
133.05
1.26
0.134
5.029
0.50
214.00
SFRSCRC 1
267
161
753.95
710
133.05
39.250
1.31
0.134
5.029
0.50
214.00
SCC 2
339
130
887.00
710
1.30
0.44
205.00
339
130
753.95
710
133.05
1.39
0.542
4.849
0.44
206.36
SFRSCRC 2
339
130
753.95
710
133.05
39.250
1.43
0.542
4.849
0.44
206.36
SCC 3
410
112
887.00
710
1.60
0.37
193.00
410
112
753.95
710
133.05
1.66
0.533
4.661
0.38
198.36
410
112
753.95
710
133.05
39.250
1.74
0.533
4.661
0.38
198.36
SCRC 2
SCRC 3
SFRSCRC 3
30
267
Steel
fibres,
kg/m3
40
50
Slump flow, mm
V-Funnel
time(s)
L-Box value, mm
28-days
90-days
SCC 1
700
0.8
18.36
30.10
39.04
SCRC 1
700
0.82
15.54
25.48
33.48
SFRSCRC 1
700
10
0.86
18.22
29.88
35.26
SCC 2
700
10
0.84
28.87
47.33
54.52
SCRC 2
700
11
0.85
24.76
40.59
44.44
SFRSCRC 2
700
11
0.87
25.94
42.52
48.74
SCC 3
700
11
0.86
32.26
52.89
61.63
SCRC 3
700
11
0.89
25.04
41.05
50.82
SFRSCRC 3
700
12
0.9
29.42
48.22
56.81
17
Point of View
Water permeability
The water permeability test was performed following
IS 3085:1965.19 Figure 4 shows the test setup including
the cylindrical specimens (150 mm diameter and height)
centred in the cell, with the lower end resting on the
support. The annular space between the specimen and
the cell was carefully filled with a molten mixture of
bee wax and rosin. The cell assembly was connected
to a reservoir and a pressure of 12 kg/cm2 was applied
for a period of 100 hours. The total quantity of water
permeation was noted. The coefficient of permeability
was calculated as follows:
,
......(1)
18
Point of View
Water absorption
The water absorption test was carried out following IS
1237:1959 on 100 mm cube specimens to determine the
porosity of specimens containing rubber aggregates.22
Figure 8 shows the results on SCC, SCRC and SFRSCRC.
The water absorption of all the mixes was well below the
permissible value of 10%. As the compressive strength
increased, the mixes showed a decreasing capacity
for water absorption. The water absorption of SCRC
was 50% of that of conventional SCC. The presence of
Abrasion resistance
Prism specimens ( 70.7 x 70.7 x 25 mm ) weighed to the
accuracy of 0.1 gm were tested following IS 1237:1959
to find the resistance to abrasion.22 The grinding path
of the abrasion testing machine was evenly strewn with
20 gms of an abrasive powder. The specimen was fixed
with the test surface facing down. A 30 kg weight at the
centre loaded the specimen. The grinding disc rotated
at a rate of 30 rpm. After every 22 revolutions, the disc
was stopped, the abraded powder was removed and
fresh 20-gms abrasive powder was applied each time.
After 110 revolutions, the specimen was turned about
its vertical axis by 90o and test was continued until 220
revolutions were completed. After testing, the specimens
19
Point of View
Sorptivity
Sorptivity is a measure of the capillary force exerted
by the pore structure causing fluids to be drawn into
the body of the material. It is calculated as the rate of
capillary rise in a concrete prism placed in 2 to 5 mm
deep water.23,24 For one-dimensional flow, the relation
between absorption and sorptivity is given by, i = S t0.5
where, i is the cumulative water absorption per unit
area of inflow surface, S is the sorptivity and t is the
elapsed time. The test was conducted in the laboratory
20
Point of View
Table 3. Composition of marine water
Composition
Concentration, g/lit
Sodium chloride
24.53
Magnesium chloride
5.2
Sodium sulphate
4.09
Calcium chloride
1.16
Potassium chloride
0.695
21
Point of View
Statistical evaluation of the results
Attempts made to correlate the water permeability,
absorption and sorptivity characteristics of the
composites with the chloride ion penetration values
show that the permeability, absorption and sorptivity
characteristics increase linearly with increase in chloride
ion penetration (Figures 16 18).
A general equation relating the durability indices with
the compressive strength for SCC, SCRC and SFRSCRC
was obtained, equation (2). 27
......(2)
22
Conclusions
Point of View
Table 4. Regression coefficients for durability indices
Durability Index
Coefficient of water
permeability,
cm/sec
Chloride ion
permeability
Regression
coefficients
a
b
Abrasion resistance
Marine
attack
Loss in
Compressive
strength, %
Loss in
mass, %
Loss in
Compressive
strength, %
2. Mark Tran, A good year at the rubber plant The Guardian, UK, 24 January
2007 guardian.co.uk
0.82
0.83
0.85
739.88
666.77
859.2
0.018
0.192
0.233
0.84
0.72
0.93
3527.8
50.95
516.16
2.131
1.188
1.765
7. Najim K.B., Hall M.R., A review of the fresh/hardened properties and applications
for plain- (PRC) and self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC), Construction
and Building Materials 24, 20432051, 2010.
R2
0.80
0.74
0.88
232.33
28.467
265.19
1.751
1.279
1.895
0.92
0.75
0.97
0.1559
0.3452
0.1428
0.132
0.267
0.089
0.84
0.92
0.92
3334.6
12869
174.63
1.771
2.643
1.817
R2
0.78
0.84
0.97
288.09
273.01
204.4
0.628
0.803
0.596
0.98
0.98
0.99
20.268
28.279
15.774
0.138
0.366
0.099
0.94
0.62
0.99
19. ______ Indian Standard Specification for cement mortar and concrete permeability
apparatus, IS 3085:2002, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
62.119
115.53
302.8
20. Mehta, P.K. and Monteiro, P.J.M., Concrete microstructure, properties, and
materials, Indian Concrete Institute, June 1997. p. 548
0.209
0.387
0.744
0.64
0.91
0.78
21. ASTM C1202-10, Standard Test Method for electrical indication of concretes ability
to resist chloride ion penetration.
Acid
attack
0.0006
4.024
Loss in
mass,
%
2.00E-06 1.00E-06
SFRSCRC
2.513
Sorptivity
mm/min0.5
SCRC
2.292
Water absorption,
%
SCC
References
22. ______ Indian Standard Specification for cement concrete flooring tiles, IS 1237:1959
(R2001), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
23. Neville A M: Properties of concrete, Pearson Education (Singapore), Edition
4, 2005, p.844
24. ASTM C 1585, Test methods for measurement of rate of absorption of water by
hydraulic cement concretes, 2004, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Pennsylvania, USA
25. Neville.A.M and Brooks.J.J., Concrete Technology, Pearson Education, India,
4th Edition, 1987.
26. ASTM D1141 - 98(2008) Standard Practice for the preparation of substitute
ocean water
27. Omar.S., Walid.A, Shamsad,A., Mohammed, M., Correlation between compressive
strength and certain durability indices of plain and blended cement concretes,
Cement and Concrete Composites, 31, 672-676, 2009.
23
Point of View
Dr. N. Ganesan holds an M.E and Ph.D degree
from I.I.Sc, Bangalore. He is currently the Dean
(Planning and Development) and Professor of
Civil Engineering at the National Institute of
Technology, Calicut, India. His research interests
include reinforced concrete, ferrocement, fibre
reinforced concrete, self compacting concrete,
sustainable concrete, forensic engineering and rehabilitation
of RCC structures. He is a fellow of The Institution of
Engineers, India and International Ferrocement Information
Centre consultant. Apart from being a visiting professor at
the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok and King Khalid
University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, his overseas visits
include University of Dundee, Scotland, Queens University,
Belfast, National University of Singapore, University of
Stuttgart, Germany, & University of Michigan, USA.
24